Export Commodity Research Articles

Percentage Attacks of Plutella xylostella and Parasitization of the Parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum on Cabbage in Kintamani District

Cabbage plants are one of the horticultural commodities that many farmers cultivate in Indonesia because they have economic value, because apart from being able to meet domestic needs, cabbage also has the opportunity to become an export commodity. This study aims to determine the percentage of attacks by the cabbage leaf caterpillar Plutella xylostella and the level of parasitization of the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum in Kintamani District. This research was carried out in Sekaan Village and Kedisan Village. The research method uses a survey method. Sampling of cabbage plants in the field was carried out diagonally so that 5 sample points were obtained, 10 plants were observed at each sample point. The research results showed that the percentage of P. xylostella pest attacks in Sekaan Village and Kedisan Village ranged from 12% to 28%. The average population of P. xylostella larvae in Sekaan Village ranges from 0.98 individuals/plant to 1.82 individuals/plant and the highest average population of P. xylostella larvae in Kedisan Village ranges from 0.7 individuals/plant to 1.66 individuals/plant. The level of parasitization of the parasitoid D. semiclausum in Sekaan Village ranges from 32% to 56% and the level of parasitization of the parasitoid D. semiclausum in Kedisan Village ranges from 24% to 48%. The highest peak of parasitization was found in the fourth observation (4 WAP).

Қазақстан Республикасы өңірлерінің экономикасын әртараптанды- рудың жекелеген мәселелері (Маңғыстау облысының мысалында)

Economic diversification has become an important development goal for middle-income countries, especially those that depend on commodity exports such as Chile, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Kazakhstan. Given past research, the obvious intuition is to follow a pragmatic strategy focused only on related activities. For the most part, researchers working on network diffusion use strategies focused on nodes with certain characteristics, such as highly connected nodes or central nodes. Our results show that in this case, these strategies are far from optimal, since optimal strategies must change which nodes to focus on at each step. But the study was not limited only to finding a theoretical optimum. Theoretical strategies are also compared with the empirical behavior of countries, as they diversify their products and research activities into networks of related products and research areas. The purpose of the article is to identify problems in the development of the Mangystau region and the need for strategy modeling based on a review of current research on the diversification of the regional economy.The researchers found that countries can achieve more by using dynamic strategies, focusing on related products at the beginning and end of the development process, but switching to more unrelated activities when they reach an average level of development. An important prerequisite for the development of a strategy for the diversification of the region's economy is the recognition and solution of certain problems.

Comparison of microbial diversity and metabolic activities in organic and conventional rice farms in Thailand.

Studies of the soil microbial community have revealed that several factors, both biotic and abiotic, can influence the community structure, diversity, and function. Human agricultural practice has been one of the key factors that affect microbial structure in soil. In this study, we examined the effect of two rice farming practices (i.e., conventional and organic) on soil microbial diversity and their metabolic activities. We proposed that the use of herbicides and chemical fertilizers in the conventional rice farming may decrease the soil microbial diversity and that it may lead to a decline in soil quality. However, our results show that there is no significant difference in the soil chemical properties, microbial diversity, and microbial metabolic activities between the two agricultural management systems. The wetland water cycling regime of rice agriculture in Thailand perhaps prevents the accumulation of chemicals in the soil, thus subdue the effect of these chemicals on soil microbes. Furthermore, our results showed that the key determinant of soil chemical properties as well as microbial community structure and diversity is the soil physical property, while the farming activity influences the microbial metabolic functions. These findings indicate the complex nature of the soil, microbes, and human farming interactions.IMPORTANCERice is a major export commodity in Thailand. As such, an understanding of the effect of conventional or organic farming approaches on soil microbial community could enable a suitable farming management. In this study, microbial communities were surveyed and compared between the two rice farming practices for their diversity and metabolic activities. Results showed no significant differences in microbial community structure and diversity between the two rice farming practices, but significant differences were observed due to the soil type, namely, clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, loam, and silty loam. Interestingly, significant differences in metabolic functions were also observed in different soil farming activities, such as land rest, period of growth, and post-burning, but not due to conventional or organic practices. These findings showed that the soil physical type and the farming activity impact the microbial community more than whether it is conventional or organically farmed.

