Mineral Exports Research Articles

Confined and mined: anthropogenic river modification as a driver of flood risk change

Rivers are often confined by structures and subjected to aggregate mining. In dynamic rivers, these interventions cause changes to riverbed and bank topography that potentially cause changes in hydraulics and flood risk. Repeat, system-scale, high-resolution topographic surveys of the gravel-bed Bislak River, the Philippines, are used to quantify annual morphological change and, using two-dimensional hydraulic modelling, to simulate changes to flood risk. Aggregate mining exports sediment and creates pitted topography, and embankments cause both deeper channels and disconnect the river from its floodplain. The consequently increased channel capacity reduces flood risk, with up to a 5% decrease in inundated areas for 10- to 100-year return periods. Sediment deprivation also increases bed shear stress that can induce scour, infrastructure damage and increased flood impacts. Rising global floodplain populations and increasing demand for aggregate ensure that sustainably managing geomorphologically dynamic rivers to support floodplain development and mitigate flood impacts remains a pertinent challenge.

Analysis of Competitiveness and Factors Affecting Indonesian Coal Exports

Indonesia is one of the largest countries that play a role in world coal exports. Coal is one of the non-oil and gas or mining export commodities that has an important role in the economy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the competitiveness and factors that influence Indonesia’s coal exports to the five main destination countries in 2012-2022. The data used is panel data, which is a combination of time series and cross-section data obtained through the Central Bureau of Statistics, BP Statistical Review Of World Energy, UN Comtrade, World Bank, as well as related articles and journals. To analyze the comparative competitiveness of Indonesian coal commodities in the five destination countries, the RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage) method is used. This study uses a non-participant observation data collection method. The data analysis technique in this study is panel data regression analysis using Eviews 12 software. The results of this study indicate that the competitiveness and economic distance variables have a positive and significant effect on the volume of Indonesia’s coal exports to the five destination countries, while the exchange rate and GDP variables have a negative and insignificant effect on Indonesia’s coal exports to the five destination countries.

Biogeochemical Traits of a High Latitude South Pacific Ocean Calcareous Nannoplankton Community During the Oligocene.

Marine phytoplankton community composition influences the production and export of biomass and inorganic minerals (such as calcite), contributing to core marine ecosystem processes that drive biogeochemical cycles and support marine life. Here we use morphological and assemblage data sets within a size-trait model to investigate the mix of cellular biogeochemical traits (size, biomass, calcite) present in high latitude calcareous nannoplankton communities through the Oligocene (ca. 34-26Ma) to better understand the biogeochemical consequences of past climate variability on this major calcifying phytoplankton group. Our record from IODP Site U1553 in the southwest Pacific reveals that nannoplankton communities were most size diverse during the earliest Oligocene, which we propose is linked to evidence for increased nutrient availability in the region across the Eocene-Oligocene transition. In addition to driving changes in community size structure, early Oligocene extinctions of the largest Reticulofenestra species combined with an increasing dominance of heavily calcified, small-medium-sized cells through time also led to an overall increase in community inorganic to organic carbon ratios (PIC:POC) throughout the Oligocene. Crucially, genus-level cellular PIC:POC diversity meant that abundance was not always the best indicator of which species were the major contributors to community biomass and calcite. As shifts in plankton size structure and calcareous nannoplankton PIC:POC have previously been highlighted as important in biological carbon pump dynamics, our results suggest that changes in community composition that are coupled to changes in community biogeochemical trait diversity have the potential to significantly alter the role of calcareous nannoplankton in marine biogeochemical processes.

The first attending physicians of the San Juan de Dios Hospital in La Serena and the organization of the sanitary taxation in the mid-19th century.

The article analyzes the arrival of attending physicians in the province of Coquimbo between 1840 and 1870. Through communication with the physicians assigned to the San Juan de Dios Hospital of La Serena, the modernization of the medical practice in a local space is confirmed, characterized by the gradual installation of sanitary taxation. The study's methodology was based on direct research in documents from the National Historical Archive of Chile. Thus, it was found that in the context of a mining export boom, it was necessary to modernize an infrastructure that would accompany the welfare policies before consolidating the republic. Based on the evidence, it is postulated that the political authorities and the physicians in charge of the hospital tended to control and eradicate the informal practice of medicine and pharmacology. Finally, we note the intention of the physicians to generate an orderly public healthcare system.

