Export Goods Research Articles

Trade, GDP value adding activities and income inequality in the East African community

This paper investigates the extent to which the East African Community (EAC) countries have developed economically over time and whether income inequality decreases with economic growth. The relationship between trade and GDP per capita amongst EAC member countries is evaluated using the World Bank’s meta-data of development indicators and the EAC Secretariat’s data spanning from 2000–2019. Convergence in GDP per capita and inequality are tested using Coefficient of variation (CV) and weightedbeta. The results show that agriculture, manufacturing, trade and repair, construction, and transport and storage constituted the top five GDP value adding activities, contributing about 38 percent to total annual GDP. The EAC GDP per capita were diverging in the long run but converging in short to medium terms, implying increase and decrease in the regional income inequality respectively. Agriculture, electricity and gas, transport and storage, real estate activities, public administration, and education were income inequality-increasing sectors. Together with finance and insurance, these sectors were also positively associated with GDP per capita. The exports of EAC member countries were found to be highly concentrated in few sectors and destination markets, implying limited diversification of products and markets. In their quest to diversify, these countries should choose the right mixes of export goods and services keeping in view of the prevailing market factors in importing countries, such as, changing taste and demands.

Closed Economies, Autarchy – Failure and Economic Disaster

Autarchy is an economic system in which the state refuses any commercial connection with the outside, solely relying on its own resources. In an autarchic economy, the state does not participate in the international economic life, is not part of any regional and/or global economic organization and does not export or import goods. The characteristics of a closed, autarchic economy are: 1). the state does not take into account the progress of the world economy, 2). the state lacks involvement in the international economy, 3). economic independence is pursued by drastically reducing or canceling imports and exports, 4). the state solely relies on its own resources. This economic system can lead to: a). a pronounced economic decline, due to the impossibility of the state to provide the necessary goods and services for the population’s livelihood, b). a decrease in national incomes, considerable decrease in GDP, c). an increase in the state’s access to domestic natural resources, which in turn leads to an increased chance of their depletion, d). social instability.

Composite Revealed Comparative Advantage Index: A Non-parametric Approach

The composition and share of export items from a country change over time. Individual exporting companies take firm-level actions to keep up their market share. A relative (to the point of reference) and comparative (compared to other exportable goods) advantage index for an export item can aid decision-making at the country and company levels. Present literature shows less reference to the existence of such an index. The popular Balassa’s revealed comparative advantage (B-RCA) index measures the comparative strength of a product at any given period. However, this method and its variants are time stationary and not directly applicable for sectors, i.e., groups of commodities with the same first four digits of the HS Code. Sector-level RCA aids in identifying the country's comparative advantage over the sector over time. For a given set of products, the paper uses many partner countries and a manyproduct trade approach. This paper suggests two indices to reflect the dynamic RCA. It suggests calculating the ratio of the Balassa index for each product for the current period and reference period – the relative revealed comparative advantage (RRCA); proposes geometric aggregation of these ratios to get a composite RCA (CRCA) index for a country.

The ECJ’s Jurisprudence versus the VAT Committee’s Guideline on the “Economic” Exemption for Transportation Services to Export Goods: Time for Repair to Protect EU Business’ Global Competitiveness

In this article, the author analyses the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the application of the “economic” exemption for transportation services to export goods and why all legs of the transportation to export goods are exempt of VAT. She then reviews the Guideline of the VAT Committee, which surprisingly restricts the “economic” exemption to the transporter holding an export declaration. Different scenarios are discussed to illustrate the impact on the transportation sector and its customers and on the competitiveness of EU business in global trade, highlighting the need to remedy the guidance.

Analysis of The Impact between Fluctuations in the Exchange Rate of RMB against The U.S. Dollar and China's Export Business

In this project, when the exchange rate of RMB against the U.S. dollar rises in the trade between China and the United States, due to the decline in the income of export goods, the decline in total export value will lead to a decrease in the number of dollars exchanged by China, and on the contrary, the income from imports will increase, so Imports also increase, causing more dollars to be spent. In this way, after a certain period, the total amount of U.S. dollars held by China will decrease, which will lead to an increase in China's demand for U.S. dollars, which will lead to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar, that is, the exchange rate of the RMB against the U.S. dollar will decline.

