Export Complex Research Articles

A Study on China’s Cultural Product Export Trade and Its Forecast Based on Hausmann’s Export Complexity

The cultural and creative industries are another fast-growing new industry after the information technology industry and have become a major driving force in global international trade and economic development. In this paper, the index of “export complexity” is chosen to measure the export complexity of cultural and creative products in China and 42 representative countries selected by UNCTAD’s “Creative Economy” database for measurement and comparative analysis. This paper uses a grey prediction model to forecast the relative export complexity of China’s cultural and creative products. The prediction results show that from 2016 to 2025, the relative export complexity of China’s cultural and creative products is less than 1, but the value is increasing, and the gap between the export structure of China’s cultural and creative products and the global average in the increasingly competitive international market will narrow year by year.

GpsB Coordinates Cell Division and Cell Surface Decoration by Wall Teichoic Acids in Staphylococcus aureus.

ABSTRACTBacterial cell division is a complex and highly regulated process requiring the coordination of many different proteins. Despite substantial work in model organisms, our understanding of the systems regulating cell division in noncanonical organisms, including critical human pathogens, is far from complete. One such organism is Staphylococcus aureus, a spherical bacterium that lacks known cell division regulatory proteins. Recent studies on GpsB, a protein conserved within the Firmicutes phylum, have provided insight into cell division regulation in S. aureus and other related organisms. It has been revealed that GpsB coordinates cell division and cell wall synthesis in multiple species. In S. aureus, we have previously shown that GpsB directly regulates FtsZ polymerization. In this study, using Bacillus subtilis as a tool, we isolated spontaneous suppressors that abrogate the lethality of S. aureus GpsB overproduction in B. subtilis. Through characterization, we identified several residues important for the function of GpsB. Furthermore, we discovered an additional role for GpsB in wall teichoic acid (WTA) biosynthesis in S. aureus. Specifically, we show that GpsB directly interacts with the WTA export protein TarG. We also identified a region in GpsB that is crucial for this interaction. Analysis of TarG localization in S. aureus suggests that WTA machinery is part of the divisome complex. Taken together, this research illustrates how GpsB performs an essential function in S. aureus by directly linking the tightly regulated cell cycle processes of cell division and WTA-mediated cell surface decoration.IMPORTANCE Cytokinesis in bacteria involves an intricate orchestration of several key cell division proteins and other factors involved in building a robust cell envelope. Presence of teichoic acids is a signature characteristic of the Gram-positive cell wall. By characterizing the role of Staphylococcus aureus GpsB, an essential cell division protein in this organism, we have uncovered an additional role for GpsB in wall teichoic acid (WTA) biosynthesis. We show that GpsB directly interacts with TarG of the WTA export complex. We also show that this function of GpsB may be conserved in other GpsB homologs as GpsB and the WTA exporter complex follow similar localization patterns. It has been suggested that WTA acts as a molecular signal to control the activity of autolytic enzymes, especially during the separation of conjoined daughter cells. Thus, our results reveal that GpsB, in addition to playing a role in cell division, may also help coordinate WTA biogenesis.

Porcine ZC3H11A Is Essential for the Proliferation of Pseudorabies Virus and Porcine Circovirus 2

Porcine epidemic viruses, such as pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), are among the most economically damaging pathogens affecting the swine industry. Importantly, previous studies have shown that cases of human infection with PRV occur frequently, indicating the considerable risk of PRV transmission from pigs to humans. Zinc finger CCCH-type containing 11A (ZC3H11A) has been confirmed to play a crucial role in maintaining the nuclear export of mRNA under stress in humans, but its role in pigs remains unknown. In this study, we observed that ZC3H11A interacted with the transcription and export complex and played an important role in mRNA export. Specifically, we knocked out ZC3H11A in PK-15 cells with CRISPR/Cas9 and challenged them with PRV and PCV2. The results showed that the proliferation of the virus was significantly inhibited in ZC3H11A-/- cells, indicating that porcine ZC3H11A is indispensable for the proliferation of PRV and PCV2. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that the inactivation of ZC3H11A in host cells also inhibited the proliferation of PRV and PCV2. Taken together, the results of our study indicated that ZC3H11A is important for maintaining the export of mRNAs, which in turn facilitates the proliferation of PRV and PCV2, suggesting that it can be a potential target for producing antiviral pigs and drugs.

