Export Goods Research Articles

Enhanced HS Code Classification for Import and Export Goods via Multiscale Attention and ERNIE-BiLSTM

Accurate classification of import and export goods’ Harmonized System (HS) codes is essential for ensuring tax security. Applying text classification technologies for HS code classification can significantly enhance the prevention and control of customs tax risks. However, the goods text is a semi-structured one that involves multi-domain Chinese professional vocabulary, which poses challenges for current classification models. These models often suffer from inadequate text representation and imprecise feature extraction. To address these challenges, we propose a novel classification model ERNIE-BiLSTM-Channel attention–Spatial attention (EBLCS). This model integrates ERNIE (Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration) with a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network (BiLSTM) and employs multi-scale attention mechanisms. The ERNIE-BiLSTM model provides a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the goods text, effectively capturing the global features of the text. By introducing channel attention and spatial attention mechanisms, greater weights are assigned to important words and word embedding dimensions, significantly enhancing the model’s ability to perceive key information. The experimental results on a customs dataset demonstrate that the EBLCS model consistently outperforms various baseline models across all evaluation metrics, effectively enhancing the performance of HS code classification.

Benefits and Vulnerabilities of the Free Trade Agreement for the EAEU Countries and China

Aim. Objective is to formulate the position of the EAEU in the negotiations on the free trade area with China.Tasks. We determine the potential results of the creation of the China-EAEU free trade area for each country.Methods. The indices of complementarity and trade intensity were calculated, and the benefits to society from the abolition of customs tariffs were calculated using a partial equilibrium trade-policy simulation.Results. The study of supply and demand for excavators showed that the total benefit of consumers (the construction industry) from the abolition of customs duties only slightly exceeds the losses of producers and the government. Based on the complementarity assessment, it was found that the free trade agreement is more beneficial for China than for the EAEU countries — the structure of China’s exports better corresponds to the structure of imports of the EAEU countries. It was revealed that the exports of the EAEU countries to China are not diversified, and the main export goods face minimal tariffs — 0% for crude oil from Russia and Kazakhstan, 3% for potash fertilizers from Belarus, 0% for ores and concentrates of precious metals from Kyrgyzstan, 0% for copper ores and concentrates from Armenia. The EAEU countries may be interested in further liberalization of trade with China due to the intention to export frozen fish, corn, wheat and rice (Russia), tobacco (Kyrgyzstan and Armenia), meat and dairy products (Belarus), and cognac (Armenia).Conclusions. Reduction of duties on the specified goods may be the subject of a preliminary temporary agreement. A free trade zone may be created by finalizing the existing Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the EAEU and its Member States and the PRC. It is recommended that, in addition to including provisions on the abolition of customs duties, sections on trade in services, investments, and movement of individuals be included.

Mongolian Foreign Trade History from the Silk Road

Abstract Foreign trade is a “mirror” of the historical situation of a country. From foreign trade turnover, trading partners, the structure of export and import goods, and trade flows, it is possible to make conclusions about the country’s industrialization, acquired technology, consumption of the population, the standard of living and development. In this article, we intended to make a conclusion that the characteristics of Mongolia’s social and economic situation, production, trade, and consumption at that time were determined, through the historical conditions of Mongolia’s foreign trade at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as how foreign trade and foreign trade policies influenced the country’s choice of a new path of historical development.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Konsumen Dalam Jual Beli Pakaian Bekas (Thrifting) Melalui Aplikasi TikTok

Abstract This research aims to provide an explanation regarding the legal provisions governing the legality of buying and selling second-hand clothing or thrifting through the TikTok application in Indonesia, as well as the protection offered by law to consumers who purchase second-hand clothing. To complement that objective, this research employs a Normative Juridical method using a Legislative approach. This research shows the following results: First, the practice of buying and selling second-hand clothing in Indonesia is not prohibited; however, if the second-hand clothing being sold is imported, this contradicts the Minister of Trade Regulation Number 51 of 2015 concerning the Prohibition of Importing Second-Hand Clothing and the Minister of Trade Regulation Number 40 of 2022 concerning Prohibited Export and Import Goods. Therefore, it is established that the activity of buying and selling imported second-hand clothing is ILLEGAL. Second, consumer protection in the buying and selling of second-hand clothing can be carried out in two ways: preventively, through the establishment of legislation on consumer protection, and repressively, through resolution between both parties (non-litigation) or by filing a lawsuit in the General Court (litigation). Keywords: Buying and Selling, Second-Hand Clothing, Import, Law, Consumer Protection.