Interplay of Chinese rare earth elements supply and European clean energy transition: A geopolitical context analysis

The European clean energy sector sources approximately 98 % of its rare earth materials from China. We examine Chinese rare earth supply's effect on European renewable energy, particularly solar and wind sectors from 1990 to 2020. Using the gravity model, we find a positive correlation between China's rare earth supply and European solar energy during bullish markets. A similar response is seen in wind energy during bearish markets, considering global and China-specific geopolitical risks. We also observe a negative correlation between China's economic growth and mineral supply to Europe, with European income growth having no significant impact. Additionally, multiplicative economic growth negatively impacts Chinese mineral supply. The study also reveals a positive link between oil prices, rare earth export prices, geopolitical risks, and China's mineral exports. Distance negatively affects supply dynamics in the wind model but not in the solar model. However, the originality of this study lies in its examination of China's role as a rare earth supplier for Europe's clean energy transition, integrated into a gravity model. Significantly, this research provides potential trade insights and formulates an economic policy implication framework to guarantee a steady supply of China's rare earths for Europe's green deal objectives, while addressing the associated geopolitical risks.

The Role of Solid Mineral Export in The Development of The Nigerian Economy: An Empirical Analysis

Nigeria is endowed with abundant solid mineral resources that have the potential to drive its economic diversification efforts. However, the level of exploitation of these solid mineral resources is quite minimal relative to the extent of deposits found across the country. This study therefore examined the contribution of solid mineral export to the development of the Nigerian economy. Specifically, the study investigated the impact of solid mineral export and exchange rate on economic development in Nigeria. Economic development is proxied by the misery index while exchange rate was introduced as a control variable. To conduct the study, several econometric techniques including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, error correction mechanism (ECM) and Granger causality test were used to analyze annual time series data for the period 1986 to 2022. The estimated regression result revealed that solid mineral export has insignificant negative impact on misery index while exchange rate has significant positive impact on misery index. It is therefore concluded that solid mineral export makes insignificant positive contribution to the development of the Nigerian economy. Among other things, it is recommended that the necessary infrastructural facilities needed to improve the performance of the solid mineral sector should be adequately provided.

Dependency Model of the Exchange Rate with the Volume Export of Mining Products in Indonesia Using Copula

This research aims to analyze the dependence of the IDR-USD exchange rate on the volume of mining exports in Indonesia using the copula approach. This dependence is important to understand considering that the exchange rate and mineral exports have a direct impact on the country's economy which depends on foreign exchange from this sector. Mineral exports are one of the country's main sources of foreign exchange, while the exchange rate influences the competitiveness of exports on the international market. The mining products taken are iron and steel, copper and nickel, which are Indonesia's leading commodities. The copula method was chosen because of its ability to capture and model non-linear dependencies between variables, without considering the distribution of each variable. Copula makes it possible to model the marginal distribution of exchange rates and export volumes separately from their dependency structures, which is in line with the complex and dynamic nature of the Indonesian mining sector economy. The results show that there is no significant dependence between the exchange rate and the volume of commodity exports taken. Therefore, this commodity export volume policy will not have a significant effect on fluctuations in the IDR-USD exchange rate and vice versa. This article can be a recommendation for exporters to understand that export volumes do not need to pay attention to exchange rate fluctuations.

Trading in Turbulent Times: Unravelling the Interplay between Trade Policy Uncertainty and Geopolitics in Russian Mineral Resource Supply

Trade policy plays a pivotal role in shaping import and export volumes within the global economy. However, the escalation of geopolitical tensions has posed significant challenges to the smooth flow of mineral resource trade. This study aims to analyse the consequences of global trade policy uncertainty (TPU) and various measures of geopolitical risk (GPR), including terror threats, war threats and nuclear threats (NCT), on Russian mineral exports (MEX). The analysis covers the period from January 2013 to December 2021. By employing sophisticated quantile regression methodologies, such as the cross-quantilogram (CQ) and cross-spectral quantile coherency (CQC) techniques, this study uncovers a compelling interaction between TPU and Russian MEX across different market conditions. Interestingly, TPU exerts a significantly positive impact on the export volumes of Russian mineral resources. In contrast, the presence of GPRs, particularly warfare and terrorism, proves to be detrimental to MEX during bullish market phases across various memory horizons. Surprisingly, NCT stimulates mineral trade during bearish market conditions, both in monthly and annual timeframes. These findings remain robust and consistent even when the CQC technique is employed. In light of these pressing geopolitical challenges, this study underscores the importance of developing sustainable mineral trade policies that foster enhanced global cohesion. It is crucial to address these challenges effectively to ensure the smooth and efficient flow of mineral resources in the international trade landscape. JEL Codes: C22, F13, F14, P28, Q21, Q27

