Rice Exports Research Articles

Application and Management of Nitrogenous Fertilizer in Rice Field: A Review

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most significant cereal in the world. Globally, the top rice producing country is China, while India is the world’s second largest producer and the largest exporter of rice in the world. It covers one-third of the total cultivated area in India as it is one of the major staple food crops. The application of nitrogenous fertilizer in crop production system is an important aspect of modern crop management practices and one of the determining factors to increase crop yield and thereby keeping pace with the expanding human population. Rice production can be increased by the application of nitrogenous fertilizer whether organic or inorganic at an appropriate time and place. The fertilizer should be applied in multiple split doses depending on the soil’s nutritional status, crop demand and the sources of nutrients. However, most of the nitrogenous fertilizer applied to rice fields is not taken up by rice plants but instead lost to the environment as ammonia, nitrate and nitrous oxide. The ‘reactive N’ also known as fixed N has a negative impact on human health as well as causes serious environmental problems. Surface runoff, denitrification, ammonium volatilization and leaching should all be managed in order to reduce the nitrogen loss from rice fields. Sustainable and environmentally friendly fertilizer management techniques raise the crop yields and enhance the sustainable soil fertility status. So it is necessary to implement management practices in order to reduce nitrogen losses and increase the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in rice production.

The Plantation Carbon Complex: Slavery and the Origins of Climate Change in the Early Modern British Atlantic

Abstract: In recent years, scholars working across the humanities and social sciences have suggested that agricultural land use emissions from early modern enslaved labor plantations may have played an important role in the origins of anthropogenic, or human-induced, climate change. Yet historians of slavery and the early modern Atlantic world have been slow to engage with this argument. Focusing on the major enslaved-grown export commodities of the colonial British Atlantic world, this paper employs a carbon accounting method to test whether enslaved labor plantations and enslaved-grown exports substantially increased agricultural land use emissions in the early modern British Atlantic and how they compared to British fossil fuel emissions—namely, coal burning—in the colonial period. For each of the major types of plantations modeled—tobacco, rice, and sugar—enslaved labor, regardless of crop, decisively increased the amount of carbon any single household could emit. But the wide divergence in emissions between different plantation types and export crops suggests that enslaved labor was only one essential, though not singular, factor shaping the carbon footprint of enslaved-based plantations and enslaved-grown commodities. It was instead the interaction of the multiple factors comprising what we call the plantation carbon complex —racial and gender ideologies, crop ecologies, capital requirements, African agricultural knowledge, and enslaved resistance, among other factors—that determined an individual plantation or commodity's emissions. Nonetheless, the results reveal that the combined emissions of enslaved-grown tobacco, rice, and sugar exports far surpassed not only the emissions of the major non-enslaved-grown agricultural exports of the British Atlantic colonies but also British coal emissions throughout the eighteenth century. The form of enslaved-based racial capitalism represented by colonial British plantations thus marked an important transition in the shift toward a more carbon-intensive global economy.

Interrelationships Among the Rice Export Prices of Major Exporting Countries: In Search of the Leader and Followers

AbstractBy examining the econometric interrelationships of rice export prices of India, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, the U.S., Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, this study examines the most influential rice-exporting countries in the international rice export market. The sampled countries are the source of more than 80% of the global rice exports. In the process, this study relies on online data portals of the United Nations and country-level sources for aromatic and non-aromatic rice export price information from India, Pakistan, and Thailand. This study employed the Prais-Winsten and Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) estimation processes with the error correction procedure. Combining the findings from both models, this study concludes that in terms of interactions, the non-aromatic long-grain rice price of the U.S., and the aromatic rice price of Pakistan are the most correlated prices in the international rice market. Considering the number of countries influenced by the price of a given country, our results indicate that Vietnam is the price leader in the non-aromatic long-grain market, followed by Argentina, Brazil, and India. India, the largest exporter, is the fourth top price leader. In the case of aromatic rice, Thailand is the absolute leader. Many countries in Asia and Africa rely on rice imports to meet domestic demand, where the food security situation is already precarious. Based on the findings, this study suggests closely monitoring rice production and export trends of Vietnam, Argentina, Brazil, India and Thailand to provide early warning when necessary to better manage supply shocks in the international rice market.