Supplier performance assessment: Empirical evidence in Indonesian freight forwarding companies

This research aimed to assess the results of two vendors used by the company in the shipping process of export goods. Two leading suppliers for one similar activity had caused more difficulties in the monitoring and controlling activities of DHL Global Forwarding Indonesia. This research used qualitative and quantitative methods, with the Analytic Hierarchy Process decision-making method using 36 internal staff members as the sample. Through a qualitative calculation method by distributing questionnaires to the existing suppliers, namely Monang Sianipar Kargo and Andima Transportindo, it was found that the weighted score for Monang Sianipar Kargo was 22.84 and for Andima Transportindo was 10.66. Subcriteria and indicators should be prioritized in the criteria of Price and service, significantly to improve the performance of problematic suppliers. This research recommended using the Analytic Hierarchy Process for assessment since it facilitated the research development by the opinion of the company’s experts. Such a finding implied that a policy from the management was needed in the assessment of suppliers. As an implication, it was necessary to assess all suppliers cooperating with DHL Global Forwarding Indonesia by using actual data from the current month.

The importance of transportation in the Slovakia-Vietnam business decisions about the importing or exporting of goods

Globalization and geographic fragmentation of global manufacturing processes have characterized the expansion of international trade. As a result, supply chains have grown longer and more complex, making transportation a key factor in business decisions about the export or import of goods. By analysing the export and import of merchandise between Slovakia and Vietnam, this paper aims to determine the best mode of transportation in terms of transport modalities. To put it another way, it uses a case study, LPI index and results of primary research to identify qualitative transport indicators when the companies import or export goods from Vietnam to Slovakia. We also focused on examining the macroeconomics factors - agreements between European Union (Slovakia as a member of the EU) and Vietnam, which affect the international trade.

The Growth Model of the Automotive Industry in Türkiye: An Input-Output Analysis via the Hypothetical Extraction Method

Purpose: The objective of this research was to ascertain if the portion of the automotive industry that engages in non-tradable goods or export goods is the principal driving force behind the industry's expansion. The purpose of this paper is to fill the gap by focusing on the automotive industry as its principal area of investigation. Methodology: Productivity growth in the automotive industry was estimated utilizing an innovative hypothetical extraction method (HEM) for both the non-tradable goods sector and the export goods sector. Following that, the weighted multipliers approach is employed to allocate the productivity across the non-tradable goods and export goods of the automotive industry. Findings: The findings indicate that the automotive industry maintains a strategy of development driven by exports. Production targeted for the domestic market is subject to significant limitations. Multinational automobile corporations tend to employ the strategy of exporting. The growth model of the automotive industry is significantly influenced by various institutional elements, including the Customs Union, taxes, and vertical integration. Originality: Although the automotive industry is an essential industry for exports, its growth model has not been comprehensively scrutinized. This study primarily focuses on investigating the growth model of the Turkish automotive industry and the institutional factors that influenced its strategic decisions.