Examining the impact of mineral export controls on sustainable energy transition in the global south

Export control policies for mineral resources may constrain the development of countries in the Global South. This study used data from 31 countries from 2009 to 2021 and employed a double fixed effects (FE) model to explore the impact of mineral resource export control policies implemented by countries in the Global South on sustainable energy transition. Our results show that prohibiting the export of base metals and ores significantly inhibits energy transitions. Moreover, energy transition performance improves when only licensing requirements are implemented without the enforcement of export bans and taxes. This study also highlights the importance of improved governance in mitigating the adverse effects of export prohibitions. Improvements in governance, such as corruption control, regulatory quality, rule of law, and voice/accountability, provide institutional guarantees for sustainable energy transition. This study also provides insights into measures that can help the countries in the Global South to balance resource conservation and clean energy development.

Peran World Trade Organization (WTO) dalam Menyelesaikan Sengketa Dagang Antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia Terkait Kebijakan Pelarangan Ekspor Mineral Mentah Nikel

The background of this research is the WTO as an international trade organisation under the economic and social council is authorised to regulate international trade as well as resolve international trade disputes. As for nickel as a potential raw mineral material in terms of economic value and a source of world electricity, it then became an issue when Indonesia issued a policy to ban the export of nickel raw minerals. The purpose of this research is to find out the implications of Indonesia's nickel export ban on international trade, and to find out the WTO dispute settlement system in the nickel case between Indonesia and the European Union. This type of research uses descriptive analysis research that describes the results of the author's analysis. The result of this research is that there are 2 (two) types of implications of Indonesia's defeat of the European Union's lawsuit related to the ban on exports of nickel raw materials, namely legal implications which can be in the form of imposing an obligation to pay losses to the plaintiff and non-legal implications, namely disrupting the downstream of nickel mining in Indonesia.

Enhancing sustainable energy: Mineral exports, financial development, and foreign investment can build a greener future?

The long-term consequences of sustainable development and resource conservation might vary significantly across various economies. This study assesses the influences of cleaner energy and mineral deposits across borders, with a specific focus on promoting environmental sustainability, using data from 1990 to 2020 for leading resource-exporting economies. The CS-ARDL model effectively handles variability in Slope heterogeneity and Cross-section dependence. The study demonstrates that mineral exports have a significant influence on the process of transitioning to renewable energy sources. This is particularly relevant for the production of low-carbon fuels. Nevertheless, the expansion of the finance industry hinders the transition to renewable energy. The use of AMG and CCEMG estimators improves the precision of this investigation's findings. The study emphasized the significance of expediting the shift from renewable energy sources to minimize environmental impact and promote sustainable development. Furthermore, it offers noteworthy policy suggestions for every stakeholder.

What Are the Economic Impacts of Indonesia’s Export Ban? A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

This study aims to assess the economic impact of the mineral export ban on Indonesia and other countries. The comparative-static version of the computable general equilibrium model (Global Tarde Analysis Project (GTAP)) is used to analyse the economic impact of the export ban, with a particular focus on GDP, welfare, terms of trade and external trade. The most recent GTAP version 9 database was used for the modelling simulations of the Indonesian export ban. The GTAP version 9 database has three reference years: 2004, 2007 and 2011. It already aggregates 140 regions and 57 sectors. The modelling simulation results show that the policy of bauxite, copper and tin export tyres benefits the Indonesian economy. Meanwhile, Indonesia’s export ban policy harmed the economies of other countries, particularly China, Japan, India, Korea and the EU-28.

Driving sustainable development: Role of institutional quality and future of China's mineral resource management projects

The rapid industrial progress in China along with significant dependence on minerals, raises concerns about the influence of its overall reliance on nations’ development trajectory. Moreover, institutional quality also plays an active role in shaping the economic structure of any nation. The study investigates the intricate association among mineral extraction, institutional quality, and economic development in China from 1990 to 2022. For an empirical investigation, the ARDL (Autoregressive distributed lag) co-integration method is employed based on the order of integration of the series defined by the ADF(Augmented Dickey-Fuller) stationarity test. Moreover, CUSUM and CUSUM square (Cumulative sum of square) also confirm the stability of the model. According to the findings mineral rent and mineral exports are found to be positively significant in the short and the long run and increase economic growth. While institutional quality is shown to be positively insignificant in the short term, in the long run, it is shown to have a positive significant effect. Moreover, inflation and population growth are shown to have a positive significant impact in the short term, but trade is found to be insignificant. Lastly, the study intends to suggest policy suggestions based on the results. A country should have a strong institutional setup to ensure sustainable long-term growth.