Insight Into Distinct Functional Roles of the Flagellar ATPase Complex for Flagellar Assembly in Salmonella.

Most motile bacteria utilize the flagellar type III secretion system (fT3SS) to construct the flagellum, which is a supramolecular motility machine consisting of basal body rings and an axial structure. Each axial protein is translocated via the fT3SS across the cytoplasmic membrane, diffuses down the central channel of the growing flagellar structure and assembles at the distal end. The fT3SS consists of a transmembrane export complex and a cytoplasmic ATPase ring complex with a stoichiometry of 12 FliH, 6 FliI and 1 FliJ. This complex is structurally similar to the cytoplasmic part of the FOF1 ATP synthase. The export complex requires the FliH12-FliI6-FliJ1 ring complex to serve as an active protein transporter. The FliI6 ring has six catalytic sites and hydrolyzes ATP at an interface between FliI subunits. FliJ binds to the center of the FliI6 ring and acts as the central stalk to activate the export complex. The FliH dimer binds to the N-terminal domain of each of the six FliI subunits and anchors the FliI6-FliJ1 ring to the base of the flagellum. In addition, FliI exists as a hetero-trimer with the FliH dimer in the cytoplasm. The rapid association-dissociation cycle of this hetero-trimer with the docking platform of the export complex promotes sequential transfer of export substrates from the cytoplasm to the export gate for high-speed protein transport. In this article, we review our current understanding of multiple roles played by the flagellar cytoplasmic ATPase complex during efficient flagellar assembly.

Global trade of South Korea in competitive products and their impact on regional dependence.

The economic growth of a nation under the competition among countries can result from the interaction of the diversity and complexity of product export and import relations on the globe. This research aims to evaluate the competitiveness of South Korea’s trading products and its partner countries’ dependency by implementing a product and partner-based analysis. This research raises questions about the transactional positions of products and trading partners based on the diversification of import-export relations of South Korea. This study utilizes the matrix of products and trading partners from the Korean product export and import data from 1995 to 2015. The research analyzes Korea’s product competitiveness and dependency of trading countries on Korea using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and a nonlinear iterative method (NIM). The study finds that the products of several manufacturing industries showed a large production scale. From the global perspective, the trade dependency on Korea was high in Asia and in Africa and South America where the portion of underdeveloped or developing countries is relatively large. This research suggests that Korea may face difficulties of continuing growth if it maintains or intensifies its trade relation pattern under the environment of rapidly changing technology and economy. Therefore, diversification and mutual complementarity could be important for the export of promising products and industrial development policy.

STAT3 Nuclear Accumulation Due to Loss of RanBP2 May Contribute to Pathogenesis of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy

Ran Binding Protein 2 (RanBP2) contributes to the efficiency of nuclear import and export from its position at the cytoplasmic filaments of the nuclear pore complex. Here it can recruit import receptors, mediate efficient loading of cargo proteins onto importins, and serve as a docking site to efficiently recycle import and export complexes. Loss of function mutations in the RanBP2 gene are observed in many familial cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), a rare, sometimes fatal brain disease often occurring in infancy or early childhood following a viral infection. The influence of the RanBP2 mutation on the pathogenesis of ANE is unknown, but research points to a connection to the associated cytokine storm resulting from abnormal cytokine production. Specifically, the hyperactivation of the IL‐6/JAK/STAT3 cytokine signaling pathway has been observed in patients with ANE. We aimed to investigate a possible relationship between RanBP2 and STAT3 nuclear transport to determine if a loss of RanBP2 could influence the cellular localization of the transcription factor STAT3. Due to RanBP2’s importance in maintaining the efficiency of nuclear transport, its absence could impact either the nuclear or cytoplasmic localization of STAT3. siRNA knockdown of RanBP2 caused a 27% increase of STAT3 in the nucleus, suggesting increased STAT3 induced cytokine gene expression may occur without RanBP2. Our ongoing studies involve testing RanBP2 knockdown in conjunction with IL‐6 treatment to determine if there is an additional effect on the cellular localization of STAT3 with the activation of signaling. Accumulation of STAT3 in the nucleus alone could contribute to the onset of ANE, however STAT3 typically requires activation of signaling to increase gene expression. Our current results established increased nuclear STAT3 as a potential mechanism for mutation of RanBP2 to influence escalated cytokine production, perpetuating cytokine storm in ANE.