The Role Of The Indonesian Government In The Imposition Of Tariffs For Imported & Exported Goods In The Asean Region

This legal research examined the role of the Indonesian government, which is tasked with overseeing the implementation of the import and export tariff system in Indonesia. At this time, with the development of the international market, countries certainly need to tighten their security in order to protect their economic systems by implementing rules that regulate the course of trade, establishing cooperation, and entering into treaties or agreements that will later bind one country to another. The laws that Indonesia has implemented into domestic regulations, such as Law No. 7 of 2014, Law no. 17 of 2006, and Law no. 39 of 2007. This research discussed the impact of implementing the tariff system on Indonesia's export and import trade and current government challenges, such as the development of world globalization, the era of digitalization, and also actions that can be categorized as crimes in the trade sectors. Dumping also occurs in international trade, which can threaten local markets, prompting countries to make agreements to combat dumping practices. The research method used is a normative research method. The approaches used are the Statute Approach and the Analytical Approach, namely, research using legislation, Trade Law Concepts, and also analysis of the implications of Legal principles as a basic reference and analysis of several laws and regulations that regulate this matter.

Externalities of Sanctions Impact on Russian Economy

The work reveals the economic motives for decision-making by the leading world powers and the features of the development of the Russian national economy in the context of measures taken by the Government of the country in the conditions of a changing geopolitical reality. The emphasis is made on the need to manage the risks of foreign economic activity after the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions by unfriendly countries with developed economies. The degree of dependence of the Russian Federation on high-tech goods, components, software and at the same time low diversification of production for the main export items has been revealed. Promising markets for export goods and potential importers as well as partner countries for the development of mutual trade in products and services have been identified. Acceptable solutions and current anti-crisis support measures from the state in the form of subsidizing lending rates, creating “new growth points” in the economy by allocating funds for import substitution programs, etc. are outlined. An assessment of the possible damage to several friendly countries from the attempt to economically isolate one of the world’s largest economies has been completed. The countries of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America are considered the main regions for the future development of international cooperation. The BRICS bloc for Russia is becoming a key integration association in terms of transforming industrial, logistics and financial chains in the global economic space. As a result, constructive conclusions about the need to use diplomatic measures to maintain neutrality and create interstate agreements that contribute to a more intensive opening of the internal markets of friendly countries for the development of mutual trade in raw materials and high-tech goods are given.

The impact of Covid-19 on the performance of seaports

The COVID-19 outbreak had a serious effect on the global economy, particularly the volume of port trade. This article was intended to fill an important gap noticeable in the existing studies, by specifically investigating the impacts of the economic landscape, severity of the outbreak, and governmental control measures on the import and export goods of eight seaports in Tunisia. To achieve this, we employed panel regression models, utilizing a time series dataset spanning from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2022. Based on the attained results, the preventive measures and stringent governmental control index and the cumulative number of confirmed cases have negative impact on the imported and exported goods, though the exported goods has been rather severely affected by the spread pandemic. At the economic level, the industrial added value has been discovered to be significantly and positively correlated with the imported and exported cargos respective throughputs, while GDP turned out to be significantly and negatively correlated with imported and exported goods. Such findings, we reckon, could be of great help to the shipping companies, port operators as well as the governmental authorities to shift strategies and opt for appropriate measures likely to help in coping with any potential effects of similar crises.

Comparative Study of Digitalization Impact on Global Goods and Services Markets in Advanced and Developing Economies

Abstract In the era of rapid technological progress, the influence of dizitalization on different aspects of international economic activity can’t be overstated. The aim of this article is to conduct a comprehensive comparative study of digitalization’s impact on global goods and services markets, with a specific focus on advanced and developing economies using multiple linear regression. The research methodology involved comprehensive data collection for 35-38 advanced economies and 52-66 developing economies depending on the availability of data. The analysis included depended variables (18 export and import goods sectors and 18 export and import services), independent variables (digitalization, consisting of ICT deployment, ICT export and import, ICT investment variables), control variables such as GDP growth, CPI, trade openness, exchange rate and political stability. The findings demonstrate the ICT infrastructure and ICT exports positive impact on export of technology-intensive goods, such as ores and metals, machinery and equipment, and tools and devices in advanced economies. Digitalization’s positive impact on trade in goods appeared weaker in developing economies, potentially due to lower levels of ICT adoption or differing export focuses. ICT export has positive impact on financial services imports, indicating a reliance on imported financial services while exporting ICT capabilities. The model shows a high success rate depending on variables. The study highlights digitalization’s varied impact on advanced and developing economies, emphasizing its importance for trade, competitiveness and policymakers in the global market.