Trade Pattern of Indian Basmati Rice: A Markov Chain Approach

The present study was undertaken to study the trade dynamics of basmati rice using the Markov-Chain approach. The findings indicated that the most unstable market during the first period was Iraq and the USA, and in the second period, was the USA, respectively, with zero probability retention. The projected export share of major importing countries indicated that the UAE, the Yemen Republic, and Saudi Arabia were likely to increase their export share. At the same time, Iran is expected to lose its share in Indian Basmati rice exports in the coming years. However, India has retained its original import markets and explored new markets as a comparative advantage. In order to sustain itself in the global market, the Government should focus on improving export infrastructure facilities.

Steps Taken to Mitigate the Threats of Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) of Pesticides in Rice and Protecting Guyana Rice Exports Markets: Present and Future Prospects

Governments of many countries are setting Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) for food and feed being imported. To safeguard the threat of MRLs to rice exported from Guyana, the GRDB embarked on several research projects with the view to reduce MRLs and manage ‘Paddy bug’ (Oebalus poecilus (Dallas)). Studies included viz. identification of biological control agents; screening advance germplasm for tolerance; evaluation of bio-pesticides and synthetic molecules with higher MRLs; pesticide residue studies-growth stages, cut-off points and MRLs between paddy vs. cargo rice. Results from the bioagent survey found relatively low populations of predators such as damsel fly, lady bird beetle, spider, and dragon fly in Regions #2, #3, #4, #5, and #6. Also, there were isolated cases of parasitoids, viz. Telenomus podisi and Beskia aelops at very low levels. Results from the tolerance screening revealed that entry FG-18-222 recorded the highest percentage of damage and high incidence of paddy bugs (PB), while significantly (p < 0.05) lowest damage was recorded in FG-15-35 (2.13%), G17-109 (3.93%), followed by G-14-10 (4.10%) in 2022. These entries appeared to be the least preferred to PB due to the high presence and relatively low percentage of grain damage. However, all 12 entries were found to be susceptible to paddy bug lighting and feeding. Likewise, Bio-insecticide Boom (MRLs 3.0 mg/kg) was evaluated against PB and 162 ml/ac. was the most effective rate. In a separate experiment, Malathion (MRLs of 8.0 mg/kg) at 12–18 ml/ac. was most effective in controlling PB population compared to untreated control. There were no significant differences between these two treatments and the Pronto (Imidacloprid) check. The results from the pesticide residue analysis viz. Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam, showed that systemic A.I. can only be applied once in a rice growing season for PB control no later than 67 DAS. Additionally, results comparing detected MRLs between paddy grains versus shelled rice grains revealed >84.41% reduction in the detected MRLs for these systemic A.I. Further research work is recommended in this MS to be undertaken to better understand the PB and mitigate the threat of MRLs with the view of developing an IPM approach to manage PB at the same time protect Guyana rice export markets.

The Impact of Participating in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement and Potential Export Markets for Vietnamese Rice: An Application of Augmented Gravity Model

In this study, we investigate the potential effects of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement on Vietnam’s rice exports from 2000 to 2016. For this analysis, we employ the panel data augmented gravity model with some modifications. The estimated results suggest a positive relationship between Vietnam’s per capita export and the capita real gross domestic product (GDP) of the importer, Vietnam’s rice production, export price, and ASEAN dummy. We confirm that there is a negative relationship between Vietnam’s per capita rice export value and import country agricultural land and import tariffs. Additionally, this paper forecasts Vietnam’s rice export value per capita at each market in RCEP partners by using the autoregressive model. Our forecast results show that among RCEP members, Vietnam has potential markets if import tariff reductions are lowered in Singapore, Brunei, Korea, Japan, and Malaysia. To reap the benefits of rice exports’ potential, Vietnam must move from low-grade and cheap rice to high-quality rice production instead of expanding rice production and exports with the following implications: changing its present rice trading partners to potential markets and adopting market-oriented policies to meet the international demand and to increase the export elasticity of rice.