The “Belt and Road” Initiative and China's sporting goods exports: Basic characteristics and policy evaluation

The paper analyzes the basic characteristics of China's sporting goods exports using data from the CEPII BACI database from 2007 to 2019, combined with the social network analysis method, and evaluates the policy effect of the “Belt and Road” initiative implementation on the impact of China's sporting goods exports using the difference-in-differences method. The research findings are as follows: 1) The overall scale of China's sporting goods exports has consistently expanded, marked by a rapid increase in the total export volume. The exported goods exhibit a comprehensive range of product categories, indicating an ongoing evolution in the structural composition of products. Geographically, the export destinations are widespread, covering a diverse range of countries. However, there is a noticeable concentration trend in sporting goods exports, with gymnastics and track and field equipment being the primary export commodities. These sporting goods predominantly penetrate markets in Southeast Asia, West Asia, and Eastern Europe. In the sporting goods trade network associated with the “Belt and Road” initiative, China holds a central role, with Thailand, Turkey, and Poland progressively advancing toward central positions. 2) The implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative has had a positive impact on China's sporting goods exports, and the policy's influence is particularly significant on the countries and regions along the “Belt and Road”. The implementation of the policy does not favor the breathing growth of sporting goods exports, but it does promote the deepening of the export product. Based on these perspectives, it is imperative for China to establish a robust and sustainable trade network, proactively foster sporting diplomacy, maintain strategic focus, and enhance product quality to effectively propel the development of a sporting powerhouse.

Management of Swanggi Fish (Priacanthus Macracanthus) in the Waters of the Port of Nusantara Fishery Port Ratu

Indonesia has two-thirds of its territory covered by sea, making it rich in marine resources, especially fish. According to the Census of Marine Life, there are around 950 thousand species that inhabit the world's oceans, but only about one percent have been exploited. In Indonesia itself, FishBase records around 4743 types of fish, making it the country with the largest Marine Mega-Biodiversity in the world (Jabbar, 2018). There are two main problems in the fisheries sector in Indonesia: economics and biology. Biological problems include threats to the sustainability of fish stocks, while economic problems are related to the lack of profits obtained by fishermen from catches and sustainable use of fish resources (Akoit and Nalle, 2018). The Archipelago Fisheries Port (PPN) plays an important role in supporting fishing activities in the Indian Ocean, including in Palabuhanratu, West Java. Palabuhanratu is an important location for landing various types of fish, especially large pelagic fish such as tuna and skipjack, as well as swanggi fish (Priacanthusmacracanthus), which experienced a significant increase in production from 573 tonnes in 2013 to 18,730 tonnes in 2015 (Sadewi et al., 2018). Swanggi fish is a demersal fish with high economic value that is in demand by the public and is an export commodity to Korea, Japan and China. However, high demand results in overfishing and a decline in adult fish stocks (Jabbar et al., 2017). This research is descriptive quantitative research which aims to measure the level of variables through samples. The analytical methods used include analysis of biological aspects of swanggifish, catch analysis methods, and sustainability analysis methods using Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAPFISH). It is hoped that the results of this research can provide a sustainable shrimp resource management strategy based on the data obtained.

External Adjustment in Commodity Exporting Economies During Energy Price Downturns

ABSTRACT Recent examples of energy price downturns did not alter trade surpluses in commodity exporting countries. Economic theory contends that such developments may indicate that the changes observed in energy prices are perceived as permanent by the market. We perform a trend-cycle decomposition of oil prices and find that permanent shocks account for about 90% of oil price variation. The observed variability of oil prices attributable to permanent shocks may be explained by the increased financialization of oil markets. This finding is in line with the empirical evidence that the current account surplus is generally unaffected by permanent terms-of-trade shocks.

