Exploratory Sample Research Articles

The Effect of Educational Exercises According to the Stages of Building a Motor Program on Learning Some Epee Skills for Students

The research problem focused on curriculum has specific courses with a small number of educational units through which the student must go through all the stages of learning basic skills. Therefore, we must increase the effectiveness of learning these skills and correct the errors that the learner may face. From here, the problem of the research became clear to us in the lack of effectiveness of learning some skills. Basic skills for students in fencing and the many technical errors during performance, so the researcher thought one should study educational exercises that are appropriate for the stages of building the motor program for some basic fencing skills to increase the effectiveness of learning so that the learner can master the skill with the least number of errors. The research objectives prepared educational exercises according to the stages of building the motor program, and Identifying the effect of educational exercises according to the stages of building a motor program on learning some epee skills for students in the experimental group, and Identify the differences between the two groups Control and experimental In learning some skills with epee weapons for students In the posttest. and Use Finder One The experimental approach was designed with two equal groups : control and experimental. The same pre-test and post-test, because it suits the nature of the problem and achieves the research objectives. And the research population are third-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/Islamic University, who number (306) students, and the research sample of (40) students was randomly selected and divided into two equal groups(Control and experimental) with (20) students for each group, in addition to the exploratory experiment sample of (8) students. And it was done using some educational means during educational exercises and based on the stages of building the motor program for the skill to be learned. The time of the educational unit was (90/min), and the implementation of the educational curriculum began on (11/21/2023 AD) and ended on (1/18/2024 AD). The researchers concluded that the use of complex instructional exercises helped to learn and develop the skill performance of some skills with the epee weapon according to the stages of building the motor program, and the use of focused educational exercises helped build motor perception among learners, which led to accelerating and activating the learning process. The most important recommendations were: Emphasis on the use of complex educational exercises when learning basic skills for students with epee weapons to build motor programs and new motor perceptions about the skill to be learned. also it is necessary to focus on the use of complex educational exercises according to the construction of the motor program in the educational units by trainers and teachers.

The effect of rehabilitation exercises in improving the range of motion and muscle strength of the muscles working on both sides of the spine for women aged (30-40) years

The research aims to relieve pain among women members of the research sample who suffer from low back pain, improve the muscle strength of the muscles working on both sides of the spine, and improve the range of motion of the spine. The researcher used the experimental method for one experimental group using the method of pre- and post-measurements as an experimental design due to its suitability to the nature and purpose of the research. Then The research sample was chosen intentionally from women with lower back pain, numbering (14) whose ages ranged between (30-40) years. Also, a number of (4) cases were randomly selected from the research community and outside the basic sample as an exploratory sample. The researcher used a rehabilitation program. Proposed for six weeks, the following results were reached: The use of various methods and methods helps to achieve a greater rate of improvement and in less time and cost. In light of this, the researcher recommends: Spreading awareness and culture among community members about paying attention to early detection of lower back pain to prevent the injury from worsening to advanced degrees. The research aims to reduce pain among women members of the research sample who suffer from lower back pain, improve the muscle strength of the muscles working on both sides of the spine, and improve the range of motion of the spine. The researcher used the experimental method for one experimental group using the pre- and post-measurement method as an experimental design due to its suitability to the nature and purpose of the research., The research sample was chosen intentionally from (14) women with lower back pain whose ages ranged between (30-40) years. Also, a number of (4) cases were randomly selected from the research community and outside the basic sample as an exploratory sample. The researcher proposed a six-week rehabilitation program. The following results were reached: - The rehabilitation program has a positive effect on the injured members of the experimental group. -The use of various methods and methods in the rehabilitation program, such as a physical therapy program, helps to achieve a greater rate of improvement and at a lower time and cost. In light of this, the researcher recommends: - Spreading awareness and culture among community members about paying attention to early detection of cases of lower back pain to prevent the injury from escalating to advanced degrees.