PCID2 Facilitates the Nuclear Export, but not the Centrosomal Localization, of BRCA2 in Hs578T Breast Cancer Cells

PCI‐domain containing protein 2 (PCID2) assists in the export of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. PCID2 also localizes to the centrosome, where it is present more frequently in cells exhibiting an abnormally high number of centrosomes, an aberration associated with the development of cancer. Several proteins that negatively regulate the centrosome cycle are typically found in the nucleus, and we have previously discovered that PCID2 is involved in the nuclear export and centrosomal localization of one key centrosome cycle regulator, BRCA1. Therefore, PCID2 may play a role in the regulation of the centrosome cycle by delivering key regulators of duplication. BRCA2 is a nuclear tumor suppressor that travels to the centrosome, where it helps to arrest the centrosome cycle and prevent overduplication. BRCA2 mutations are associated with the development of breast and ovarian cancers, both of which are also associated with centrosomal overduplication. We proposed that PCID2 aids in the transport of BRCA2 from the nucleus to the centrosome. Using siRNA knockdown of PCID2 and subsequent immunofluorescence studies of BRCA2 and γ‐Tubulin, we found that the loss of PCID2 significantly decreased the amount of BRCA2 able to be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, with Hs578T breast cancer cells depleted of PCID2 demonstrating a 37% increase in nuclear BRCA2 retention. However, the loss of PCID2 demonstrated no significant impact on the ability of BRCA2 to localize to centrosomes. Our results indicate that while PCID2 affects the cellular localization of BRCA2 by assisting its nuclear transport, it likely does not directly influence the recruitment of cytoplasmic BRCA2 to the centrosome. Ongoing studies are exploring the relationship of PCID2 to BRCA2 export and centrosomal localization in ovarian cancer cells and are attempting to confirm the presence of a PCID2‐BRCA2 nuclear export complexes in breast and ovarian cancer cells. These findings will shed light on the process by which PCID2 role in nuclear transport and the centrosome cycle, leading to a better understanding of centrosomal amplification and tumorigenesis in a variety of cancer types.

Cyclic-AMP Increases Nuclear Actin Monomer Which Promotes Proteasomal Degradation of RelA/p65 Leading to Anti-Inflammatory Effects.

The second messenger, cAMP has potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions. These have been attributed, in part, to the ability of cAMP-induced signals to interfere with the function of the proinflammatory transcription factor Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB). However, the mechanisms underlying the modulation of NF-κB activity by cAMP remain unclear. Here we demonstrate an important role for cAMP-mediated increase in nuclear actin monomer levels in inhibiting NF-κB activity. Elevated cAMP or forced expression of a nuclear localised polymerisation defective actin mutant (NLS-ActinR62D) inhibited basal and TNFα induced mRNA levels of NF-κB-dependent genes and NF-κB-dependent reporter gene activity. Elevated cAMP or NLS-ActinR62D did not affect NF-κB nuclear translocation but did reduce total cellular and nuclear RelA/p65 levels. Preventing the cAMP-induced increase in nuclear actin monomer, either by expressing a nuclear localised active mutant of the actin polymerising protein mDIA, silencing components of the nuclear actin import complex IPO9 and CFL1 or overexpressing the nuclear export complex XPO6, rescued RelA/p65 levels and NF-κB reporter gene activity in forskolin-stimulated cells. Elevated cAMP or NLS-ActinR62D reduced the half-life of RelA/p65, which was reversed by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Accordingly, forskolin stimulated association of RelA/p65 with ubiquitin affinity beads, indicating increased ubiquitination of RelA/p65 or associated proteins. Taken together, our data demonstrate a novel mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of cAMP and highlight the important role played by nuclear actin in the regulation of inflammation.

Loss of aly/ALYREF suppresses toxicity in both tau and TDP-43 models of neurodegeneration.