Certificate of Origin Management in Supporting the Export Process: A Qualitative Descriptive Analysis on Marine Cargo Expeditions

The complexity of managing export documentation and the lack of knowledge of regulations in the importing country cause non-fulfilment of requirements and cancellation of exports. This study aims to determine the stages and the mechanism for managing certificates of origin in the export process by freight forwarding or marine cargo expedition representing the exporter. The research used qualitative descriptive methods and approaches. Data was collected by observation and documentation at two marine cargo expedition companies in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Data is analyzed and presented using a flowchart diagram. The results show that these companies manage COO documents through the eSKA website, with the completeness of filling in the basic information of exporters, consignees, route and transport, and supporting documents, including export declaration, packing list, invoice, goods, and cost structure. Overall, export documents are indispensable for international trade as they ensure goods' legal compliance and smooth flow across borders. The role of the freight forwarding company or marine cargo expedition in this process is to advise the exporter on the required paperwork, ensure compliance with relevant regulations, and communicate with the appropriate authorities to obtain the certificate. The positive implications of this research are that the administration of export documentation, particularly Certificates of Origin (COO) via the eSKA platform by marine cargo expeditions, enhances time efficiency for exporters and proves efficacious in ensuring the legal compliance of COO document handling. Moreover, COOs can yield favourable effects through preferential tariffs, thereby augmenting the competitiveness of exported goods.

Making a Case for Trade: Shi Shipiao’s Map of the Eastern and Southern Oceans

Abstract In the early eighteenth century, the Kangxi emperor was presented with two maps in Chinese, one each from the officials Gioro Mamboo and Shi Shipiao. The maps showed southern China and Southeast Asia and were based on Dutch charts. The officials presented the maps at a time when the emperor had recently issued a law restricting Chinese trade in Southeast Asia. The map presented by Shi Shipiao adds information about sailing routes and export goods that were subject to the trade restrictions imposed by the emperor. This article argues that rather than being intended to provide a representation of seafaring knowledge, Shi aimed to use the map he presented to convince the emperor to lift the restrictions he had imposed on trade. This therefore provides an example of how maps could be used for political ends. In contrast to many other Chinese maps influenced by European sciences, these two maps show no Jesuit involvement but resemble the Selden Map as well as Japanese and Buginese charts, representing a maritime perspective in the history of knowledge exchange.

Financial Development and Subnational Export Performance: Evidence from the Indian States

The present study investigates the relationship between export performance and the level of financial development for 30 Indian states and union territories (UTs) from 2011–12 to 2020–21. The study first ranks the states and UTs on the parameters of financial development and physical infrastructure using the robust principal component analysis method. By applying the instrumental variable fixed effects panel data technique, the study observes that the level of financial development has a significant positive impact on the export performance of the states. The study also finds a positive effect of the availability of physical infrastructure, quality of governance and fiscal position on states’ export performance but does not observe a significant role of political stability in this context. The results suggest that export growth in the economically laggard and Himalayan states can come through policy interventions to improve financial development. In contrast, landlocked states need better physical infrastructure to facilitate easier production and transportation of export goods. The study lends new perspectives to the nascent literature on inter-regional disparities in India’s export performance and is expected to provide insights into improving the sub-national export performance of other developing countries as well. JEL Codes: F14, F36, F4

