Export Of Raw Materials Research Articles

ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИЙ ВЫБОРА МЕТОДОВ И МЕХАНИЗМОВ ПОДДЕРЖКИ ЭКСПОРТА ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ РЕГИОНА

The article substantiates a theoretical and methodological approach to the selection of tools for the selection of methods and mechanisms to support the export of innovative products of the region based on the quality of information development of its economy. This approach to the choice of tools improves the assessment of regions, based on the quality of information resources of the economy. The evolution of the information resources of the economy along the chain is evaluated - knowledge forms competencies that interact when creating intellectual property objects that turn into intangible assets. The evolution of this kind makes it possible to assess the economy of the region in the qualitative characteristics of interconnectedness with its innovation subsystem. What correlates the regions according to four levels of quality of innovative development: the 1st level (western metropolitan regions of Russia and hydrocarbon producing centers of concentration of resources and opportunities allowing to implement innovative projects concentrating the evolution of information resources of the Russian Federation. It solves national-scale tasks and big goals of Russia's innovative development - this level of regions corresponds to the model of the global center). The innovation subsystem of regions of this level creates a large number of intellectual property objects further on (OIS). 2nd level (large industrial regions with "million-strong" cities concentrating industry and scientific and educational centers actively implementing intellectual property - using the model of the Asia-Pacific region of the world economy of the catching-up type). These regions are increasing production volumes most rapidly and in constantly increasing volumes, based on existing developments. Based on the existing production and innovation potential, the volumes of OIS are increasing, although in smaller quantities than in the regions of the 1st level, but these OIS are adapted to the production implementation and the needs of the real sector of the economy. Level 3 (transition to a catch-up model - these are the largest industrial centers with a separate element of science and innovation on a small scale).This level targets and concentrates large volumes of production of intermediates and raw materials, creating know-how to increase its production, with insignificant volumes of officially registered OIS. Level 4 global periphery - raw materials industries predominate, in the absence of the necessary concentration of resources to create an OIS and know-how, the population constantly decreasing from the region has a low level of higher education, which results in a weak development of the information base of the economy due to the import of IA from outside).Such regions are poorly integrated within Russia, the export of raw materials and semi-finished products of low conversion dominates, and other production potential decreases. The tools for choosing methods and mechanisms to support the export of innovative products of the region through the typology of regions, under the influence of key factors determining the quality of information development of the economy is disclosed in this article.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL DISPROPORTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

Topicality. In the economy of Ukraine, there are macroeconomic, inter- and intra-sectoral, regional disparities, the appearance of which is due to the existing structure of the economy, the focus on raw material exports, low-tech production, uneven inter-sectoral development, the discrepancy between the needs of the regions and their returns, and many other reasons. The presence of these disparities not only slows down the development of the economy, but also threatens the economic security of Ukraine.Aim and tasks. Taking into account the specified strategic directions, the following tasks are set in the work: to determine the factors influencing the economy and its sectors, which lead to the emergence of structural disparities, to determine the peculiarities inherent in the agro-industrial sector, to identify and systematize the influencing factors in order to develop a strategy and management system based on resilience, to develop methodological approaches to identifying structural disparities in the agri-food sector of the economy.Materials and Methods. Identification of structural disparities, assessment of their effect and depth was carried out using methods of analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction and statistical grouping, which made it possible to analyze the nature of the process of formation of disparities, to determine the most persistent violations of proportionality at all levels of development of the agro-food sector with the aim of targeted application of preventive prevention measures their negative impact and constructive way out of crisis situations.Research results. From the point of view of the axiomatic of the theory of complex systems, the mechanism of the emergence of structural disparities has been clarified, as a response to a high level of complexity, a rapid change in influencing factors that determine the dynamics of the development of the agro-food sector of the economy, and numerical risks caused by uncertainty, which provokes the emergence of conflict between individual subsystems of the agricultural sector. Priority zones of disproportionality were determined by studying the structure of the population according to individual characteristics.Conclusion. Ensuring sustainable development of the country and its economic security is achieved by the ability to resist the action of external and internal factors, existing and newly created at any economic level of disparities. The peculiarities of the strategy for the development of economic sectors on the basis of resilience are determined. It is shown that the implementation of such a strategy, for any sector of the economy, is based on a well-founded objective and the conclusions of the analysis of modern challenges and the intersection of the interests of market players.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ПРОФІЛЮ СТРАТЕГІЧНО ВАЖЛИВИХ ВИДІВ ПРОМИСЛОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УКРАЇНІ (РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНИЙ ПОГЛЯД)