Russian high-tech exports To the EAEU and BRICS countries and the potential to enter new commodity markets

Today the basis of exports from Russia are goods of the fuel and energy group. However, due to the instability of prices in the oil and gas markets, as well as the spreading policy of introducing environmentally friendly energy sources around the world, there is a need to diversify Russian exports and shift them towards non-commodity goods. The key task set by the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin before the Government of the Russian Federation is to ensure a breakthrough growth in the export of goods with high added value, including the achievement by 2030 of 70% of the share of non-primary sector goods in total exports from Russia. In this article, the author considers the top 20 groups of high value added goods exported by Russia to the world market, separately considers the lists of high value products supplied to the EAEU and BRICS countries, compares Russia's global exports with supplies to the EAEU and BRICS countries. By applying the Balassa index, an assessment of the comparative advantage of Russia in terms of commodity items, identified by the author as a priority for the initial release to new markets, is given. Based on the data obtained, the author draws conclusions about the prospects for the export of upper value added goods to new markets in Russia, including the identification of specific product groups, the export of which can be expanded.

Assessing the export potential of the region's agricultural sector

Subject. This article considers exports as a key driver of development of the agricultural sector at the regional level. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the possibility of organizing the production of fundamentally new export goods for the region. Methods. For the study, I used the abstract and logical, case methods, and various mathematical methods. Results. The article presents the rating of agricultural goods in accordance with their export potential. As key indicators for assessing the export potential of the regional agro-industrial complex, the article proposes to use the level of self-sufficiency, balance of resources, the Herfindahl – Hirschman index, and the ratio of world and domestic prices for exported agricultural products. Conclusions. The developed methodology can be used to determine the level of diversification of the export basket of agricultural products and the degree of concentration of exporters in the agricultural market of the region.

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DETERMINING THE ESSENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF "EXPORT AND LOGISTICS POTENTIAL"

The work is devoted to topical issues of theoretical research of scientific approaches to interpreting the concepts of "export potential" and "logistics potential". The purpose of the article is the research and systematization of theoretical approaches to the content of the above concepts, as well as the scientific substantiation of the essence of the "export-logistics potential" category. The research uses general scientific and unique methods: inductive and deductive - to justify approaches to determining the essence of export and logistics potential concepts; comparative - to outline the typical characteristics of the studied images within the framework of resource and system approaches; graphic - for a visual representation of the "export and logistics potential" definition; abstract and logical - for generalization and formation of conclusions. The author's interpretation of the essence of "export and logistics potential" is proposed, under which it is appropriate to understand the component of the production and economic potential of the state, which affects the formation of the national economy structure, determining its profile and degree of involvement in the system of foreign economic relations and global logistics networks. It has been studied that the export-logistics potential ensures efficient trade, which meets international standards and minimizes emissions into the environment. It has been established that the formation of the export-logistics potential is a complex, dynamic process aimed at interacting with the external environment and ensuring high quality of export products selling. It was established that the export-logistics potential provides efficient export goods traffic, associated with minimal expenditure of time and financial resources, as well as analytical transport support that meets international standards and minimizes harmful environmental emissions. It is substantiated that the export-logistics potential is characterized by the presence of hierarchical levels: micro- (enterprises), meso- (region), macro- (state), and mega-levels (international level).

Relief of Liability for Damages and Strengthening of Korea’s Maritime Trade Through MRA Application of International Classification Association

This study examines the entire process from design, which is the initial stage of construction of ships and oceans, which are responsible for the largest amount of logistics and transportation among types of trade, to final approval, and delivery of maritime trade through final export in various stages of maritime transportation. The purpose of a International Classification Society is to provide classification and statutory services and assistance tothe maritime industry and regulatory bodies as regards maritime safety and pollution prevention, based on the accumulation of maritime knowledge and technology. It is an attestation only that the vessel is in compliance with the Rules that have been developed and published by the Society issuing the classification certificates. In this research, based on the IACS process, which has such ambiguous grounds and standards, the contractual liability for damages was resolved, and Korea’s maritime trade growth and international exports were revitalized by applying the International Classification Association MRA. The contents are summarized as follows. irst, MRA is applied to 1st party Inspection and Declaration, 2nd party Inspection and Testind, and 3rd party Qualification and Certification for Manufacturing Procedure and Process. By applying the MRA (International Mutual Recognition Agreement) process based on the International Classification Society standards and standards to these three types of international classification approval certification and manufacturer certification, the direct cost reduction and It is clear that it will clearly present the s tandards f or e xport approval a nd c ertification t hrough a bsolute t im e reduction, a nd w ill make a great contribution to the development of export manufacturing companies and all industries in Korea. Second, through the application of MRA to Design Assessments of products and services used in maritime trade, the structure of the shipbuilding, offshore and special ship industries is strengthened, and the Korean maritime industry is strengthened by reducing the construction period and direct costs, and maritime trade can be a shortcut to strengthening to be. Third, by applying MRA to the working process of the International Classification Association for export goods and export services that require maritime trade, it is possible to simplify the procedure and reduce the working period and cost. Fourth, by promoting the integration of the classification society rules first and applying MRA, it is possible to eventually promote the integration of international standards. Finally, the application of MRA to international maritime export products and services is a fundamental means of resolving the liability for damages in the essential contract of maritime trade and export.