Special exercises using tools and their effect on learning the skill of landing with Salto backward tucked to stand on the horizontal bar

Special exercises in individual games are an important pillar in learning their basic skills. The aim of the research is to prepare special exercises using tools and their effect on learning the skill of landing with Salto backward tucked to stand - knowing the effect of special exercises using tools and their effect on learning the skill of landing with Salto backward tucked to stand on the horizontal bar. Either the research assumes the existence of significant differences in the pre- and post-tests in learning the skill of landing with Salto backward tucked to stand on the horizontal bar in favor of the post-test. The researchers used the experimental method with a single sample design to suit the research problem, as the research community was determined by (12) players affiliated with the Baghdad Governorate Gymnastics Training Center and affiliated with the Iraqi Central Gymnastics Federation, and their ages ranged between (9-13) years, and they are the junior category. As for the research sample, the researchers chose (8) players, and the research sample was chosen intentionally and (4) players were excluded from the original research community, while the exploratory sample consisted of (3) players from the research community, and the research sample constituted (66%) of the research community. The exploratory sample (25%) of it. The researchers concluded: Conclusions: Special exercises affected learning and improving the performance of the skill of landing with Salto backward tucked to stand on the horizontal bar for juniors - The use of special tools also had a not insignificant role in learning and improving the performance of the skill of landing with Salto backward tucked to stand. The researchers recommend using special exercises using tools to teach other basic skills on the horizontal bar and other devices.

Like yourself, and others will follow: The role of target self-esteem in the association between being seen accurately and being liked in platonic and romantic first impressions.

When meeting people for the first time, we often strive to perceive others and express our own personalities accurately. Does this benefit social connection by promoting greater perceiver liking of targets, or might it instead hinder liking for some targets and in some contexts? In the present studies, we examined whether the links between accuracy and perceiver liking differ as a function of target self-esteem across two first impression contexts: a speed-dating context (N = 378, N = 4,797 dyads) and a platonic getting-acquainted context (exploratory sample: N = 557, N = 2,924 dyads; preregistered direct replication sample: N = 306, N = 1,683 dyads). In all samples and contexts, target self-esteem significantly moderated the association between accuracy and perceiver liking, such that accuracy was either positively related (platonic context) or unrelated (romantic context) to perceiver liking when targets were higher in self-esteem, yet accuracy was negatively related to perceiver liking when targets were lower in self-esteem, regardless of context. In sum, being seen accurately may have negative social implications for some targets and, especially, in higher stakes getting-acquainted contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Lessons Learned from a Community-led, Pilot Teletherapy Group for Older Women Living with Depression and HIV.

Older women with HIV face challenges to their quality of life, including neurocognitive decline, early-onset menopause, and chronic health issues. Chief among these concerns is depression, the most common psychiatric comorbidity among people living with HIV, with rates twice as high among women as men. However, tailored interventions among older women living with HIV and depression are lacking. Following the ADAPT-ITT framework to adapt existing interventions for cultural relevance among groups of people living with HIV, the study team revised an evidence-based intervention, the 'Stress Management and Relaxation Training/Expressive Supportive Therapy Women's Project (SMART/EST),' for online implementation. Working with two community stakeholders, the study team conducted focus groups, theater testing, and manual adaptation. This resulted in the development of e-SMART/EST, an online teletherapy group co-facilitated by a Licensed Psychologist and a credentialed Peer Counselor. The adapted, eight-session weekly intervention was tested with an exploratory pilot sample of eight older women (55 years and older) with HIV and depression. Participants rated the acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness of the intervention, as well as symptoms of depression and HIV-related quality of life before and after the group. The e-SMART/EST Women's Project demonstrated high acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness. Engagement was high, as women attended an average of 6.8 sessions. In qualitative interviews, participants reported peer co-facilitation, culturally relevant themes (e.g., HIV-related minority stress, critical consciousness, grief, and sex and pleasure), mindfulness techniques, and cohesion with other women as main favorable elements of the intervention. Barriers to online implementation included technological issues, distractions due to remote participation, and hindered emotional attunement compared with in-person group therapy. Findings support further research to test similar interventions in full-scale trials with older women living with depression and HIV.

The development of a digital intelligence quotient scale: A new measuring instrument for primary school students in China

The development of a Digital Intelligence Quotient (DQ) scale for primary school students is the basis for research on the DQ of primary school students, which helps to scientifically diagnose the level and the current average DQ among Chinese primary school students. This study developed and validated a scale applicable to the assessment of DQ in Chinese primary school students where, the initial scale was first constructed; Then 1109 valid datasets were collected through purposive sampling and divided into Sample A and Sample B; Sample A was subjected to exploratory factor analysis and Sample B was tested by confirmatory factor analysis; The final validated scale consists of 22 items in 7 dimensions: digital identity, digital use, digital safety, digital security, digital emotional intelligence, digital literacy and digital rights. The scale has high reliability and validity and thus can be used as a reliable instrument for assessing DQ in Chinese primary school students.