Neurodegenerative diseases with tau pathology, or tauopathies, include Alzheimer's disease and related dementia disorders. Previous work has shown that loss of the poly(A) RNA-binding protein gene sut-2/MSUT2 strongly suppressed tauopathy in Caenorhabditis elegans, human cell culture, and mouse models of tauopathy. However, the mechanism of suppression is still unclear. Recent work has shown that MSUT2 protein interacts with the THO complex and ALYREF, which are components of the mRNA nuclear export complex. Additionally, previous work showed ALYREF homolog Ref1 modulates TDP-43 and G4C2 toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster models. We used transgenic C. elegans models of tau or TDP-43 toxicity to investigate the effects of loss of ALYREF function on tau and TDP-43 toxicity. In C. elegans, three genes are homologous to human ALYREF: aly-1, aly-2, and aly-3. We found that loss of C. elegans aly gene function, especially loss of both aly-2 and aly-3, suppressed tau-induced toxic phenotypes. Loss of aly-2 and aly-3 was also able to suppress TDP-43-induced locomotor behavior deficits. However, loss of aly-2 and aly-3 had divergent effects on mRNA and protein levels as total tau protein levels were reduced while mRNA levels were increased, but no significant effects were seen on total TDP-43 protein or mRNA levels. Our results suggest that although aly genes modulate both tau and TDP-43-induced toxicity phenotypes, the molecular mechanisms of suppression are different and separated from impacts on mRNA and protein levels. Altogether, this study highlights the importance of elucidating RNA-related mechanisms in both tau and TDP-43-induced toxicity.

INDICADORES DE DESEMPENHO EXPORTADOR DO COMPLEXO SOJA BRASILEIRO – 2000-2019

the objective is to analyze the export performance of the national soy complex in the face of its competition in the foreign market, covering the period from 2000 to 2019. The data were collected on the Comex Stat portal, of the Secretariat of Foreign Trade (SECEX) of the Ministry of Development Industry and Commerce (MDIC), Free on Board (FOB) data in dollars; the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (UN Comtrade). To this end, the construction of international trade indicators was used. The results show that Brazil has a Symmetric and Vollrath Revealed Comparative Advantage and Revealed Competitiveness for all items inherent to the soy complex in the entire period studied. With regard to the Exporting Effort, it was found that the soy complex's exports are concentrated in the commercialization of the soybean. Regarding the Regional Orientation, it was found that soybean grain exports are oriented to China and Spain, soybean oil to India and soybean meal to France and Holland.

Տնտեսական բարդության ցուցիչ. Հայաստանը 76-րդն է/Economic Complexity Index: Armenia is the 76th

The Economic Complexity Index is based on the diversity and ubiquity of countries’ export baskets. Developed countries, which have a great potential for productive knowledge, export complex products, such as machinery, chemicals, vehicles, etc. However, developing countries with limited capabilities export low-complexity products, such as mining and agricultural products. Over the last 20 years, Armenia has worsened 25 positions in the ECI ranking due to the decline in export diversification. In order to diversify exports and produce complex products, the government must intervene effectively to redistribute resources and direct them to the production of complex products.

INVESTMENT COMPONENT OF UKRAINIAN EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION


 This article is devoted to the structural analysis of goods and services export from Ukraine, identification of major barriers to the quality development of export enterprises and illustration of proposals concerning structural and geographical diversification of the national export basket.
 Firstly, the article identifies theoretical approaches to the diversification of foreign trade and factors influencing the level of country’s export concentration. Methodological aspect of assessment of economy complexity with the help of several indices was also considered, which makes it possible to determine the relative competitive advantages of the domestic household in international markets and diversification level of country's export basket.
 Secondly, the dynamics and structure of Ukrainian exports of goods were analyzed, as a result of which its raw material orientation was revealed. The main share of exported products is agricultural goods and mineral resources, which negatively affects the prospects for stable innovative development of domestic processing industries. Indices of export concentration and complexity of Ukraine's economy, which indicate a low level of diversification of domestic export basket, are studied. ABC-analysis Ukrainian services’ exports abroad was performed. As a result of the assessment of export activity structure, the main relative trade advantages of national economy and factors hindering the expansion of exported products range were identified.
 The last section of the article formulates the place of investment capital in the process of technological level increasing of domestic export basket. Ways of venture financing intensifying of innovative Ukrainian startups are identified. Reorientation institutional mechanisms and directions of geographical diversification of Ukraine's export activity are also proposed.

Absence of PEXEL-Dependent Protein Export in Plasmodium Liver Stages Cannot Be Restored by Gain of the HSP101 Protein Translocon ATPase.

