Export Of Higher Education Research Articles

Higher education exports and household consumption: evidence from China

Higher education exports and household consumption: evidence from China

CHALLENGES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS IN UKRAINE

The article analyzes the basic demographic indicators of the crisis in Ukraine, reveals signs of the accumulated problems of the nationʼs aging and natural population decline, which allow to assess the situation in Ukraine as a depopulation. A significant deterioration of the demographic background and a qualitative change in the population structure of Ukraine after February 24, 2022 were recorded: irreversible human losses, emigration, reduction of the average birth rate, etc.A correlation was found between the number of children born in the corresponding year and the dynamics of the capacity of educational services. It was found that higher education in Ukraine will face the biggest demographic challenges in 17+ years. Challenges for higher education in Ukraine have been identified: a systematic reduction in the capacity of educational services and the need to significantly optimize educational offers on the market and the number of domestic higher education institutions; brain-drain and a weakening intellectual capital of the Ukrainian nation; a decrease in the export of Ukrainian higher education and the attraction of foreigners to the economy of Ukraine; devaluation of higher education in Ukraine.In the context of the strategic reconstruction of the state and restoration of the human capital of Ukraine, it is suggested that higher education can be considered and used as an effective tool of state policy in the cycle: obtaining national higher education ‒ demand on the labor market and involvement in the national economy ‒ financial security, an active civic position and loyalty to the state ‒ improving demographic indicators and overcoming the demographic crisis.
 Keywords: depopulation; aging of the nation; human capital; higher education of Ukraine; export of higher education; capacity of educational services; demographic crisis.

Higher Education Exports Before and After Covid

Historically, the higher education system in countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developing (OECD), a grouping of advanced economies, and especially in the United States, has been a magnet for foreign students, both graduate and undergraduates. Graduate students tend to be supported by teaching and research assistantships from the hosting university and do not generate direct revenues for the hosting institution. They do contribute to the economy with their productivity in research projects and with their private consumption. In contrast, most undergraduate foreign students pay fees and tuition which are often higher than those paid by local domestic students. The difference between out-of-state and in-state tuition and fees captures the “price” differential between local domestic students and their foreign counterparts. The latter undergraduate group generates foreign exchange revenues for the country in which the hosting institutions are located. These revenues constitute export revenues although the export is “consumed” in the hosting countries, unlike corn exports consumed at destination in the importing market. Foreign students in OECD countries come predominantly from Asian countries. This discussion abstracts from interstate trade which occurs when a university student from a given state studies in another state. Here, we only consider foreign buyers of U.S. education services.

Higher education regionalism in the former Soviet Union: a qualitative exploration of Russian university branch campuses

ABSTRACT Drawing on higher education regionalism, this paper explores international branch campus (IBC) initiatives undertaken by one of the largest Russian IBC-exporting institutions, the Lomonosov Moscow State University (LMSU). To date, very little is known about higher education (HE) export-import between the post-Soviet countries. This qualitative inquiry critically examines the Soviet legacy of LMSU IBCs to understand their origins, purposes, and utility as a form of HE export. This paper sheds light on (1) the similarities and differences between six LMSU IBCs and (2) discourses used to rationalise the establishment of LMSU branch campuses. The findings from this paper suggest that LMSU IBCs are established (a) to promote the Russian HE model, (b) to strengthen political and cultural ties with neighbouring countries, and (c) to bolster LMSU’s image and brand appeal in the region.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЭКСПОРТА ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ТРАНСГРАНИЧНОМ РЕГИОНЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЗАБАЙКАЛЬСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА)

Today strategic academic activity is more and more associated with the export of knowledge and services. One of the most topical directions in the development of the higher education system is connected with the increase of the academic export potential. In this context, the trends and challenges related to the export of educational services that the present-day system of higher education faces require systematic understanding, interpretation and objectively increase the need to consider and study the prospects for more effective involvement of universities of cross-border regions into the global market of educational services. The object of the research is higher education export. The subject of the research is the problems and prospects of the export potential development in the Transbaikal State University. The objective of the research is to assess the degree of involvement of the Transbaikal State University, as the leading university in the cross-border region, in export of educational activities, to identify the main problems and to determine the prospects for more effective work of the university in this direction. The objective of the research is achieved through the solution of the following tasks: to reveal the meaning of the concept of «higher education export», to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical works on this issue, to study international activities and the practice of providing educational services to foreign students by the case of the Transbaikal State University. The research methodology of the study is based on the works of Russian and foreign scientists devoted to this issue. To analyze the effectiveness of the Transbaikal State University’s work in this direction, the author used a factor analysis that is connected with the impact of external and internal factors, objective and subjective reasons that affect the effectiveness of the export educational activities of the leading university in the cross-border Transbaikal region. To create the methodological integrity of the study, universal methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization were used