Проаналізовано питання, пов’язані з переформатуванням економічного профілю стратегічно важливих видів промислової діяльності в Україні в довоєнний період, розкрито зміст змін, що відбулися в 1995–2021 рр., у порівнянні з відповідними змінами, які характерні для окремих країн ЄС, зокрема, Німеччини як одного з лідерів в економічному просторі ЄС, а також Польщі, Чехії, Словаччини і Естонії, які пройшли період трансформації економіки від домінуючої планово-розподільної системи до ринкової і, врешті-решт, досягли успіху, ставши членами Європейського Союзу. Серед основних результатів аналізу структурних змін у економіці України і окремих країн ЄС однозначно простежується відсталість української економіки в частині скорочення тих видів промислової діяльності, які формують порівняно високу питому вагу доданої вартості, що зумовлює втрату конкурентних позицій на тлі розглядуваних країн. Відповідно має місце зумовлена домінуванням експорту продовольчих товарів і сировини для їх виробництва, а також промислової продукції, пов’язаної з видобутком мінерально-сировинних ресурсів та їх первинною переробкою, реструктуризація зовнішньої торгівлі України в напрямі примітивізації. Паралельно в імпорті зросла частка продукції виробничого призначення з більш високою питомою вагою доданої вартості, що призвело до формування технологічної залежності та загроз поглиблення подальшого переформатування промисловості в напрямі її периферизації. На основі аналізу позитивних і негативних складових промислової політики повоєнного відновлення і розвитку економіки, що раніше застосовувалися в окремих країнах світу, а також з огляду на наявність в Україні частини промислових виробництв високотехнологічного характеру показано, як шляхом використання наявного історичного досвіду, в тому числі й вітчизняного, можна оминути існуючі загрози, виконуючи так звані "домашні завдання" для забезпечення стабільності розвитку держави. Дана стаття є певним підсумком ретроспективного аналізу характеру розвитку стратегічно важливих видів промислової діяльності майже за останні 20 років. Погляд же на майбутнє буде визначено автором у наступній публікації, запланованій до кінця 2023 р.

Classification of Russian Regions by the Level of Agricultural Development in 2019–2021

The urgency of improving mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing agricultural complex across the territories of our country depends on the gravity of the issue of interregional differentiation of the scale of development of agricultural production, which plays a crucial role in the implementation of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation.The introductory part of the article presents an overview of the literature on food security issues, an analysis of the current state of domestic agriculture, and directions for its development. The body of the article explains the research methodology, which allows to classify, first andforemost, agricultural regions (indicating their territorial location, socio-economic characteristics, and predictive characteristics). As an indicator of the intensity of agricultural development in the regions, the authors used the volume of agricultural production per capita, which became a criterion for selecting 25% of the regions with the maximum values of this indicator. That said, by an agro-region (or agricultural region) is meant a region that produces more agricultural production than needed and exports its surplus outside the region or country (food exports). In the multidimensional classification of agro-regions, three clusters are determined (according to the level of socio-economic development, the development efficiency of the economic activity «Agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing», and the volume of crop and livestock production). The paper analyses the dynamics and predictive characteristics of the development of the cluster-average volume of agricultural production per capita (including crop production and animal husbandry). An analysis of the dynamics of exports of food products and agricultural raw materials per capita by clusters revealed that the regions of the first cluster are the most actively developing, and the regions of the third cluster (with the most developed animal husbandry) are oriented towards domestic consumers.According to the authors, during the analyzed period in Russia, there was a positive trend in the development of agriculture, with the development of agro-regions outpacing all-Russian trends. The highest development rates are typical for agro-regions with a balanced development of crop and livestock production (regions of the first cluster).