Exploring the Impact of Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus cejpii DMKU-R3G3 on Rice: Plant Growth Promotion and Molecular Insights through Proteomic Analysis

Rice is a crucial crop for many people worldwide, especially in regions like Asia, Latin America, and parts of Africa. Thailand is one of the largest exporters of rice. Nowadays, farmers use chemicals to control rice disease, which can have negative effects on humans and the environment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the plant-promoting capabilities of the endophytic fungal strains DMKU-R3G3 in greenhouse settings. The endophytic fungi strain DMKU-R3G3, which was isolated from organic rice root, was identified as Aspergillus cejpii based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. The production of IAA was detected using Salkowski’s reagent. After 7 days of incubation, the finding revealed that the strain cultivated in PDB supplemented with tryptophan yielded a greater concentration of IAA (25.45 μg/mL). The inoculation with A. cejpii DMKU-R3G3 significantly enhanced rice growth, as evidenced by notable increases in shoot height, root length, and fresh weight. Moreover, the chlorophyll content of the rice plants also increased by 1.78 times more than the control group. In addition, proteomic analysis revealed that rice responded toward the colonization of endophytic fungi by producing auxin-responsive proteins to regulate the IAA content in plant tissue and inducing total chlorophyll production due to the up-regulation of proteins in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. The results obtained from this study lead to the conclusion that the A. cejpii strain DMKU-R3G3 possesses the capability to enhance plant growth through the production of phytohormones in greenhouse conditions. Therefore, endophytic A. cejpii DMKU-R3G3 has the potential to be a promising eco-friendly plant growth promoter for sustainable rice cultivation.

Rice Matters

In Gwalior, India, Vikram Kapoor asked his wife Meenal to make lunch on July 30, 2023, sparking a discussion about rice. Rice, originating in India and China 9,000-10,000 years ago, is now a global staple. India is the world's top rice exporter (40% of global exports). Rice is the second most important cereal crop globally, with 510 million metric tons produced in the last harvest year and 510.3 million metric tons consumed in 2021/2022. India provides subsidized rice through government schemes. Meenal's concern was about the distribution system and costs of subsidized rice in India.

Dampak Pemberhetian Ekspor Beras Dari Negara-Negara Pengekspor Utama Terhadap Ketahanan Pangan Indonesia

The development of rice production in Indonesia is very important to support national economic growth. Considering the importance of rice as a fundamental element in the national food system, rice is the most important food ingredient that needs to be produced a lot. In Indonesia, more rice is produced than people consume. To maintain and increase food security, as well as close the gap between domestic consumption and local rice production, the government is still importing rice. Apart from that, rice imports also aim to maintain rice supplies and keep rice prices stable. So what happens if Indonesia no longer accepts rice imports from major rice exporting countries such as Vietnam, Thailand and India? This research aims to provide in-depth insight into the impact of stopping rice exports and its implications for food security in Indonesia. The data obtained used descriptive statistical analysis techniques to compare the amount of rice consumed, produced and imported into Indonesia. The findings of this research indicate that Indonesia's food security will not be significantly impacted if major rice exporting countries stop sending rice to Indonesia. This is because over the last five years (2018–2022), rice production has exceeded Indonesia's rice consumption. However, if the level of rice production in Indonesia at any time decreases, rice supplies will not be sufficient and the price of rice will increase significantly.

Analysis of factors affecting organic rice exports in Indonesia

The market opportunities from organic farming which are getting bigger globally are being utilized by farmers in various regions in Indonesia and have succeeded in cultivating organic rice and have quite wide market coverage even abroad. This research aims to determine the factors that influence the volume of organic rice exports in Indonesia. The results of multiple linear regression prove that the domestic price of organic rice, the international price of organic rice and the dollar exchange rate against the rupiah influence the volume of organic rice exports in Indonesia. The price of organic rice, both domestic and international, has a negative effect on organic rice exports. Meanwhile, the dollar exchange rate against the rupiah has a positive effect on organic rice exports. The policy implications based on the research results are (a) Seeing the research results showing that the price of domestic organic rice has a negative and significant effect on organic rice exports, the government must maintain prices (inflation), especially the price of domestic organic rice. (b) When the rupiah depreciates, organic rice exports will increase, but exchange rate stability must be maintained by the government. So the increase in organic rice exports is the result of increased rice production, not just the exchange rate.