Currency Devaluation and Economic Growth in Nigeria

This study examined currency devaluation and economic growth in Nigeria. Specifically, the study economic growth, balance and external debt on currency devaluation in Nigeria and tracked the direction of causality between currency devaluation and real economic variables in Nigeria. The study adopted the qualitative and quantitative research design. Secondary time series data covering 1990 to 2020 were obtained in the study. Estimation methods used in the study’s analysis includes descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, ARDL Co-integration analysis, parsimonious error correction model, granger causality test and other post estimation tests. Findings from the study revealed that gross domestic product exert positive significant impact on currency devaluation captured with currency devaluation both in the short and long run; balance of trade exert positive significant impact on Nigeria currency devaluation both in the short run and insignificant positive impact in the long run; external debt exerts negative significant impact on Nigeria currency devaluation in the short run; and positive significant impact in the long run; and a unidirectional relationship exists between external debt and currency devaluation, balance of trade and currency devaluation, external debt and balance of trade respectively. Premised on these findings, the study advocated that government in collaboration with monetary agencies should seek sound measures to reduce import and encourage exports towards maintaining positive trade balance and improve economic growth; government should create and introduce economic reforms or macroeconomic policies targeted at causing friendly business environment, boost economic output and improving the performance of the economy and government and the Central Bank of Nigeria should ensure debts contracted are deployed towards encouraging investment in exportable goods and services.

Vietnam's Foreign Trade in the second half of the XIX century and Russian Foreign Trade Interests

The article is devoted to the problems of the development of Vietnam's foreign trade relations during the second half of the XIX century. The analysis of the main foreign trade partners of Vietnam, the range of export and import, supply channels, volumes of foreign trade turnover, prices is presented. Special attention is paid to the policy of the European powers on the development of Vietnam's foreign trade relations. The main approaches of the Vietnamese authorities and traders to the organization of foreign trade relations with neighboring and European countries are noted. The characteristics of the main centers of trade in Vietnam, the peculiarities of the organization of trade in export and import goods, as well as the transportation of goods by land, sea and river routes are given. The views and approaches of the Russian authorities and entrepreneurs to the development of foreign trade relations of the Russian Empire with Vietnam are revealed. In particular, information is provided on the entry of Russian ships into the ports of Vietnam, as well as on the supply channels of Vietnamese goods to the Russian market. The article is based mainly on pre-revolutionary sources in Russian, French, English, Spanish and Vietnamese.

Spatiotemporal differentiation calendar for car and truck flow on expressways: A case study of Jiangsu, China

The transport objects and demands of cars and trucks differ, leading to different spatiotemporal characteristics in their flow patterns. Existing studies on expressway flow are mainly focused on the overall traffic, however, a decomposition analysis of cars and trucks is necessary to accurately explore traffic prediction, management, and dynamic toll policy. This study presents calendars and spatial distribution of car and truck flow based on toll fee data in Jiangsu Province, China. Additionally, the influencing factors are explored by using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models. The results show that: (1) car flow follows a regular pattern of low from Monday–Thursday and high from Friday–Sunday, while high from Monday–Friday and low from Saturday–Sunday for truck flow. This law is not obvious in the total flow calendar. (2) The car flow predominantly accumulates in the 0–20 km range, while the truck flow is concentrated within the 20–40 km range. (3) The spatial distributions are stable for both car and truck flow, characterized by higher flows in the southern part of Jiangsu and lower in the northern region. Gaps in truck flow between cities are greater than those in car flow, narrowing during holidays/festivals than on weekdays or weekends. (4) private vehicle possession and travel time to Shanghai are the main influencing factors on car flow during different periods, the number of research institutions and the added value of tertiary industry are positively correlated on weekdays and weekends, respectively. Total retail sales of consumer goods is the main factor affecting truck flow during different periods, total import and export goods can be attributed to weekdays, while per capita disposable income affects weekends and festivals. Finally, the findings of this study offer insights for the optimal implementation of toll policies.