Вплив деяких зовнішніх чинників на фінансову нестабільність в Україні

Introduction. The nature of Ukraine's economic development over the past thirty years reflects its dependence on global financial and economic cycles. The nature of this dependence lies in the stable interrelationship of the global commodity markets with factors of internal financial stability. One of the important ways to overcome such dependence is a nationally-rooted monetary policy aimed at supporting domestic economic activity and weakening the influence of the external environment on financial stability. Problem Statement. Increasing the internal financial stability of the national economy and the regulatory potential of monetary policy by limiting their dependence on global economic cycles. Purpose: Formalization of the relationship between the financial stability of the national economy and changes in the global commodity markets and the identification of prospective monetary policy measures to mitigate them. Methods. General scientific and special methods are used : theoretical generalization, systematic, abstract-logical and comparative analysis, synthesis, grouping. Results. The article summarizes the regularities that determine the cyclical repetition of financial and economic crises in Ukraine. In particular, it was noted that the stability of small open economies, a significant share of whose income is formed by the export of raw materials, largely depends on the situation on the global raw materials markets. Cyclical downturns in these markets cause financial crises, which lead to the decapitalization of small open economies and thus make their structural innovative development impossible. Conclusions. In order to ensure the sustainable development of small open raw material economies, it is necessary to carry out an appropriate institutional policy of the state aimed at ensuring the development of a more complex economic base with a departure from raw material dependence. This requires a corresponding modernization of monetary policy in terms of expanding control over the movement of capital flows, limiting the volatility of the exchange rate.

The transformation of resource-rich countries in the International Division of Labour: ‘backward' industrialisation and relative surplus population in Uzbekistan

ABSTRACT This article explains independent Uzbekistan’s transformation starting from its integration into the global economy as a primary commodity exporter. It argues that, in line with other resource-rich countries of the Global South, this transformation exhibited two enduring and interlinked features, namely rent-subsidised ‘backward’ industrialisation and the rise of a vast relative surplus population (RSP). First, the end of collective agriculture expropriated most of the Uzbek rural population from the land, so rents from cotton exports could subsidise ‘backward’ industries manufacturing for the domestic market. Second, as these industries could only absorb a minority of the population due to their limited (largely domestic) scale of production, the majority was turned into a vast RSP that struggles in the informal sector, including as labour migrants. Third, cotton’s replacement by gold and natural gas as the main export commodities laid the basis for the current liberalisation. Still, Uzbekistan endures as a raw material exporter, hence as a ‘backward’ industrialiser and reservoir of RSP. As such, the paper problematises the transition literature’s framing of Uzbekistan as an example of failed reform or successful developmentalism, showing instead how these enduring features of its development paralleled similar dynamics in other raw-material-exporting countries of the Global South.

Impact of economic globalisation on value-added agriculture, globally.

Economic globalisation is the integration of national economies into the global economy through the increasing flow of goods, services, capital, and technology across borders and it has contributed to garnering a significant portion of most nations' national income, although its agricultural value-added aspect has yet to be maximised. This pioneering study explores the impact of economic globalisation on value-added agriculture in a global context based on countries' income levels. Panel data regression with the stepwise method was employed to quantify the impact of economic globalization on agriculture value added in 101 countries between 2000 and 2021. The findings of our study reveal that economic globalisation, through various channels such as fertilizer consumption, employment in agriculture, agriculture raw materials export and import, exchange rate, and foreign direct investment, significantly influences the agricultural value-added factor globally and across different income levels. Furthermore, the results show that agricultural employment significantly impacts the agricultural value-added factor globally and across all income levels. Also, countries with low and lower-middle-income levels significantly affect agricultural value-added due to exchange rates. In comparison, high-income and lower-middle-income levels have an impact due to foreign direct investment. Finally, the upper-middle-income countries have significantly affected agricultural value-added due to agricultural raw materials imports. This study confirms that employment in agriculture, exchange rate and foreign direct investments positively impact agriculture value-added on the global level and based on the income level of countries.