Trends, Growth, Production Instability and Export Dynamics Analysis of Basmati Rice in India

The research examined the trends, growth rates, and instability in Basmati rice production and export in India from 2001 to 2021. Secondary time series data on these parameters were collected from diverse sources including the official websites of the Department of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare, Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence, the Agricultural and Processed Food Product Export Development Authority (APEDA) and Statistics (DGCI&S) and Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Various analytical tools such as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for growth rate analysis, Coefficient of Variation (CV), Coppock Instability Index, Cuddy Della Valle Index, and Index Number for instability analysis, and R-square for linear, second-degree, and polynomial regression for trend analysis were employed which served as a metric for goodness of fit. The analysis revealed significant insights into the dynamics of Basmati rice production and export over the study period. Notable findings include fluctuations in growth rates, trends indicating periods of acceleration or deceleration, and instability factors impacting production and export. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the Basmati rice industry in India, informing policymakers, stakeholders,

VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF CONTRACT FARMING V/S PROCUREMENT FROM TRADERS

The rice export industry in India has traditionally relied on intermediary traders for the procurement of rice from local farmers. However, this study explores the hypothesis that vertical backward integration through contract farming can be a more profitable and sustainable option for rice export companies. The research involves a comprehensive analysis of the economic viability, quality control mechanisms, and supply chain transparency associated with both traditional trader-based procurement and the vertically integrated contract farming model. The study employs qualitative data collection methods. Financial analyses will be conducted to compare the profit margins of companies adopting vertical backward integration versus those relying on traders. Additionally, qualitative assessments will explore the quality assurance mechanisms, supply chain transparency, and long-term sustainability of each model. Preliminary findings should suggest that vertical backward integration offers export companies the advantage of direct control over the cultivation process, enabling them to enforce stringent quality standards. Furthermore, the elimination of intermediaries may result in cost efficiencies, potentially leading to higher profit margins

THE EFFECT OF EXPORT OF RICE ON THE ECONOMY OF INDIA

THE EFFECT OF EXPORT OF RICE ON THE ECONOMY OF INDIA

Navigating growth and instability: Analyzing the dynamics of India’s basmati rice exports

Navigating growth and instability: Analyzing the dynamics of India’s basmati rice exports

Global Markets for Indian Basmati Rice: Trends and Forecasts

The present study was carried out to examine the trends, variability, direction of trade, and future projections of basmati rice exports from India. The study was based on secondary data collected from the APEDA website for the period 1990-91 to 2022-23. Descriptive analysis, compound annual growth rate, instability index, and Markov chain analysis were employed to achieve the objectives of the study. The results indicated that basmati rice exports showed an overall increasing trend during the overall study period in both quantity and value terms, with a CAGR of 10.5 per cent for quantity, 16.2 per cent for value and 5.1 per cent for unit value. The instability was the highest for export value (44.9 per cent) compared to the quantity exported (26.9 per cent) and unit price (20.7 per cent) throughout the overall period. Throughout this period, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, UAE, Yemen, USA, Kuwait and the U.K. remained the top importing nations of Indian basmati rice. From 2012-13 to 2022-23, Saudi Arabia and UAE stood as the most stable countries with retention probabilities of 0.485 and 0.480, respectively. The study projected that Saudi Arabia and Iran would emerge as the primary markets for Indian basmati rice between 2023-24 and 2027-28. Keywords: Compound annual growth, direction of trade, exports, instability index. JEL Codes: C88, F13, Q17.

IDENTIFY THE CHALLENGES OF RICE PRODUCTION AND COPING STRATEGIES IN NAROWAL

Rice is the major source of food. Globally, rice also provides food security and nutrition. The demand of rice increased day by day because the world population increased rapidly, and the demand of food also increased. The good production of rice depends on water management, pest control disease, soil fertile and seed. Climate change, water scarcity, fertilizer, labor shortage, market access and famer literacy rate are the common challenges that inter linked and faced everywhere. The aim of this article is to describe the demand for rice socially, culturally and globally. Water is the most important component for the production of crops. Rice is the second staple food for Pakistan after wheat but in some countries, it is the primary staple food for more than half the world's population, and Asia, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa are the largest consuming regions. Rice exports increased Pakistan agricultural revenue, employment and famers livelihood. This research was conducted in district Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. The questionnaire method was used for data collection. Field notes and observation checklist were the tools that were used to collect data. The sample size was 40 and probability sampling technique was used. Simple random sampling techniques (SRS) was used. All respondents were farmers. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for analysis of data. Rice is major source of food for Pakistan and sustainable rice production is important to meet the world's expanding demand for this staple commodity to reducing environmental effect and increase the effective and adorable use of technology. Key words: Rice Production, climate change, food security, Soil fertility, Water scarcity, export and sustainability.