Reduction of non-conforming through statistical process control charts in textile industry

The textile industry of Pakistan is a growing sector that contributes to the economy. Pakistan exports depend heavily upon textile goods. A minor defect in the finished good can cause a major loss of the export goods. Due to the involving the number of workers checking the product repeatedly can be very expensive therefore the quality engineering techniques of Statistical Control Charts are used in the textile industry. This research study aims at developing process control charts for the textile industry in Pakistan. For this purpose, the textile industry was taken into consideration. P-chart was developed to monitor the variation in the process with a Six Sigma standard deviation. The collection of data was for six months from various departments of the textile industry. The attribute data were collected for the analysis from 4 different units of the industry. The construction of the P-Chart includes the Control Limits (CL), Upper Control Limits (UCL), 3 sigma deviations from the mean Control Limit (CL), Lower Control Limits (LCL), –3 sigma deviation from the mean Control Limit (CL). The result showed that the processes of the production units were under control, however, the mean was not centred which was due to some common cause of the process which is acceptable. The P-chart can serve as a standard for the new process to be developed.

Export Management Information System: Evidence from Willbes Global Purwadadi Inc.

The case study in this research is the export goods data report at Willbess Global Inc. The purpose of this research is to design an information system for managing data on export goods based on a website at Willbess Global Inc.. This can help the process of inputting export goods data. Willbess Global Inc. always strives to improve its business process services, especially in the field of exporting goods with more systematic data processing. The research method used is the Rational Unified Process (RUP) which is a software engineering method developed by collecting various best practices in the software development industry. RUP uses an object oriented concept, with activities that focus on model development using the Unified Model Language (UML). This research has produced information system functions contained in each process of functional requirements such as managing, deleting, and changing information data on export goods data, data on types of transportation equipment used and data for export goods travel documents.

Naira to Dollar Exchange Rate Fluctuations and Nigeria’s Balance of Payment

The authors analyze how changes in the value of the naira affect the country’s overall trade surplus or deficit. The 2020 edition of the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin was consulted for data on the country’s balance of payments, exchange rate, trade openness, and inflation rates. Exchange rate, exchange rate fluctuation, trade openness, and inflation rate are the independent variables, and the balance of payments (BOPs) is the dependent variable. The model’s variables’ stationary was determined using the ADF unit root test method. The results of the tests show that after the first difference, the balance of payment and the inflation rate stabilized, while the actual exchange rate, exchange rate fluctuation, and the degree of trade openness all remained stable at their respective levels. The study’s dependent and independent variables” long-term relationship was estimated using an autoregressive distributed lag bounds test. There is a long run link between the study’s dependent and independent variables, as evidenced by the estimates’ F-statistics value of 4.85, which is larger than the lower and upper critical bounds of 3.23 and 4.35. Estimates also reveal that in the long run, the balance of payment in Nigeria is positively impacted by exchange rate fluctuations and the real exchange rate, while it is negatively impacted by inflation and trade openness. As a result, the study suggests that government should subsidize farmers who produce export goods in order to reduce the volatility of naira to dollar exchange rate. The national government should put aside more funds to increase the nation’s foreign reserve in order to reduce the volatility of the currency exchange rate. Rigid taxes on imported goods are one way to prevent heavy reliance on them.

ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC TIME WARPING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GROSS REGIONAL DOMESTIC PRODUCT YOGYAKARTA

Poverty in Indonesia has become a common thing that is still difficult to handle due to the presence of the covid virus outbreak attacks are causing the inability to buy and sell transactions, export and import goods and services, then the level of inequality increases. The tool measures the inequality level in an area seen from the Gini Ratio value. The Gini Ratio notes that the DI Yogyakarta province had the highest index value in Indonesia of 0,437 in September 2020. So this study aims to minimize the inequality in the DI Yogyakarta province by using the clustering method and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ). The clustering method with a hierarchical algorithm using the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance and the DLQ method to predict regional economic sectors. Based on the result of the clustering analysis, there were 2 clusters, and the DLQ analysis obtained as many as 11 essential and 6 NPN-base sectors. Cluster 1 has 10 GRDP sectors with two industries that will become non-base sectors in the future, while cluster 2 has 7 GRDP sectors with three sectors it will become base sectors in the future.

The Motor Vehicles Industry in Slovakia, 2005 – 2015

This note examines the evolution of the Slovak motor vehicles sector during 2005-2015, drawing on the latest update (December 2018) of OECD's Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) model database. The review takes a global value chain (GVC) approach and looks at the linkages from the gross production and value added perspectives. The overall contribution of the motor vehicles sector to Slovakia's gross production and domestic value added increased twofold during the reference period. There was an ongoing change in the structure of the GVC linkages. The reliance on domestically-sourced inputs increased over the years. The (indirect) value added created in the production of domestically-sourced inputs gradually approached the level of the (direct) value added generated within the motor vehicles sector. Subsequent to the global financial crisis, the share of intermediate goods in exports, the forward linkage of the GVC, and the upstreamness of the production process were all on a rising trend. The sourcing pattern of imports of intermediate inputs and the market for exports steadily shifted away from the euro area towards non-EU countries. It is estimated that a hypothetical 10 percent negative shock to global final demand for motor vehicles would lower Slovak GDP growth by 1 percentage point.

Fish for the Elite: Seafood Restaurants and North Korean Watery Environmental Histories

Fish have long been of importance to North Korea, vital to its developmental ambitions, and through structures of division such as the Northern Limit Line, also to its politics. Fish and seafood in general have been key elements in the cuisine and dietary practices of the Korean peninsula since the beginning of its recorded history. Korean food frequently has fish, molluscs and cephalopods at its heart, from more common forms such as jjigae stews 찌개, to the challenging san-nakji 산낙지 (live octopus). Fish is eaten everywhere on the Korean peninsula, though of course it is less frequently eaten in the interior and in mountainous areas. Fish and seafood products are also eaten across all social classes on the Korean peninsula and in Korean history. In particular miyeok 미역 or wind/beach dried kelp has long been a vital element in Korean cooking, and the drying of miyoek by coastal communities was a key element to many of those communities social and economic practices in previous sentences. Of course there were varieties of seafood and maritime products that only the rich and elite could afford, and places where such food could be bought and consumed naturally became rarefied and expensive places, and seafood became an important element in the rediscovered “Korean Royal Court Cuisine” 조선왕조 궁중요리 Joseon wangjo gungjung yori, which harked back to the food practices of the Joseon dynasty. North Korea itself claims or aspires to be a classless society and a political space where there are no elites, and where the memory of the Joseon dynasty is dismissed as a feudal aberration. This paper explores an element of the reality of North Korea dining and food consumption and practices, particularly around seafood. Considering the vital importance of fishing and seafood to North Korea, particularly as a source of revenue and goods for export, and the role of fish and maritime products as a vital source of protein in Pyongyang’s conceptions of socialist developmental practice, the paper in particular considers the environmental and ecological histories of the seas around the north of the Korean peninsula in mind, as well as North Korea’s history of aquaculture, and efforts to farm particular species like Sturgeon and Atlantic Cod. Having done this the paper seeks to understand what the presence of elite fish restaurants and dining places in Pyongyang, and the research and logistics required to support them mean within the nation’s environmental and developmental history.

Survey of overwintering Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in ports of export and natural landscapes surrounding the ports in Republic of Korea.

Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), an important agricultural and nuisance pest, is highly invasive with peculiar hiding behavior in human-made structures for overwintering. To evaluate the contamination risk of overwintering H. halys in non-agricultural export goods, we conducted a two-year field survey in Republic of Korea to locate overwintering H. halys in two major ports of export, Ulsan and Pyeongtaek ports, and monitored both active and overwintering H. halys population levels with varying distances from the ports ranging from 1 km to 48 km. First, we deployed wooden shelters in the two ports to catch dispersing H. halys for overwintering and conducted visual inspections for human-made structures in the ports to locate overwintering H. halys. In addition, we sampled dead trees to find overwintering H. halys in wooded areas. Second, we monitored active H. halys populations using pheromone traps with varying distances from the ports. From the survey of overwintering populations, no H. halys was collected from wooden shelters deployed in the two ports. However, we found four adults overwintering in human-made structures in Pyeongtaek port in the first year of survey. One dead adult was also found from a dead tree located in a wooded area adjacent to Pyeongtaek port in the second year. For active populations, results of pheromone trapping indicated that H. halys populations were present during autumn dispersal period not only in agricultural areas, but also in wooded areas adjacent to the two ports. This study reports for the first time that overwintering H. halys were found from the inside the port of export in its native areas with a low density. The results were discussed for evaluating contamination risk of overwintering H. halys in export goods shipping from the Republic of Korea.