Host cell remodeling is critical for successful Plasmodium replication inside erythrocytes and achieved by targeted export of parasite-encoded proteins. In contrast, during liver infection the malarial parasite appears to avoid protein export, perhaps to limit exposure of parasite antigens by infected liver cells. HSP101, the force-generating ATPase of the protein translocon of exported proteins (PTEX) is the only component that is switched off during early liver infection. Here, we generated transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasite lines that restore liver stage expression of HSP101. HSP101 expression in infected hepatocytes was achieved by swapping the endogenous promoter with the ptex150 promoter and by inserting an additional copy under the control of the elongation one alpha (ef1α) promoter. Both promoters drive constitutive and, hence, also pre-erythrocytic expression. Transgenic parasites were able to complete the life cycle, but failed to export PEXEL-proteins in early liver stages. Our results suggest that PTEX-dependent early liver stage export cannot be restored by addition of HSP101, indicative of alternative export complexes or other functions of the PTEX core complex during liver infection.

Structural transformation trajectories: Evidence from successful exporting countries

This paper identifies and examines several success criteria for the structural transformation of exports. Some detailed facts for the leading countries in structural transformation are presented, and the paper is the first in social sciences literature to calculate the Fréchet distances between the structural transformation trajectories according to various criteria. The paper introduces the concept of structural transformation trajectory that is defined as the path in the two coordinates — per capita income and one of the success criteria for the structural transformation of exports. Based on the brief review of the literature, four criteria for the empirical research are selected: (i) an increase in the ratio of exports of capital to consumer products, (ii) an enhancement of the export share of high-tech products, (iii) a decrease in export concentration, and (iv) an expansion of export complexity. In most cases, countries leading structural transformation succeed due to a limited number of specific factors, such as foreign direct investment in a limited number of sectors, participation in the assembly of telecom products, automobiles or similar consumer products, and re-export of products from other countries. However, high per capita income growth rates are typically observed in countries with high coherence of the success criteria for the structural transformation of exports, that is, in countries that made progress on a whole range of criteria.

Structural transformation trajectories: Evidence from successful exporting countries

This paper identifies and examines several success criteria for the structural transformation of exports. Some detailed facts for the leading countries in structural transformation are presented, and the paper is the first in social sciences literature to calculate the Fréchet distances between the structural transformation trajectories according to various criteria. The paper introduces the concept of structural transformation trajectory that is defined as the path in the two coordinates — per capita income and one of the success criteria for the structural transformation of exports. Based on the brief review of the literature, four criteria for the empirical research are selected: (i) an increase in the ratio of exports of capital to consumer products, (ii) an enhancement of the export share of high-tech products, (iii) a decrease in export concentration, and (iv) an expansion of export complexity. In most cases, countries leading structural transformation succeed due to a limited number of specific factors, such as foreign direct investment in a limited number of sectors, participation in the assembly of telecom products, automobiles or similar consumer products, and re-export of products from other countries. However, high per capita income growth rates are typically observed in countries with high coherence of the success criteria for the structural transformation of exports, that is, in countries that made progress on a whole range of criteria.

CD47 interactions with exportin-1 limit the targeting of m7G-modified RNAs to extracellular vesicles

CD47 is a marker of self and a signaling receptor for thrombospondin-1 that is also a component of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by various cell types. Previous studies identified CD47-dependent functional effects of T cell EVs on target cells, mediated by delivery of their RNA contents, and enrichment of specific subsets of coding and noncoding RNAs in CD47+ EVs. Mass spectrometry was employed here to identify potential mechanisms by which CD47 regulates the trafficking of specific RNAs to EVs. Specific interactions of CD47 and its cytoplasmic adapter ubiquilin-1 with components of the exportin-1/Ran nuclear export complex were identified and confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. Exportin-1 is known to regulate nuclear to cytoplasmic trafficking of 5’-7-methylguanosine (m7G)-modified microRNAs and mRNAs that interact with its cargo protein EIF4E. Interaction with CD47 was inhibited following alkylation of exportin-1 at Cys528 by its covalent inhibitor leptomycin B. Leptomycin B increased levels of m7G-modified RNAs, and their association with exportin-1 in EVs released from wild type but not CD47-deficient cells. In addition to perturbing nuclear to cytoplasmic transport, transcriptomic analyses of EVs released by wild type and CD47-deficient Jurkat T cells revealed a global CD47-dependent enrichment of m7G-modified microRNAs and mRNAs in EVs released by CD47-deficient cells. Correspondingly, decreasing CD47 expression in wild type cells or treatment with thrombospondin-1 enhanced levels of specific m7G-modified RNAs released in EVs, and re-expressing CD47 in CD47-deficient T cells decreased their levels. Therefore, CD47 signaling limits the trafficking of m7G-modified RNAs to EVs through physical interactions with the exportin-1/Ran transport complex.