Current scientific approaches to the establishment and development of international trade and economic relations

The evolution of international trade and trade policy has come a long way from mercantilism, A. Smith’s theory of absolute advantage, D. Ricardo’s comparative advantage. At present, there is no doubt that countries choose different models based on objective conditions of the cost of resources, the level of competitiveness achieved in goods and services and other factors. It has been proven many times that countries, following Heckscher-Ohlin’s model, export goods for which there are surplus resources and import goods with scarce resources. However, in the last 30-40 years, new theoretical concepts and views have emerged that, in our view, contribute to an understanding of the development of international trade and economic relations. The study is aimed at systematizing and supplementing the scientific base of trade and economic relations with modern views of scientists, not always directly related to international trade, but explaining its individual aspects, adequate to the current conditions of the world economy. The authors have generalized current theoretical approaches and concepts complementing classical ideas on the development of trade and economic relations. Two groups of scientific approaches have been identified: those that perform the function of forming the framework of the system of trade and economic relations and the function of «fine tuning». It is shown that at present the institutional approach occupies a special place. In particular, specialized bilateral and multilateral institutions can be a powerful tool for the development of trade and economic ties, the impact of which in modern economies cannot be underestimated. It is shown that sanctions cause serious damage to Russia by squeezing out of multilateral institutions of development of trade and economic relations. However, globalization continues to deepen its contradictions, contributing to the further fragmentation of the global world. The study contributes to the explanation of what is a sustainable system of economic relations between countries from the standpoint of modern scientific theories.

Research of the modern state of railway transportation of freight

Railway transport in the overall transport potential plays a decisive role, ensuring logistics processes in the country. In the conditions of extraordinary events such as military actions, social upheavals, natural disasters, man-made disasters, railway transport provides the economic and social needs of the country, thanks to its reliability. The current state of railway freight transportation in Ukraine, the structure of transportation, and its adaptation to modern conditions have been studied. The advantages of railway transportation include: - the possibility of sending a large volume of cargo; - saving time when passing dimensional and weight control; - independence from weather conditions; - cost of transportation. With the beginning of the russian aggression, logistical connections were lost. all Ukrainian farmers faced the problem of grain transportation and export. The grain cargo was concentrated on the borders with European countries. The main technical reasons for the limited ability to transport export goods through the western crossings: - different width of the railway track - in Europe it is 1435 mm, while in Ukraine - 1520 mm.; - shortage of transshipment capacities at the border; - lack of rolling stock; - limited capacity of certain sections of foreign railways; - presence of weight restrictions; - insufficient number of carriages for repositioning. In August 2023, there were positive changes to overcome the decrease in cargo exports that occurred due to port blockades. Polish and Ukrainian railways agreed on joint work on the development of passenger and freight rail transport between the countries in order to increase the export-import potential. The formation of a long-term strategy regarding the possibility of expanding railway corridors to Baltic ports has begun. During 2022, the railway suffered losses; - the acquisition of their own parks by farmers led to a surplus of railway containers; - the increase in tariffs for freight transportation did not compensate for the losses of the railway; - changes in the tariffs for railway transportation led to an increase in transportation by road transport.

Dry Port Financial Feasibility Analysis Model

The sea transportation system that is interconnected and provides value for loading and unloading services at the main port of Tanjung Priuk is already over capacity. The establishment of a dry port in Tangerang Regency is expected to facilitate the flow of export and import goods, streamline logistics costs, and solve the dwelling time problem that occurs. The plan to establish the Tangerang Dry Port requires an analysis of the financial feasibility of the investment. The method used to solve this problem is using the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Payback Period. This feasibility analysis calculation was carried out during pre-construction and after construction so that these calculations can be used as reference material in every decision-making, especially those related to the finances of Tangerang Dry Port. The feasibility analysis calculation uses 3 (three) scenarios, namely for optimistic conditions the IRR value is 28.8%, for moderate conditions the IRR value is 13.6%, and for pessimistic conditions the IRR value is 7.2%. For optimistic conditions the NPV value is 1,716.7 billion, for moderate conditions the NPV value is 697 billion, for optimistic conditions the NPV value is 255 billion. For optimistic conditions the payback period is 6.87 years, for moderate conditions the payback period is 9.26 years, and for pessimistic conditions the payback period is 11.2 years. From the results above, optimistic, and moderate conditions are the most feasible scenarios for developing the Tangerang Dry Port.