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Competitiveness of Small Commodity Export Trade in Yiwu City and Development Strategies

Yiwu City, as the world's largest small commodity distribution center, has developed the world's most comprehensive small commodity production system based on China's vast industrial production system and high-quality cheap labor. However, with the continuous development of China's industrial upgrading and the constantly changing international situation, the small commodity industry in Yiwu City is also facing the contradiction of maintaining its current production positioning and industrial upgrading. Therefore, this article will establish an econometric model for the influencing factors of the small commodity industry in Yiwu City. Based on the research of previous scholars and the author of this article, four variables, namely GDP, exchange rate, annual average wage, and actual utilization of foreign investment in Yiwu City, will be selected for econometric simulation. Finally, it is concluded that, except for the actual amount of foreign capital, the other three variables can promote the export competitiveness of the small commodity industry.

Harmonization of Trading Partners Between Indonesia–Italy: Empirical Calculations of Selected Agricultural Commodities

Initially, exports were perceived as the prestige and dignity of a nation. However, in terms of terminology, the essence of export flows is complementarity between countries, where each party has advantages, competition and excess production of a particular product to offer. The orientation of this study is to examine the relationship between tobacco exports, coffee exports, and wine exports to GDP growth in Italy–Indonesia. There are key variables which are divided into two case studies including tobacco export volume, FoB on tobacco exports, coffee export volume, FoB on coffee exports, green grape export volume, CIF on green grape exports, red wine export volume, CIF on red wine exports, GDP share of agriculture in Indonesia and Italy. The fundamental difference in wine exports from the two is that Indonesia uses green grapes and for Italy it uses red wine. The method is set through a panel data regression approach and samples for the 2013–2021. The econometric results explain that tobacco exports and coffee exports have a significant effect on the GDP share of agriculture in Indonesia–Italy. Likewise, CIF on exports of green grapes and red wines which have a significant effect on the GDP share of agriculture in both nations. These findings inspire more urgent implications for the topic of agricultural commodity exports and become an integrated whole.

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA TANAM DAN KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK TAUGE TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AWAL STEK BIBIT VANILI (Vanila planifolia Andrews)

Vanilla is one of the export commodities with a relatively high economic value. One of the problems with vanilla cultivation is the health of vanilla seedlings. This study aimed to determine the best concentration of growth regulators from bean sprout extract to vanilla seed cuttings with some variations of plant media. This research was conducted by observing changes in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, and root volume in plant samples due to providing various types of planting media treatments and PGR fertilization. This study was designed using the Completely Randomized Design method with two factors. The treatment composition of growing media with bean sprout extract concentration showed a significant effect on the growth parameters, which affected the observation parameters, including the number of leaves, shoot length, root length, and root volume. The best bean sprout extract concentration was 10%, and the best-growing media composition was soil and manure.

Научная и культурная ценность мамонтовых бив­ней

The authors consider the issues of examination of mammoth tusks intended for export to classify them as cultural values. Mammoth tusks are a valuable export commodity, the extraction of which involves thousands of households in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. At the same time, some of the tusks have undeniable scientific and, therefore, cultural value. The article examines the shortcomings of current regulations governing the assessment of mammoth tusks in terms of their cultural value, as well as cultural value of special significance. The authors identify characteristics by which the examination of tusks due to be carried out, taking into account their scientific and corresponding cultural value.