Special Exercises to Develop Some Visual Abilities and Defensive Movement Skills for Players of the Middle Euphrates Education Handball Teams

The purpose of this paper is to preparing special exercises to develop some visual abilities and the skill of defensive movements for the players of the educational teams of the Middle Euphrates in handball, preparing tests for some visual abilities for the players of the educational teams of the Middle Euphrates in handball, and identifying some visual abilities and defensive movement skills of players of the Middle Euphrates handball teams. The research objectives addressed by the researchers are what determine the nature of the method used, so the researchers used the experimental method in the style of two equivalent groups (control and experimental) with pre- and post-tests to suit the research objectives. The research community was determined by handball players for the teams of the Middle Euphrates region's education affiliated to the general education directorates in the governorates, distributed according to the governorates (Karbala, Najaf, Babylon, Muthanna, Diwaniyah), totaling (150) players. The research sample was chosen randomly and represented the players of the Karbala Education team affiliated to the holy Karbala Governorate, numbering (30) players who represent if the goalkeepers were excluded due to the specificity of the exercises, numbering (2) and (4) players were absent from performing the exercises, and the total number of the sample became (24) where they were randomly divided into two equal groups (control and experimental) with (12) players for each group, thus representing the research community, its sample and the percentage. The exploratory sample was 8 players from the Education of Babylon Governorate. One of the most important results reached by the researcher is that: The tests prepared by the researchers gave real results for visual abilities in handball, and the special exercises contributed to developing visual abilities and the skill of various defensive movements better among the members of the experimental group. One of the most important recommendations recommended by the researchers is that: Necessity of using special exercises to develop special visual abilities and the skill of defensive movements that were not studied with the same sample and other samples, and preparing special tests for visual abilities for each game according to the nature of its performance and needs

Levels of organizational focus in physical education lessons and their impact on cooperative standards among students in middle schools from the point of view of physical education teachers in Kirkuk Governorate

The current research aims to determine the impact that cooperative standards can have among students during a physical education lesson on the organizational focus of this lesson. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method and the correlational method. The researchers identified the research community as physical education teachers in government preparatory schools in Kirkuk Governorate. Their number is (253) teachers working in (78) middle schools, and then the researchers divided this sample into three sub-samples, which are the exploratory experiment sample with (8) teachers, the statistical analysis sample with (147) teachers, and the final application sample with (98) teachers. The researchers worked on preparing two measurement tools, the first to measure the level of organizational focus in the physical education lesson and its number of items (12) items, and the second to measure the level of cooperative standards among students during the lesson and its number of (13) items. After processing the results, the researchers concluded a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: - There is an effective effect of cooperative standards among students on the organizational focus of the physical education lesson, accompanied by a positive significant correlation.

“That's funny but…!”: University students, humor, and critical consciousness about anti‐black racism

AbstractUsing an exploratory sample of focus groups and surveys, we captured university students' experiences of comedic/satirical videos. We mined students' feedback to determine if those videos could enhance critical perspectives/consciousness about racial inequities, especially inequities impacting Black Americans. The literature on humor overflows with psychological explanations; we are more interested in sociological explanations. We find that when students interpret comedic materials intended as springboards for university discussions about racial inequities, they pay attention to social factors. These factors include the diversity or mixed company of classrooms; the social, cultural, historical, and/or linguistic contexts in comedic/satirical performances; and the racial/ethnic identities of both the comedians and the butts of the comedians' jokes. Intersectional identities may also play a role in perceptions of marginalized and dominant group members featured in the video clips. More specifically, students are more tolerant of Black comedians poking fun at Black characters/issues or critiquing, with levity, dominant group members and structures that are sources of racial inequities, especially inequities impacting Black Americans. Appropriate attention to social factors like these may lay a foundation for comedic/satirical materials to facilitate a reading of the world that helps students to become more reflexive about social/racial injustices.