EXPORT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AS THE TOOL FOR COMPETITIVENESS IMPROVEMENT OF ECONOMIES IN THE WORLD

The research paper covers the impact of higher education export on the competitiveness level of key world economies in terms of international division of labor and global value chains, including USA, Germany and China. At the same time, the comparison in the field of higher education export in Russia has been implemented. There have been revealed main factors in the attraction of foreign students in universities of analyzed countries: the economic factor (the profit from higher educational services for foreign citizens), the consumer factor (the profit from living costs of foreign citizens during the educational period), factor of additional labor force (the employment of foreign graduates in the international companies), factor of “soft power” (the loyal attitude to the country, where higher education has been received) and factor of innovation development (the participation of foreign citizens in the development and implementation of research ideas in startups). Additionally, indicators of selected countries were compared in terms of its competitiveness level, including the complexity of economies and its innovation development. The result of this research is identification of interaction between export of higher education and competitiveness level of a country: USA, Germany and China have high indicators in this field in comparison with Russia. Based on the results main directions of higher education export development have been described with a target of competitiveness level increase in the national economy globally.

Export of higher education in Russia: an overview of theoretical approaches and practical solutions

This article examines the theoretical approaches towards definition and analysis of the concept of export of educational services that formed in the Russian scientific context: sociopolitical, economic, and demographic. Within the framework of economic approach towards analysis of the export of educational services, two author determines two aspects: macroeconomic and microeconomic. The author describes the integrated characteristics and interpretation of the content of export of educational services in the Russian scientific publications. The models of export of educational services: passive, active, and distance are determined. The criteria for the expansion of export of educational services are outlined. The article discusses the current practice of export of educational services established in the Russian higher education The results of the conducted theoretical analysis consists in a number of theses: 1) development of the category of the export of educational services as the basis for creation of theoretical models and technologies of practical implementation is absent; 2) the economically oriented instrumental assessment of the export of educational services is prevalent, which is not fully approved by educational organizations, since universities are not just dividends; 3) sociocultural experience and peculiarities of promotion the export of educational services in the countries of the former socialist camp can be useful; 4) the psychological-pedagogical component of the export of educational services  (evaluation of psychological factors for successful education of foreign students, methodological questions of teaching foreign students in Russian universities, etc.) is virtually left out.

Impacts of COVID-19 on Australian Higher Education Export-A Discussion

Based on the desktop method, this study reviews and discusses the predicted impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on Australian higher education export which is the largest service-based export sector and the fourth largest export sector in terms of value addition. The review reports that the COVID pandemic may impact the number of international students to decline by 50% in 2020-2021 academic year, hitting most the Go8 research universities and least the non-university accredited colleges and institutions. The discussion explores few optimistic policy options supporting the recovery and sustainable growth for the sector. Keywords: Coronavirus, Australian higher education, export, impact, policy. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-18-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

Export of Higher Education: Innovations in Physical Education Practice

Creating conditions for the export potential is one of the drivers for the development of the domestic higher education. All the factors of socio-cultural adaptation of foreign students are to be identified in order to build a world-class educational background in Russian universities. The potential of physical education to solve the problems of foreign student integration into the Russian social environment is an urgent area of modern pedagogical research. The article presents the authors’ vision of organizational and pedagogical methods to transform physical education practice at university and to designate some new types of professional teaching activities of a physical education instructor. The research centered in the following Tomsk universities: Siberian State Medical University, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, and Tomsk State Pedagogical University. The international component in the educational ecosystem development in Tomsk Region is outlined in the field of the regional project to create the Big University. The applied methods for the research involved analysis of theoretical sources, surveys, observations, product analysis, and the expert assessment method.