Portfolio balance effect of the U.S. QE between commodities and financial assets in commodity-exporting countries

This study analyses the portfolio balance channel of the U.S. quantitative easing (QE) by assessing the dynamic spillover effect between commodities and financial assets in commodity-exporting countries during QE. This study integrates the generalized spillover index initially proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) for the fractional integration VAR model. Then, we estimate the multivariate framework of the Westerlund and Narayan (2015) (WN)-based predictive model to quantify the effect of the portfolio balance channel on the net pairwise spillover index from the U.S. to other countries. Our results show: first, for bond yields, that Asian and Pacific bond yields are impacted by both commodity price indices returns and the U.S. bond yields across the sample periods. However, mixed evidence is found for both Latin America and Others; second, for equity, dynamic net return spillovers contribute mixed evidence across regional groups during QE. The diverse results are partly explained by the average percentage of commodity exports to total exports of the country and the degree of close interrelationship between countries. Additionally, dynamic return spillover analyses show that most foreign exchange returns are negative net spillovers during QE, supporting the behavior of “commodity currencies.” Last, the WN-based predictability models show pronounced differences in predictability across the selected commodity-exporting countries.

Implementasi Kincir Aerator Berbasis Tenaga Surya pada Tambak Udang di Kabupaten Pangkep

Pangkajene Islands Regency is one of the centers producing fishery products such as shrimp and milkfish. Shrimp is one of Indonesia's main export commodities in the fisheries sector. However, the productivity of ponds in Pangkep Regency is still relatively low because they are still managed traditionally without aerators. The use of an aerator will increase the oxygen content in the pond so that productivity can be increased. Limited access to electricity for farmers who are far from settlements is one of the problems with the use of aerators which are still not widely used. Therefore, with the help of solar panels to supply electricity to the aerator wheels, farming can run more economically, efficiently and can increase productivity. The solar aerator system is assembled and tested for performance both in the laboratory and during implementation. Then socialization and demonstrations on the use of solar-based aerators were carried out.

World Intellectual Capital Circulation: Brain Drain, High-Tech Products and Export of Technologies

The purpose of the present research is to reveal the global structure of intellectual capital flows, in which upstream emigration of scientists and researchers from donor countries enriches the intellectual capital and potential of the recipient countries, while intellectual products and technologies from recipient countries go downstream to donor countries. The research uses expert judgement to collect data. Institutional and comparative analyses are used to explain the structure of intellectual capital flows and to identify the reasons for the upstream emigration of intellectual capital and the downstream export of intellectual products. Econometric methods are used to explain the relationships between indices and scores. We reveal that all countries can be conditionally divided into two categories, namely donors and recipients of human intellectual capital. Donors supply scientists and researchers to recipient countries, and recipient countries supply high-tech products to donors. This situation is not only justified from the perspective of the international division of labor, but is also beneficial for both donor and recipient countries, as donors receive the necessary technology from recipients, and recipients replenish their need for scientists to create high-tech products. This constant circulation leads to the further impoverishment of developing countries, while at the same time becoming the basis for the enrichment of highly developed countries. According to the results of the study, we can conclude that three main characteristics act as factors to describe the global flows of intellectual capital: 1. As recipient countries offer better living and working conditions, higher wages and more secure human rights, the outflow of scientists from donor countries seems to be a natural phenomenon. 2. Research shows that donor countries lack the demand for scientists and their development, as these countries receive high technologies and products from recipient countries, which means that donor countries' policy is aimed at reducing their funding for science. 3. On the contrary, the demand for scientists in recipient countries is growing as high-tech products become the main export commodity. Recipient countries of intellectual human capital have no other export opportunities – they are poor in minerals and the high-tech sector is the only way to balance the country's payments.

Brown seaweeds fishery and copper mining production: Two distant economic industries connected by socioecological impacts in Northern Chile

Northern Chile is the scenario of two main activities from a social and economic point of view the: brown seaweeds fishery and cooper mining industry. Chilean brown seaweeds of economic importance, commonly known as kelps, constitute a multi-specific fishery with a workforce of 15,000 people. Four species of kelps are harvested from natural populations by artisanal fishers and exported to world markets as raw material for alginate extraction. On the other hand, copper mining production, contributes 36 % of GDP and it is the major Chilean export commodity. Due to the non-existence of entry barriers to seaweed extraction, this activity has become the sink for unemployment in northern Chile mainly from mining activity. In this context, our results show that when the price of copper is in a downward cycle, it negatively affects the abundance of brown seaweeds, due to the mobility of the workforce to the coastline, increasing the illegal harvest of these marine resources. In contrast, the upward cycle of copper decreases the harvesting pressure, removing illegal harvesters from the coastline and returning them to a mining industry and its suppliers with better wages. These drivers would generate a temporary window for recovery and restoration of brown algae populations, as well as the numerous ecosystem services provided by these engineering organisms.