On Export and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis of Selected West African Countries

The effect of export on economic growth has attracted much attention amongst researchers and practitioners. Conventional theories posit that output growth is attainable if countries produce and export the goods in which they have comparative advantages or are resourcefully endowed. Available evidence, however, sometimes present negative or inconclusive results on export-growth nexus. The study applied the panel cointegration and panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) on a sample of thirteen selected West African countries for the period 1990-2018. The result shows existence of cointegration amongst the variables. The PCSE results indicate positive long run relationships between export and growth, on one hand and exchange rate and growth, on the other. The study recommends measures to improve trade and attain growth in region such as the complete removal all forms of export restrictions and tariff on primary products, as well as administrative tax exemptions for domestic firms that engage in production of export goods.

Organizational form and multiple exportable goods in export rivalry trade

AbstractFocusing on the multiple exportable goods between intrabrand and interbrand competition in the export rivalry market, we analyze foreign firms' endogenous choice of organizational form in the face of tariffs. It is shown that if the degree of intrabrand competition is sufficiently high, firms provide corporate incentives (i.e., U‐form) when goods are substitutes and divisional incentives (i.e., M‐form) when goods are complements, and vice versa. This result relating to the prisoner's dilemma situation depends on which effect between the tariff level and incentive terms dominates. In the case of a low degree of intrabrand competition, choosing the M‐form (U‐form) brings about Pareto efficiency for foreign firms' profits and social welfare in the importing country when goods are substitutes (complements). In contrast to previous studies, when comparing the case of no delegation with the M‐form or U‐form, the Pareto optimum can also be achieved for both foreign firms choosing the M‐form or U‐form endogenously and the importing country, without a prisoner's dilemma involving no delegation.

Руссотурк: Советские Зарубежные Инвестиции и Социальная История Ранней Турецкой Республики

The purpose of this article is to introduce and examine the story of Russotürk, which was established as a venture capital company that was established in 1924 with the collaboration of the Soviet Union and Turkey in Istanbul. Russotürk helped the Soviet Union during the 1920s to overcome the obstacles that were put on export goods in the foreign trade of the Russians as it was a joint-stock company. One of the most important tasks undertaken by the company is to promote and increase the export of Soviet goods in the Middle East and Balkan countries such as Turkey, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Greece, in which the Soviet Trade Representatives were not allowed to operate. Russotürk, which was trying to attract the attention of the Turkish bourgeoisie, could not prevent the company, with which they were dealing joint business Karadeniz firm, to become partners with White Russians. Thus, the White Russians were effective in the foreign trade of the Soviets until Russotürk was liquidated. Selling Soviet export goods below the average world prices and issuing import licenses in return are among the most criticized issues that the company encountered. Russotürk constantly competed with Arcos and other Soviet economic institutions. The most obvious indication of this competitive situation was the sales of the Soviet agricultural tools in the Turkish market. The founding officials of Russotürk, which had eventful and nontrivial establishment and closure, were tried in the Soviet courts. Russotürk completed its duty and ended its existence when 1927 trade agreement was signed among the Soviet Union and Turkey.

Has South Korea Really Benefited from FTAs?

This study aims to reveal the actual effect of FTAs on South Korea's foreign trade volumes of main export and import products separately. The econometric approach of our study follows the gravity model with a panel dataset of 47 countries that have FTA with South Korea for the years between 2001-2018 by using 2-digit HS (Harmonized System) classification for main export and import goods. The study reveals that even though signing the FTA affects positively the trade volume of South Korea and partner countries, the export of South Korea i s affected positively only f or t he b ase metals & articles products while the import of South Korea increases for mineral products, chemical or allied industries products and machinery & mechanical appliances after the FTAs entered into force. Our findings contribute to the literature by ascertaining a new estimation model and original empirical results for South Korean trade policy makers.