PiRNA-independent transposon silencing by the Drosophila THO complex.

piRNAs guide Piwi/Panoramix-dependent H3K9me3 chromatin modification and transposon silencing during Drosophila germline development. The THO RNA export complex is composed of Hpr1, Tho2, and Thoc5-7. Null thoc7 mutations, which displace Thoc5 and Thoc6 from a Tho2-Hpr1 subcomplex, reduce expression of a subset of germline piRNAs and increase transposon expression, suggesting that THO silences transposons by promoting piRNA biogenesis. Here, we show that the thoc7-null mutant combination increases transposon transcription but does not reduce anti-sense piRNAs targeting half of the transcriptionally activated transposon families. These mutations also fail to reduce piRNA-guided H3K9me3 chromatin modification or block Panoramix-dependent silencing of a reporter transgene, and unspliced transposon transcripts co-precipitate with THO through a Piwi- and Panoramix-independent mechanism. Mutations in piwi also dominantly enhance germline defects associated with thoc7-null alleles. THO thus functions in a piRNA-independent transposon-silencing pathway, which acts cooperatively with Piwi to support germline development.

Effects of CRM1-dependent nuclear export inhibition on viral structural protein nuclear accumulation during Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus infection

Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) assembles its nucleocapsids and occlusion-derived virions (ODVs) in the nucleus, which requires AcMNPV regulation for viral structural proteins to accumulate in the nucleus during its replication in cells. It is generally accepted that the nuclear import receptor plays a predominant role in this process. CRM1 is a nuclear export receptor that forms an export complex with its cargo protein to exit the nucleus. We previously discovered that AcMNPV inhibited CRM1-dependent nuclear export by the viral protein Ac34. This finding suggested that Ac34 could sequester CRM1-dependent proteins in the nucleus and play a novel role in the nuclear accumulation of viral structural proteins. Using the CRM1 inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB), we demonstrated that CRM1 inhibition promoted AcMNPV replication, as LMB treatment readily increased the virus titer, and even functionally surrogate Ac34 to rescue the infectivity of an ac34-knockout virus. To elucidate whether CRM1 inhibition contributes to the nuclear accumulation of viral structural proteins, we systematically analyzed the impact of CRM1 inhibition on viral protein spatial distribution patterns. We found that the nucleocapsid protein Ac102 and ODV envelope protein E26 were retained in the nucleus in response to CRM1 inhibition by Ac34. This finding indicates that AcMNPV is evolving to simultaneously exploit bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic trafficking to assist in viral replication.

Cross-country Comparison of Grain Processing Manufacturing Export Technical Complexity and Its Influencing Factors

The result of measuring the technical complexity of China's and OECD countries' grain export based on houseman's export technical complexity model shows that there are 10 countries with high technical complexity of grain export, with the United States, Canada and Australia in the top three, 9 countries with medium and 16 countries with low export technical complexity. In 2019, the technical complexity of China's grain exports was US$ 890, ranking 34th among the sample countries, with an average increase of 28% during the sample period. Upgrading the level of agricultural modernization, expanding the scale of grain production, and Manufacturing technology spillover are conducive to increasing the technical complexity of export.

The Mammalian Ecdysoneless Protein Interacts with RNA Helicase DDX39A To Regulate Nuclear mRNA Export.

ABSTRACTThe mammalian orthologue of ecdysoneless (ECD) protein is required for embryogenesis, cell cycle progression, and mitigation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here, we identified key components of the mRNA export complexes as binding partners of ECD and characterized the functional interaction of ECD with key mRNA export-related DEAD BOX protein helicase DDX39A. We find that ECD is involved in RNA export through its interaction with DDX39A. ECD knockdown (KD) blocks mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, which is rescued by expression of full-length ECD but not an ECD mutant that is defective in interaction with DDX39A. We have previously shown that ECD protein is overexpressed in ErbB2+ breast cancers (BC). In this study, we extended the analyses to two publicly available BC mRNA The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) data sets. In both data sets, ECD mRNA overexpression correlated with short patient survival, specifically ErbB2+ BC. In the METABRIC data set, ECD overexpression also correlated with poor patient survival in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Furthermore, ECD KD in ErbB2+ BC cells led to a decrease in ErbB2 mRNA level due to a block in its nuclear export and was associated with impairment of oncogenic traits. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the physiological and pathological functions of ECD.