Unleashing Vietnam’s Rice and Coffee Exports: Decoding The Power of Non-Tariff Measures in the CPTPP Market

Rice and coffee are vital commodities in Vietnam’s economy. Amidst the evolving dynamics of global trade, the substitution of traditional tariff barriers with non-tariff measures (NTMs) is progressively increasing, and the CPTPP market is not exempt from this trend. Using the gravity model, this study explores the factors influencing Vietnam's rice and coffee exports to the CPTPP market. The study finds that economic factors, such as GDP, have a significant impact on export values. Import tariffs hinder exports, while lower tariffs enhance competitiveness. Geographical distance affects transportation costs and export values. The impact of NTMs on exports is mixed. Vietnam's CPTPP membership offers integration opportunities, albeit gradually. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected exports, highlighting vulnerability. Policy recommendations include addressing adverse NTMs, promoting favorable measures, aligning legislation with the CPTPP, enhancing quality, and researching export markets and regulations. These recommendations aim to improve export performance, mitigate shocks, and leverage trade agreement benefits for the rice and coffee sectors.

Growth instability and Comparative Advantage in Export of indian rice

Growth instability and Comparative Advantage in Export of indian rice

Screening of Fast-Neutron Mutant Population to Identify Candidate Rice Blast Defense Response Genes

Rice is the most widely consumed staple food in the world, feeding over half of global population. Thailand has long been an important rice producer and exporter, ranked 6th in the world regarding total milled rice yield. Unfortunately, the major problem of rice production worldwide is rice blast disease which caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The most effective method for managing rice blast disease is using resistant rice varieties. One of Thai rice variety that show highly resistance against various rice blast fungus isolates is Jao Hom Nin (JHN) rice, containing broad-spectrum resistance gene, Pi7. However, the identification of resistance genes other than the R gene will confer long-lasting and sustainable resistance to the plant, which lead to identification of genes involved in the plant’s defense against the rice blast fungus in this study. JHN were previously mutagenized with fast-neutron radiation. 2,200 JHN M4 lines were inoculated with mixture of five Thai rice blast fungus isolates. Five susceptible lines lost their resistance due to mutations in the Pi7 gene, while one susceptible line with an intact Pi7 gene could not be characterized as it failed to produce an F1 population. Two moderate resistance lines with intact Pi7 gene were sent for whole-genome resequencing along with JHN wildtype. The sequence comparison between JHN and two mutant lines revealed 491,759 Indel variants. The Indel variants, whose nucleotide sequences differed by less than 10 bp between JHN and mutants, were filtered out. Consequently 33 candidate rice blast defense response genes were predicted to contain high-impact effect Indels, with only 15 of them having predicted functions. Eleven genes were identified as transposons or retrotransposons. Four genes with predicted functions stand out as interesting candidates for future characterization.

The Contribution of Each Brazilian State to the Competitiveness of the Country´S Rice Exports (1999-2021)

Objective: This study aims to identify the contribution of each Brazilian state to the competitiveness of the country´s rice exports, through the indices of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Relative Position (IPR), in addition to the construction of a performance matrix, according to the linear trend of the historical series of these indicators, following the model proposed by Farias and Farias (2018). Theoretical framework: The importance of international trade is related to its ability to expand consumer markets for the population of a country, to the mitigation of internal risks through the diversification of internal markets, and to the possibility of obtaining new raw materials, technologies and new alternatives for production. Considering its relevance, commercial relations have been the object of study of economic sciences since its inception. Methodology: Initially, the theoretical and methodological aspects necessary to obtain the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Relative Position (RPI) indices are detailed. Subsequently, the steps required for the construction of the performance matrix by Farias et al. (2018) for the rice sector are presented, as well as a description of the data used. Results and conclusion: The empirical data cover the period from 1999 to 2021 and were collected in the Comex Stat database. It is noteworthy that only the first two are efficient and with a growing trend, indicating that these states have strong potential to expand their participation in the sector. The state of Acre was classified as with stable external potential, while Amazonas and Mato Grosso were classified as with stable internal potential. The other units of the federation were classified as inefficient. Research implications: From the elaboration and analysis of this matrix, the present study contributes to deepen the discussions on the competitiveness of the Brazilian rice sector, and to elucidate the representativeness of each state for the international trade of this important commodity Originality/value: Brazil has favorable geographic characteristics and climatic conditions to expand rice cultivation, and the sector has shown constant increases in productivity. For these reasons and considering that rice is one of the most important cereals in the world, the country could make better use of its productive potential to increase the international competitiveness of its rice sector.