Commodity cycles and financial instability in emerging economies

Commodity-exporting economies display procyclicality with the price of commodity exports. However, the evidence for the relative importance of commodity price shocks for aggregate fluctuations remains inconclusive. Using Russian data from 2001 to 2018 we estimate a small open economy New Keynesian model with a banking system and leveraged domestic firms who default on their unsecured domestic debt. We show that allowing default rates to vary endogenously over the business cycle amplifies the estimated contribution of commodity price shocks. Endogenous default introduces time-varying wedges that amplify the response of commodity price shocks through demand and income effects rather than the relative price effects that are found in the country risk-premium, balance sheet, and financial accelerator channels. We find that the contribution of commodity prices to explaining fluctuations in GDP rises from 2.5 to 33.6% while for deposits and non-performing loans, it increases from 5.3% and 1.6% to 71.3% and 60.4%, respectively.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Micropropagation of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) in Commercial-Scales

Aim: Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is renowned as a popular spice used to flavor dishes around the world and is also an agricultural export commodity that brings high economic value to many countries. However, traditional propagation methods by seed, cuttings, layering, and grafting reveal many limitations such as the low multiplication coefficient, the low survival rate of seedlings, and especially when there is an outbreak of disease, the ability to control the disease source is exceedingly difficult, leading to the spread of disease. Therefore, an alternative method through apical meristem micropropagation has been applied to contribute to sustainable and disease free pepper cultivars. Propagation by apical shoot meristem gives high propagation efficiency, good and uniform seedling quality, and can be propagated in large numbers in a brief period. Methodology: This study is conducted to contribute to optimizing the process of micropropagation of pepper plants to meet the needs of producing excellent quality seedlings, serving the Vietnamese pepper industry. The two steps in the micropropagation sequence studied in this project are shoot formation and bud cluster multiplication. In this study, we investigate the effects of BA (6-Benzylaminopurine) and NAA (α-Naphthalene acetic acid) in shoot formation. Regenerated shoots were then cultured in MS media supplemented with different combinations of Kinetin (6-Furfurylaminopurine) and NAA in bud cluster multiplication experiment. Results: The results showed that the apical shoot meristem cultured on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and 2.0 mg L-1 BA was the optimal medium for shoot formation rate (100%). Besides, MS culture medium supplemented with Kinetin 1.5 mg L-1 + NAA 0.5 mg L-1 produced superior results in bud cluster multiplication compared with other treatments (8, 20 buds) after 8 weeks (about 2 months). Conclusion: BA, Kinetin and NAA give important rules on micropropagation of black pepper in commercial-scale.

Landscape-Scale Biodiversity Impacts Analysis of Côte d'Ivoire's Cocoa Cultivation along Export Supply Chains.

Agricultural land use for export commodities leads to significant biodiversity impacts. A spatially detailed assessment of these impacts is crucial for implementing effective mitigation policies. Using cocoa cultivation and exports in Côte d'Ivoire as an example, we present a novel framework that combines earth observations, enhanced landscape-scale biodiversity models, and subnational export supply chain data sets to track the tele-connected potential biodiversity impacts of export groups and importing countries. We found that cocoa cultivation accounts for ∼44% of the biodiversity impacts in Côte d'Ivoire's cocoa cultivation areas, with >90% attributable to cocoa exports. The top 10 importing countries account for ∼84% of these impacts. Our method offers improved spatial detail compared to the existing approaches, facilitating the identification of biodiversity impact hotspots. Additionally, the biodiversity impacts of agroforestry cocoa are not always lower compared to full-sun cocoa, especially when agroforestry systems are established in regions of high biodiversity importance. Our transferable framework provides a comprehensive understanding of biodiversity footprint and promotes informed decision-making for sustainable agricultural production, processing, and trade. Our framework's application is currently constrained by the scarcity of detailed supply chain data sets; we underscore the urgent need for improved supply chain transparency to fully unlock the framework's potential.