Impact of Covid-19 on Readymade Garments Workers at Dhaka Division Of Bangladesh

In this study we are attempts to identify the real situation of COVID-19 impact on working environment of RMG workers in Bangladesh. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on RMG workers is dire and include uncertainty about the wages during the COVID-19 pandemic and related issues such as lack of money for essentials such as food, and concerns about the re-opening of factories during COVID-19 infection peak times. The objectives of this study is to identify the COVID-19 impact on readymade garments (RGM) workers as well as shows the present conditions of readymade garments workers and work place environment of RMG sector in Bangladesh. Finally, to find out the problems and suggest some policy recommendations of RMG sectors in Bangladesh. This study attempts to know COVID-19 Impact on working environment of RMG workers in Bangladesh in Selected Factories in Dhaka division. The present study is an exploratory sample survey. Besides this, to enhance the acceptance of result and considering the circumstances few case studies are also conducted. The sampling of my study is 50 workers selected based on accidental sampling techniques and five garments selected based on sample survey and purposively out of the total population of these garments industries. The sources of data to carry out the proposed study data has been collected from two sources; Primary and Secondary sources. The data processing with various tables, pie-charts, bar-diagrams and figures have been used for analyzing the collected data. The information have been classified and tabulated under various characteristics. The results have been shown using simple statistical methods, qualitative and quantitative both kinds of analysis have been used. Some problems and limitations are therefore, inevitable in the way of conducting such a broad task. Finding of this study are most of the workers have lost their overtime work. Their income level falls that result, domestic violence has raised in most of the workers families. At last we can say that the production of clothing during the COVID-19 pandemic must not go ahead without an urgent overview of the system and the development of a plan to ensure the health and safety of workers.

اثر انموذج بيركنز- بلايث في التفكير التحليلي وتعلم مهارة استقبال الارسال لدى طلاب كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة جامعة واسط

The Perkins-Blythe model is one of the models that brings great benefit to students by encouraging, exciting, and motivating them to be cooperative in groups. The importance of the research was highlighted in the research based on the Perkins-Blythe model in analytical thinking and learning the skill of receiving the serve among students of the second stage. The aim of the research was to prepare educational units using the Perkins-Blythe model for the skill of receiving the serve in volleyball and to identify the effect of the Perkins-Blythe model on analytical thinking and the skill of receiving. Serving volleyball for second stage students. The research also aimed to prepare a measure of analytical thinking for the students of the second stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit. The researchers adopted the experimental method for the two equal groups, the experimental and the control, and the boundaries of the research community were represented by the students of the second stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, for morning study continuing in the academic year (2023-2024). The number of students was (185) and they were divided into the exploratory sample, which numbered (10) students, and (24) students for the main research sample, divided into two groups: the experimental group, which numbered (12) students, and the control group, which numbered (12) students. As for the sample numbers, it was (100) students, and the remaining ones were excluded. The researchers concluded that the Perkins-Blythe model has a positive impact on analytical thinking and learning the skill of receiving a volleyball serve. Also, applying the steps of the Perkins-Blythe model is appropriate for the students’ mental and physical abilities, as well as generating desire and motivation in them. Active participation in analytical thinking and learning the skill of receiving a volleyball serve. The researchers recommended emphasizing raising the level of students with sufficient cognitive information when learning the practical, applied aspect, and urging teachers to diversify teaching methods for everything new by employing modern models, including the Perkins-Blythe model in teaching volleyball to students. Adopting the analytical thinking scale prepared by researchers in educational centers, Ministry of Education schools, and colleges of physical education and sports sciences.

Multidimensional Measurement of Attitudes Toward Consensual Non-Monogamy

ABSTRACT Despite increased interest in consensual non-monogamy (CNM), significant stigma remains against CNM. Consequently, there is a need for scales to assess attitudes toward CNM. In response to this need we developed the Multidimensional Attitudes toward CNM Scale (MACS). Items were developed in consultation with content experts and data were collected from two samples at two different Canadian Universities. Fit indices of exploratory (Sample A) and confirmatory (Sample B) factor analysis suggested a 16-item scale with three underlying factors: CNM is Dysfunctional, CNM is Immoral, and CNM is Healthy and Satisfying. Validity analyses, conducted using the combined sample (n = 806; 79% women; 67% heterosexual), demonstrated that participants with higher MACS total scores (i.e. more negative attitudes) were less likely to have ever been involved in a CNM relationship and were more likely to report monogamy as their ideal relationship style. Higher MACS scores were also associated with more negative attitudes toward bisexuality and toward women, and higher scores on measures of homophobia and jealousy. In contrast, individuals with higher scores on the CNM is Healthy subscale tended to score higher on measures of empathy. The MACS demonstrates strong psychometric properties and can assist in better understanding attitudes toward CNM relationships in research and clinical settings.