Governing the Ungovernable? Conceptualising embeddedness in Ghana's gold mining sector

The term “artisanal” refers to primitive, non-industrial, or pre-industrial handicrafts. Because they contribute less revenue to state agencies, produce lower mineral export volumes, apply less sophisticated technologies, frequently violate mining certification and licensing arrangements and/or evade state oversight, artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities are typically viewed less favourably by host governments than large-scale mining. Despite commitments to render ASM governable, formalisation practices overlook specific dynamics in the sub-sector: notably, the increasing uptake of advanced technologies, its multi-actor nature, and its untold capacity to create employment opportunities and provide adequate raw materials for the domestic jewellery industry. Moreover, unsanctioned mining activities persist despite formalisation efforts. Based on an extensive qualitative study and institutional-level interviews, this article highlights the inevitable complementarities between large-scale mining and ASM. It reveals collaborations between diverse formal and informal actors and institutions that enable and constrain responsible mining in Ghana. It also shows how ASM, and large-scale mining interdependencies maintain each mining scale's operational efficiency and profitability, contributing to this blurring. To grasp the governance challenges in Ghana's gold mining sector, we introduce the “mining-scale embeddedness” framework, focusing on institutional, operational, and actor levels of embeddedness to elucidate dilemmas surrounding gold mining governance.

Trade and development implications of the U.S. African growth and opportunity act

ABSTRACT Trade agreements aim to boost exports among member nations. The U.S. African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) targets enhanced trade between the U.S. and selected African countries. Unlike prior studies focusing on individual nations, our research evaluates AGOA’s overall and specific impacts on member-country exports and products. We employ the synthetic control method for estimation, with robustness checks using the difference-in-differences and event-study approaches. Analysing U.S.-AGOA trade data from 1993 to 2015, we find that AGOA member nations experienced an average annual export increase of $818.11 million, a significant 42% growth compared to expected levels without AGOA. The impacts varied across countries and exported product types: agricultural exports grew by 42%, mineral exports by 15%, and textile and apparel exports by 52% annually. Factors such as ICT infrastructure, institutional integrity, labour regulations, and macroeconomic indicators primarily influenced varied export gains among AGOA member countries. The heterogeneity in AGOA’s impact can be attributed to differences in beneficiary countries’ trade and economic characteristics. Our findings suggest that trade agreements like AGOA can yield positive effects, but careful consideration of various factors is necessary to maximize their benefits.

The development of China’s monopoly over cobalt battery materials

While previous resource conflicts have often been linked to fuel minerals such as oil, future resource conflict may revolve around nonfuel minerals that enable strategic emerging technologies. During a 2010 diplomatic dispute, China reportedly blocked exports of rare earth elements to Japan, thereby leveraging China’s near-monopoly to threaten Japanese manufacturers of advanced technologies including batteries and permanent magnets. Although this caused significant concern for manufacturers outside China, China’s control over other critical minerals has yet to be studied comprehensively. Besides rare earth elements, perhaps no mineral has received more attention for its supply risks than cobalt. Here Chinese control is estimated for each cobalt material at each stage of the cobalt supply chain from 2000 through 2022. The results show that from mining, to refining, consumption, recycling, stocks, and trade, China dominates the cobalt materials that feed lithium-ion battery cathode production. Specifically, the results show that in 2022 Chinese firms had control over 62% of cobalt mine materials primarily used for cobalt chemical refining, 95% control of refined commercial-grade cobalt chemicals, 92% control of battery-grade tricobalt tetroxide, 85% control of battery-grade cobalt sulfate, and 91% control of nickel–cobalt-manganese cathode precursor materials. China’s monopoly over cobalt battery materials may imply a serious supply risk to non-Chinese battery producing and consuming industries—especially given rising geopolitical tensions and the reemergence of critical mineral export restrictions including gallium for semiconductors, germanium for solar panels, graphite for lithium-ion batteries, and (again) rare earth elements.