Od obszaru odbudowy do zrównoważonego rozwoju: koncepcja metodologiczna efektywnego rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego Ukrainy po wojnie

The article is devoted to substantiating theoretical and methodological foundations and developing practical approaches to effective socio-economic development of Ukraine after the war, based on the concept of sustainable development. The study substantiates the need to build a fundamentally new economic model of post-war development of the territories of Ukraine, based on the rejection of raw material exports. It is proved that sustainable development forms the conceptual basis in the post-war economy of Ukraine. The concept of conversion of territories is proposed and the reasons are given for the need for their distribution according to the added value and quality of life of the population. The practical value of the matrix method in the division of territories according to their functional purpose is substantiated. Sets of estimated indicators of economic and social results and effectiveness of Ukraine's recovery after the war for territories to be restored and territories of sustainable development have been developed. The procedure for assessing the effectiveness of socio-economic development of Ukraine after the war is structured. The expediency of interpreting an integral indicator based on the generalized Harrington desirability function is justified.

ПОТЕНЦИАЛ КРЕДИТНО-ФИНАНСОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that for any state, the development of the financial and credit system is an important factor determining economic growth, expanding potential opportunities and improving the standard of living of the population. The development of the financial system in Russia takes place in the context of complex macroeconomic changes, which are associated with both the global processes of adjusting the conditions of economic activity, and with the internal problems of stagnation of national economic development. The purpose of the research is to assess the potential of the credit and financial system at the level of the regions of the Russian Federation. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was the dialectical method. The systemic and institutional approaches, analytical, cartographic and statistical methods were also applied in the work. Results. The financial and credit potential of regions is formed in the course of activity and development of state, municipal, corporate and private financial organizations, and household budgets. There is a lack of financial resources in Russia, which has a huge impact on the development of financial relations between economic entities. As a result of the assessment the following groups of Russia’s regions are identified by the potential of the credit and financial system: regions with high, medium, below average and low potential of the credit and financial sector. Conclusions. The regional structure of the Russian Federation is characterized by differentiated groups of regions. They differ in the scale of financial and credit potential in the sectoral context. The leaders are large financial centres (Moscow and St. Petersburg), regions with raw material exports (the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, the Tyumen region, the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous district) and some industrial regions (the Republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, the Perm Krai, the Samara and Sverdlovsk oblasts). Agrarian regions have the least financial potential, with the exception of the Krasnodar Krai.

Инновационный процесс в Арктике: мировые тенденции и актуальные российские проблемы

The pursuit of innovation-driven growth in the Russian Arctic aligns with global trends associated with the advent of a new Kondratieff cycle, which spurs demand for groundbreaking technologies. This article aims to identify significant trends and challenges related to innovation in the Arctic that require focused attention and further research. The concept of national and regional innovation systems serves as the theoretical framework, with a selective comparative study of Russian and international practices as the primary research method. Our analysis demonstrates that Russia lags behind the majority of Arctic nations in terms of innovation ratings, including the quality of institutions, the structure of the economy, and infrastructure development. Research and industrial policy priorities remain unclear. Innovations enter the Russian Arctic through large-scale projects within extractive industries, which rely on imported technologies and raw material exports. However, as Norway’s experience proves, these projects can leverage the research and production potential of the North if government support is provided. The article addresses corporate challenges associated with digitalization in the Arctic using fiber cable installation as a case study. Currently, the only operational lines are the line located off the Alaska North Slope and the first leg of the Russian Polar Express line, which provides Russia with an important competitive edge. We conclude that the government should play a crucial role in promoting innovations in the Russian Arctic, acting through state-owned enterprises, public agencies, and subsidized private entities. The novelty of the study lies in addressing phenomena that have received insufficient attention in Russian research while considering international practices. The practical relevance of the study lies in its potential application to strategic planning for innovation-driven growth in the Arctic. Further research should seek to identify and closely study specific challenges of the Russian Arctic innovation system in comparison with international best practices in order to provide concrete practical recommendations.