Test Items Validation in the Context of Education Export

It is necessary to develop special assessment tools for international students, which will comply with the principles of evidence-based education. This is especially important in the context of Russian higher education export. Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are an essential part of the assessment and are suited for assessing the knowledge level of international students. The “Organic chemistry” is a basic course for pharmaceutical students, which is necessary for the understanding of principal subjects. The study objective was to develop a normative-oriented model of the “Organic chemistry” MCQs based examination for international students (the specialty 33.05.01 “Pharmacy”) in accordance with the recommendations of the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE). The previously developed interactive “Organic Chemistry Test Simulator”, created at the Sechenov University, was used as the basis for the examination MSQs bank. It was analyzed by five independent experts, who work as teachers of organic chemistry. The average timing and the cut score were determined by the Angoff method, 90 sec and 64%, respectively. Among analyzed MCQs the 3% were found irrelevant, 22% were recommended for revision and modernization. Valid MSCs (600 items) served as the basis for the creation of extended examination MSQs bank. An algorithm for modeling the “Organic chemistry” MCQs based examination was proposed. The standardized examination test has 30 MSQs of different types. The standardized normative-oriented model of the “Organic chemistry” MCQs based examination for international students (the specialty 33.05.01 “Pharmacy”) was validated in terms of relevance and representativeness, optimized in time and cut score.

International Student Mobility and Household Consumption: Evidence from China

As a result of the expansion of exports of higher education, the number of international students in China showed an average yearly growth rate of 23% between 2004 and 2018. This paper investigates whether the export of higher education improves household’s wellbeing in China. Specifically, we study if there is a causal relationship between the exports of higher education and household consumption. We combine province-level data of the number of international students with the information from the Family Panel Studies (CFPS) survey. Using a shift-share instrumental variable approach, we find that a one percent increase in educational exports (measured as the number of international students) increased household consumption in around 0,06%. The results indicate that growth in income/wealth is an important channel that promotes household consumption. Furthermore, we find education exports mainly affect household developmental consumption, especially for housing and education consumption. We also find that implementing incentive policies will not reduce the promotion effect of education export on household consumption. Finally, a vital conclusion of our work is that education exports not only can bring more trade benefits but also can relieve the negative consequences of the low household consumption rate in China.

(The Main Trends of Higher Education Exports in the World)

Russian Abstract: В работе рассматриваются основные тенденции экспорта высшего образования в мире. Описаны основные внешние и внутренние факторы, оказывающие влияние на расширение и развитие экспорта высшего образования. English Abstract: The paper examines the main trends of higher education exports in the world. The main external and internal factors affecting the expansion and development of higher education exports are described.

Effects of Confucius Institutes on China's higher education exports: Evidence from Chinese Partner Universities

This study empirically examines the effects that a Confucius Institute has on the foreign students of its Chinese Partner University (CPU) at the province level in China. The CPUs are found to have a significantly positive impact on non-degree foreign students. With regard to degree-seeking students, CPUs have a significantly positive effect only within provinces in Central and Western China. No effect is observed in Eastern provinces.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ НА ВЫСШЕЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕИ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ЛИВАНЦЕВ

The twentieth century witnessed tremendous increase in the level of globalization and the twenty first century is taking humanity further on this path. Globalization could be defined as the flow of technology, economy, knowledge, people, values, ideas, etc. across borders. It has a great impact on every aspect of human life including higher education. Some scholars describe the twenty first century as the century of educational mobility and global schooling. The term internationalization of education is used a lot these days by educators and is at two levels: internationalization at home and internationalization abroad. Lebanon could benefit tremendously from the global inclination if it could find itself a new role of importer as well as exporter of higher education. It could benefit of its long experience of internationalization at home and of student mobility as well as its cultural diversity and dynamic society to become a provider of education across the borders, both physical and virtual, serving the near region.

Cost economies in the provision of higher education for international students: Australian evidence

In the past few decades, the additional revenues available via higher education exports (through both relatively higher prices and increased enrolments) have attracted the attention of providers in many developed countries, not least in Anglophone countries like the USA, the UK, Canada and Australia. However, while the revenue case is strong, the institutional cost structures underlying the provision of higher education services for international students remain relatively unknown at the sector level. Accordingly, we offer a comprehensive analysis of the cost economies underlying higher education provision for international students using a sample of 37 Australian public universities over the period from 2003 to 2012. The findings suggest that it is appealing to enrol additional overseas students given their lower average and marginal costs and the significant economies of scale prevailing in higher education generally. Further, while we find evidence of economies of scope for overseas students only in smaller institutions, there is no evidence of diseconomies of scope, implying the current number of overseas students and their joint production with domestic students at the least does not lead to unnecessarily higher overall costs.