Integrating fintech in natural resource management: Assessing the EKC hypothesis for sustainable development in E7 countries

The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of green finance, fintech and mineral resources on environmental sustainability is of great importance in the E7 nations namely Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey. The E7 countries are selected as these countries are mineral rich countries and account for a major portion of global mineral export. The data of twenty-five years spanning from 1998 to 2022 is used for the analysis. The study has employed the three measures namely carbon dioxide emissions, ecological footprint, green economic growth to conceptualize the sustainable growth. For the data analysis the study has employed the nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag (NL-ARDL) model. The results of the study highlights that encouraging and promoting the green finance, and fintech in E7 countries promote sustainable growth, by reducing CO2 emission, improving economic growth, and reducing ecological footprints. The results of the study are in line with the proposition of EKC hypothesis. Moreover, the results of the study also highlight that mineral resource abundance have significant impact of environment sustainability. The study suggests that E7 countries should establish dedicated funds or subsidies to help businesses transition to green technologies and practices, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises. Fintech is seen as a transformative tool in advancing environmental sustainability by improving financial service efficiency and offering new green investment platforms in E7 countries. This could help mitigate initial costs associated with green technology adoption.

Analysis of The Influence Between Mining, Agriculture and Processed Product Exports on Indonesia's Sales Development in International Trade in the Time Frame 2019-2022

Exports are one of the international trade activities that provide benefits to Indonesia, including capital transactions, employment, and foreign exchange reserves. There are 2 types of exports, namely oil and gas and non-oil and gas exports. The value of non-oil and gas exports tends to be higher than oil and gas exports. So this research focuses on three non-oil and gas sectors, which consist of mining, agriculture, and processing industry (processed products). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of mining, agriculture, and processed product exports on Indonesia's sales in international trade in the 2019-2022 timeframe. This research uses a quantitative approach, and a multiple linear regression analysis model with the IBM SPSS 22 application. The research data comes from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Trade, and related agencies. The variables used include 3 independent variables and 1 dependent variable. The independent variables are mining exports (X1) with the commodities used are coal, copper, lignite, iron and steel, agricultural exports (X2), and exports of processed products (X3), and Indonesia's sales as the dependent variable (Y). Based on the results of the study, partially shows that mining exports, and processed products have a significant positive effect on Indonesian sales. While agricultural exports (X2) have no effect on Indonesian sales (Y).

Indonesian Government Policy in Increasing State Revenue Through Raw Material Export Prohibitions

Purpose: To increase state income and revenues by prohibiting the export of raw materials, especially mining and mineral materials, by converting raw materials into semi-finished or finished materials so that added value can be added. Method: This study uses normative legal research which examines the policies of the Indonesian government as outlined in Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Minerals and Coal, which prohibits raw mining and mineral materials from being exported abroad. The research approach is through a qualitative juridical approach, namely by examining it from a legal standpoint as well as providing explanations related to the ban on the export of minerals and minerals. Results and Conclusions: The policy of prohibiting the export of raw mining and mineral materials generates greater state income and revenue, because it gets a large added value by imposing high taxes, and also opens up employment opportunities and reduces unemployment in Indonesia. Research implications: The Indonesian government's policy of prohibiting the export of mineral and mineral raw materials raises pros and cons in the country, but the Indonesian government remains adamant that this policy is to increase state revenues and revenues, added value and employment. Overseas, the government's policy of banning the export of mineral and mineral raw materials is opposed by the United States and the European Union because it will harm them as importers of mineral and raw materials from Indonesia Originality/value: Importing countries of mining and mineral raw materials such as China, the United States and Europe have established mining and mineral raw material (Smelteer) processing companies in Indonesia.

Beyond environmentalism: The geopolitical chess game behind Indonesia’s mineral export bans and renewable energy transition

The increase in human energy consumption and the serious effects of the dominance of fossil energy, especially limited supply and climate change, have an impact on changes in the global geopolitical order. As such, the adaptation carried out by Indonesia became an important step in ensuring national energy security amidst global challenges. This research highlights the urgency of accelerating the energy transition to renewable sources in Indonesia as part of the national strategy. Efforts to accelerate the energy transition are not only a response to global demands, but also as an effort to maintain energy security, environmental sustainability, and are an important geopolitical factor. This study uses mixed research methods, where the author carries out quantitative data processing and then juxtaposes it with qualitative processing and analysis. The analysis was carried out using the concept of resource geopolitics. This study found that abundant renewable resource capacity, downstream efforts by the government, reduced dependence on other countries, and increasingly mature energy transition readiness make Indonesia better prepared to face global geopolitical competition. This study concludes that accelerating the energy transition in Indonesia is not just a response to global demands, but is also a strategic step to increase energy security, disaster resilience and environmental resilience.