Creation of new logistics for the export of arctic mineral resources as a condition for their sustainable development

An overview of possible transformations of logistic schemes for the export of mineral raw materials mined in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is presented. The existing system of transportation of mineral raw materials by sea, rail, inland water, road and air transport is considered. The description of mineral resource centers forming the cargo base of the Arctic transport system is given; their typification by types of transport for the export of products is given. A change in logistics schemes in connection with access to new markets in the changed geopolitical conditions was considered. The need for changes does not apply to rail, inland water, road and aviation transport, which provide mainly domestic transportation. Major changes affect pipeline and maritime transport. It was concluded that it is necessary to create liquefied natural gas production facilities at the exit points to the coast of the poorly devoured seas of main gas pipelines in order to monetize pipeline gas and expand the throughput capacity of main oil pipelines suitable for port oil loading terminals of the Baltic and Black Seas. The conditions for delivery to Asian oil export markets by sea have deteriorated due to the increase in the duration of circular flights and the cost of tanker freight. In addition, the possibility of an increase in the cargo traffic of the oil export to the Asian market in the Northern Sea Route was questioned due to the lack of a high deadweight cargo fleet and the required Arctic ice classes. The proposal on the need to revise strategic planning documents adopted in other political and economic conditions based on the current realities is justified.

Foreign Concessions in Developing Natural Resources of Northeastern RSFSR in 1920s

This article examines the establishment of the state concession policy in the USSR during the 1920s, focusing on its objectives and principles, as well as its expansion into the northeastern regions of the Soviet state. The natural resources of the northeastern territories of Russia had attracted the attention of foreign concessionaires since prerevolutionary times, who established a network of trading representations for the procurement and export of furs, mammoth bones, fish, and various raw materials. In the 1920s, the Soviet state conducted significant work to prepare and approve legislative acts regulating concession activities and aimed at strengthening state influence over them. Special bodies were created to address these issues, including foreign trade departments (Vneshtorg), concession commissions (concesscom), and planning commissions. Through agreements between the Soviet government and foreign companies, concession activities began to yield practical results from the mid1920s. The principles on which it was based aimed to direct foreign economic relations towards the reconstruction of the country's economy. Overall, it can be concluded that the concession policy pursued by the USSR in the 1920s proved successful, playing a significant role in the reconstruction of the national economy after the civil war.

Перспективы использования дериватов промысловых животных

Game animals are a source of biologically active substances that requires a strict resource and biodiversity control. The research objective was to analyze three years of supply, demand, export, and import for brown bear, deer, and musk deer by-products.
 The review featured Russian and foreign articles on game animals published in 2016–2020, as well as customs information on imports and exports for this raw material. The research methods included systematization, analysis, and description.
 The population of brown bears in the Russian Federation is constantly growing. In 2018, it increased by 4% compared to 2017. Bear derivatives are in high demand in China, Italy, France, etc. The total number of importers in 2019 exceeded 25. In 2017, deer products were the most popular game derivatives exported from Russia to 35 countries. The biggest importer is China. In 2018, the volume of exports of deer and musk deer derivatives maintained the same value, but the list of importers changed. In 2019, the export volume increased by 1.4 times, and the number of importing countries reached 50. Russia is the leading exporter and importer of raw materials and derivatives from brown bears, deer, and musk deer.
 The market for game derivatives is actively developing. An increase in the number of predatory game animals, e.g., the brown bear, may adversely affect the local ecosystems, which can be prevented by licensed hunting. The high content of biologically active substances makes it possible to use game raw materials for new functional products.