Integration of education with research and development and the export of higher education

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a framework combining the approaches of the innovation pedagogy, strategic planning of higher education and the research, development and innovation (RDI) in order to support the export of higher education.Design/methodology/approachThe export of education can be included in the framework by taking the innovation pedagogy as a starting point – an approach developed for the universities of applied sciences with the emphasis of efficient leaning in projects and the institution's external impact. Strategic management defines strategic objectives, which take into account the European education policy and the regional and international demand for higher education. The empirical part of the paper is based on the study of the Turku University of Applied Sciences (TUAS) focusing on the networked applied research and development activities and the combination of the education and the RDI activities using learning in the projects approaches.FindingsThe building of the strategic partnerships seems to be one of the main instruments of the export process and to use the support of the external broker organization outside of the universities. The advantages of the student learning in the RDI projects are: the drop‐out rates can be decreased, the length of study can be shortened, the transfer of knowledge can be increased, the supervision of students can be increased, the experience of students from projects increases the employment opportunities and the integrated model of innovation pedagogy can be exported to other countries.Originality/valueThe framework presented in the paper could be developed towards mechanisms of sharing the knowledge concerning different global learning ecosystems.

Higher education exports in South Africa: A case study of Stellenbosch University

International trade in higher education services is one of the fastest growing tradable service sectors globally. Apart from the positive externalities international students create through knowledge mobility and spill-over, campus diversity, and local community development participation, spending by international students in the host city and immediate surroundings add significantly to local economic growth. The aim of this article is to show, firstly, the relative strong growth of South Africa’s higher education exports vis-à-vis other countries. We also find that South Africa has a strong comparative advantage in exporting higher education services. Secondly, we use a pilot questionnaire conducted in 2009 at Stellenbosch University to estimate the economic impact of these students on the local economy. We find that international students contribute between R159 million and R172 million per semester to the local economy, in addition to the positive – but largely unquantifiable – externalities they create.

Higher education exports in South Africa: A case study of Stellenbosch University

International trade in higher education services is one of the fastest growing tradable service sectors globally. Apart from the positive externalities international students create through knowledge mobility and spill-over, campus diversity, and local community development participation, spending by international students in the host city and immediate surroundings add significantly to local economic growth. The aim of this article is to show, firstly, the relative strong growth of South Africa’s higher education exports vis-a-vis other countries. We also find that South Africa has a strong comparative advantage in exporting higher education services. Secondly, we use a pilot questionnaire conducted in 2009 at Stellenbosch University to estimate the economic impact of these students on the local economy. We find that international students contribute between R159 million and R172 million per semester to the local economy, in addition to the positive – but largely unquantifiable – externalities they create.

Internacionalizacijos iššūkiai Lietuvos aukštajam mokslui

Straipsnyje aptariama internacionalizacijos įtaka Lietuvos aukštojo mokslo raidai. Aukštojo mokslo internacionalizacija - vienas iš neišvengiamų globalizacijos padarinių. Daugelyje pasaulio šalių internacionalizacija laikoma prioritetine aukštojo mokslo plėtros kryptimi, tačiau jos padariniai nėra vien teigiami. Didžiausią finansinę naudą iš tarptautinio bendradarbiavimo gauna palyginti nedaug labiausiai išsivysčiusių šalių, įdiegusių rinkos santykius savo aukštojo mokslo sistemose ir įvedusių mokamas studijas. O mažesnėms šalims ir jų gimtosioms kalboms švietimo internacionalizacija gali būti ne tik naudinga, bet ir žalinga. Lietuva taip pat susidūria tiek su teigiamais, tiek su neigiamais aukštojo mokslo internacionalizacijos padariniais. Geresnis internacionalizacijos keliamų iššūkių pažinimas leistų Lietuvai sėkmingiau formuoti savo aukštojo mokslo politiką.

Consumer Satisfaction as a Process

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the export of higher education as a marketing challenge, with overseas students representing the customers, and universities the providers of a professional service. In doing so, we examine (dis)satisfaction as an evaluation process at four points in time (prior to and following the act of purchase), rather than as a static dependent variable. The theoretical basis for this study is the Disconfirmation of Expectations model, which posits that perceived gaps between pre-purchase expectations and product (service) performance lead to differential levels of post-purchase satisfaction. The study involved in-depth interviews with undergraduate and graduate overseas students at the University of Wollongong, in Australia. Some of the major findings were: (1) students have well defined expectations along four major dimensions: “learning well-being,” “social well-being,” “economic well-being,” and “personal well-being”; (2) there was evidence that the three key variables (expectation...