Komoditas Dalam Skema Request - Offer Indonesia Dengan Taiwan: Analisis Inferensia Berdasarkan Database Tahun 2019

Bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Taiwan has better growth every year, while import tariffs imposed by Taiwan on Indonesia export commodities are still relatively high. This study aims to identify and analyze commodities included in the request-offer scheme between Indonesia and Taiwan based on 2019 database. Identification and analysis of annual growth value, equivalent ad valorem tariff, average export value, export share, average Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index, and RCA trend are carried out through inferential analysis. Inferential analysis is needed to determine the commodities contained in the request-offer scheme of Indonesia and Taiwan that have good performance but are still subject to high import tariffs by their partner countries. Indonesia's export commodities to Taiwan which have a good performance while the import tariffs are still high are given by Taiwan to Indonesia as Indonesia's request scheme to Taiwan, namely: processed food (ofd); tobacco (b_t); vegetables, fruits, and nuts (v_f); and fishery commodities (fsh). Taiwan export commodities to Indonesia that have good performance but are still subject to high import tariffs by Indonesia are Indonesia's offer scheme to Taiwan, namely: manufacturing (lum); cosmetics (crp); miscellaneous edible preparations (ofd); and textiles (tex). Indonesia and Taiwan can increase bilateral cooperation in the field of international trade through barriers lowering schemes and transferring science and technology from each country.

Pengembangan Desain Bentuk Dan Makna Pembuatan Kapal Pinisi Berbasis Kearifan Lokal

Pinisi can be said to be a symbol and symbol of extraordinary technical progress and is still based on high artistic values ​​and traditional culture. Because of the nature of the pinisi boat, it is not only used as a means of transportation or as a means of high value export commodities, but is also something of a symbolic nature. Because of its symbolic nature, in the process of making it as well as in the processes of launching it and its use it is required in traditional ceremonies which are based on belief in a power. By understanding the form and meaning of the Pinisi shipbuilding ritual, efforts can be made to preserve and develop this culture. Apart from that, this research can also provide deeper insight into the local wisdom and unique culture of the Bulukumba people. The distinctive and unique shape of the pinisi ship contains symbols that symbolize strength, courage, beauty and skill. The symbolism in the ritual of making pinisi ships in Bulukumba Regency illustrates the importance of the values ​​of togetherness, cooperation and collaboration in society. Apart from that, the ritual of making pinisi boats also has a symbolic meaning as a form of togetherness, cooperation, hierarchy and obedience to authority in society. Pinisi ships also have

Socio-economic geography and the land rights of indigenous peoples in Paraguay

AbstractThe article investigates the long-term tendencies of Paraguayan political-economy, in particular the mounting impacts of export-oriented agribusiness on its indigenous peoples. The analysis is based on the theorisation of the geographical force of subtraction, that is, the evanescent properties of capitalist development, in which economic growth takes place via an interconnected elimination of rights, opportunities and alternatives. The discussion is focussed on the land struggle of the Paĩ Tavyterã in the northeast of Paraguay and members of the same ethnic group who live in Brazil (called Guarani-Kaiowa). It is a relational narrative that draws insights from various actors, communities and situations. The main conclusions are that, despite the fact that Paraguay is now a major exporter of agribusiness commodities, what has prevailed is the accumulation of multiple forms of political, environmental, social and economic violence. At the same time, the decolonising reaction of indigenous peoples, in alliance with other sectors of the working class, aims at reverting the deficit caused by systemic socio-economic subtraction and in pursuit of transformative additions.