State support for the exports of products of the grain-growing sector of a region

Grain growing is one of the essential branches of agriculture in Russia, and the products of its processing have a significant impact on the country’s food security. Grain has the most critical specific gravity in the structure of grain growing production. The availability of substantial areas of fertile land and relatively favourable weather conditions enable Russia to meet its domestic needs for food and fodder grain and become a major grain exporter to the global market. The Novosibirsk Region is one of the critical regions that is self-sufficient in grain. Therefore, it has significant potential for increasing export volume and a favourable location, making it a major exporter of grain products beyond the Ural. The important Siberian Federal District supplies gain, and leguminous crops are China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, i.e., Central Asia and Southeast rapeseed like such, flax, and buckwheat prevail in the export structure. In 2018, 459,000 tons of grain were exported, higher than in 2017. In 2018, 459 thousand tons of grain were exported, higher than in 2017. A significant part of the growth in exports of agricultural raw materials is accounted for by non-CIS countries such as China (38% of the total), Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, China, Bangladesh, and Kazakhstan. In 2017, oilseeds were exported to China, oilseeds 700 tons, against 26.8 thousand tons. Grain storage facilities in the Novosibirsk region are represented by 30-grain elevators and grain reception facilities, which have an actual grain storage capacity of 1,621.5 thousand tons.

ICJ Jurisdiction Over the Case of Policy to Stop Nickel Exports: European Union v. Indonesia

The purpose of this paper is to explore the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding the European Union's legal action against Indonesia in response to Indonesia's policy to halt the export of raw materials derived from nickel ore. The research methodology employed for this paper is normative legal research, relying primarily on legal materials that encompass normative law for data collection. The outcome of this study indicates that Indonesia has implemented a measure to cease the export of raw materials derived from nickel ore, leading to the domestic downstream management of mineral resources within the country. In addition, the purpose of the export stop is the strong desire of the Indonesian government so that all raw materials are managed domestically and can invite investors from abroad to invest in Indonesia. However, the European Union (EU), as one of the enthusiasts and consumers of nickel ore raw materials, objected to the policy issued by Indonesia. The form of objection from the EU is to sue Indonesia to the WTO. The EU objected to the policies issued by the Indonesian government because they could interfere with various policies taken by the EU. The policy is expected that in 2050 the EU will be free from CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the EU argues that the cost of nickel ore, once domestically managed, is anticipated to undergo a significant increase, surpassing the prevailing market price. The author scrutinizes the jurisdictional aspects regulated by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) within this context

Green energy transitions and the temptation of natural resource rents: Experiences from Ecuador

ABSTRACT In the last two decades, the Ecuadorian state, under the presidencies of left-wing Rafael Correa and his successor Lenín Moreno, has pursued a clearly marked development strategy based on the extraction and export of raw materials, especially oil. In Ecuador’s natural resource-driven development model, the appropriation and distribution of natural resource rents play a significant role. These rents render economic, institutional, and political reforms and development projects possible. However, the dependence of large strata of the Ecuadorian population on these rents presents hurdles for sustainable development in general and a green energy transition in particular. The article explores these challenges, emphasising the economic and political conditions defined by a rent-based logic. Although governments in Ecuador have started to acknowledge the role of green mining in the energy sector, a wholehearted energy transition or a push toward sustainable development might fail because of the formative power of rent.

The Policy of the German Colonial Administration in African Colonies

The article explores the colonial policy pursued by the German Empire in the African colonies. Africa was the region where the largest and most importan colonies for Germany were located. The author sets himself the task not only to analyze the organization of the colonial authorities in various regions of Africa, but also to consider the main actions of the administrations and their role in the entire colonial policy of the German Empire. Based on the analysis of the memoirs of German governors and field commanders, as well as the involvement of published documents, the process of establishing German power in the African colonies is analyzed. In the article, the author also provides a description of each of the German colonies to form an idea about them. The author gives a description of the colonies, the relationship between them and the metropolis. Since all the colonies existed for the export of raw materials to the mother country, the economic goals in each colony are also considered. The German guard troops, whose importance for maintaining power and security in the region is beyond doubt, are shown as the part of the “system” of the colonial administration. The article provides information not only about their functions, but also about the membership, command and structure. In addition, the article considers such aspects of colonial administrations as taxation, the abolition of slavery and Christian missions, which were the most important part of the entire colonial policy of the German empire.

LIMITATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FARMS IN THE REGION OF WARMIA AND MAZURY IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGES IN THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The main objective of the research was to diagnose the conditions for the development of farms implementing production in the conventional and ecological system, in the conditions set out in the Strategic Plan for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) after 2023. In the study were used data obtained in direct surveys conducted in 2022 among the owners of farms from the region of Warmia and Mazury. 165 owners of conventional farms and 158 owners of organic farms participated in the research. The surveyed farm owners, despite a skeptical attitude towards solutions regarding the European Green Deal (EGD), lack of acceptance of the implementation of selected assumptions of this policy, e.g. restrictions on the use of mineral fertilizers and eco-schemes, were in favor of functioning within the EU structures. As a threat to the development of agriculture, leaving the EU structures or resigning from using EU funds were indicated. The contemporary geopolitical situation, restrictions on the import and export of raw materials to Ukraine and the lack of stability on many markets were also indicated as a potential limitation of development. The main potential opportunities for the development of agriculture in Poland, in the opinion of the surveyed owners of farms operating under the conventional production system, are the conditions created for small and medium-sized farms and the increase in demand for agricultural services. In the opinion of the owners of farms implementing production under ecological systems, the assumptions of the new CAP and the EGD may be an opportunity to strengthen the profitability of these entities and to search for alternative sources of income.

Decisions and influences-the premises of restrictive economic and banking policies in the current economic and social context

Purpose- This scientific approach aims to review the decisions taken by the European Union regarding the sanctions applied to Russia and analyze the impact they have in the economies of the European Union countries and on companies in Romania in particular. The regional development policy, which has as its main objective the achievement of an inter- and intra-regional distribution within the activities and their results as efficient and equitable as possible, is one of the most important and complex policies of the European Union. The steps taken so far, regarding the removal of the economies of the European states from the economic crisis they are in, have the role of helping the various sectors of activity to overcome the difficulties they are going through and to relaunch the areas of activity that are at a standstill due to the restrictions in regarding the export and import of raw materials, materials and goods. Thus, the study wants to highlight the needs that the European economies and implicitly the sectors of the Romanian economy have at this moment. Methodology- In this study, the research methodology was carried out using the random effects model, analyzing the data series from the panel. The descriptive analysis provided an assessment of the main characteristics of the data series: average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values. The generated results highlight a good distribution of resources, thus determining a better financial performance, measured by the composite index, ROA, ROE and EPS. The practical implications are relevant for the proper functioning of the entire economic system of societies and for the continuity of the activity itself. Findings- From an econometric point of view, economic variables have been studied in terms of the influences they have exerted on other economic variables and the influences that other variables have exerted on them. The links that were identified between the variables were established both in terms of causality and by the intensity established between them. In addition to the specific stages of the regression analysis, it was also important to determine the intensity of the connection between the variables included in the econometric model. Thus, the determination of the intensity of the connection is the object of the analysis. Conclusion- The research is intended to be an X-ray of the existing situation in the economy of the European Union and Romania, Therefore, it becomes a useful tool for the Romanian business environment in terms of short-term adaptation to current market conditions and long-term decision making. Keywords: Economic indicators, instability, crisis, sanctions and restrictions, economic policies JEL Codes: C20, C23, C33

Продовольственный комплекс России в 2022 году: достигнутые результаты и задачи развития

Unprecedented external pressure and various kinds of sanctions imposed by the West against Russia increased risks for the Russian economy and reduced business investment activity for industrial modernization and the creation of modern infrastructure facilities. Thanks to a number of decisions taken by the state, including measures of state support, a good result was obtained in agricultural production, fisheries and processing industries. It is necessary to preserve the results achieved in the production of agricultural raw materials and the extraction of aquatic biological resources, to prevent a decrease in food production, to maintain price stability in the food market. Exports of raw materials and finished products, of course, need to be developed, but not to the detriment of the domestic food market. In modern conditions of confrontation with the West, it is extremely important to establish the production of domestic seed material of agricultural crops, expand the range of manufactured technological equipment, and put modern fishing vessels into operation in a timely manner. In order to stabilize prices, attract investments necessary to create a modern infrastructure for the storage and logistics of agricultural raw materials and food, the state should create certain preferences for business, as well as help improve access to markets for finished products of small businesses and local producers.