Is Dentistry in Crisis? An Online Survey of Iranian Dentists' Attitudes toward La Cascada Declaration.

In August 2017, six international senior dental researchers published a critical declaration called 'La Cascada; Dentistry in Crisis: Time to Change'. This statement outlined major concerns with the current trajectory of the dental profession and proposed recommendations for change. This study piloted an online survey among an exploratory convenience sample of 138 Iranian dentists, ensuring a suitable gender mix and a representative mix of generalists and specialists. The questionnaire included two main questions about the respondents' agreement with the declaration and some of the recommendations. The majority (72.2%) of the 138 participants expressed agreement with the messages of the La Cascada Declaration by selecting 4 or 5 on a 5-point Likert scale. However, there was not a strong consensus among participants regarding all six selected recommendations. In conclusion, it appears that groups of dentists agree that the dental profession is facing a crisis. However, the profession has not yet reached a consensus on solutions.

Enabling factors and constraints for the adoption of animal welfare-enhancing technologies among Finnish dairy farmers

The restructuring of dairy farm production has resulted in enlarged unit sizes and production capacities on commercial farms in Finland. Concurrently, the livestock sector is facing high expectations and pressure to enhance farm animal welfare. Many dairy farms have invested in state-of-the-art technology, e.g. the proportion of milk milked by robots had risen 41% by 2019. Using a survey framework based on the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), our aim was to explore which factors may limit farmers’ willingness to adopt animal welfare-enhancing solutions. The decision to adopt a technology can be seen as a holistic issue that is affected by farmer attitudes, farm-specific constraints, and information provided by trusted sources. The financial situation of farms, appropriate technological devices, animal welfare, and human well-being should all be considered holistically. We utilize our exploratory survey sample as an indicator for discussing the current situation. The most critical constraints were related to financial issues, farmers’ personal coping challenges, and device operation problems in the barn environment. To promote the adoption of new technologies, farmers require technical and other support from trusted groups and evidence on the functionality of the technology. The insights from this exploratory study highlight the importance of available resources; the most important deficiencies related to available resources were financial and personal capacity to cope with duties.

Personal struggle according to physical patterns and their relationship to the performance of the kinetic formation with the ball in rhythmic gymnastics

This study aimed to identify the degree of personal struggle according to the physical patterns of the research sample to identify the relationship between personal struggle and the performance of the motor formation in your rhythmic gymnastics in the research sample The descriptive approach in the survey method and the correlational relations was used for its suitability to the research problem, as the research community reached 146 students, as the exploratory experiment sample was chosen by (15) students and (125) students were selected to conduct the main main experiment. The results were presented and analyzed, and the most important conclusions were reached: The members of the research sample in the muscular style had personal struggle, but the thin and fat types did not have personal struggle, and that personal struggle had a positive and effective role in performing the movement formation in your rhythmic gymnastics

The role of the media in sports marketing for the Iraqi national sports federations (Olympic - non-Olympic) from the point of view of its members.


 The mass attendance of sports matches, whether from stadiums or through television or even through other media such as newspapers, radio and other media has prompted many businessmen and major commercial companies to benefit from sports. Methods and the development of the media in sports, which had a great impact on the sports career. Commercial companies have found that the best advertising medium is through sports media, as they have found that commercial products' association with famous athletes or famous clubs has a much greater impact than traditional media.The current research aims to know the role of the media in sports marketing and the percentage of its contribution to it. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method. The research community consisted of (47) Olympic and non-Olympic federations, with a number of (381). They represent members of the administrative bodies of sports federations in Iraq with the research community that represents the community. The total and divided randomly so that each group is an independent sample from the other with a separate procedure from the other research procedures. It fits with the research problem to be consistent with the phenomenon studied, and the exploratory sample consists of (20) members at a rate of (5.2%) chosen randomly, and the construction sample consists of (112) members with a percentage of (29.39)%, while the application sample consists of (144) members with a percentage of ( 37.79)%, and the scientific bases (honesty and stability) were used for the scale. From the results of the research, all federations consider the ministry a funding agency that must provide the required funds, and there is awareness by the sports media towards sports marketing. The study recommended that it be Show the media their positive role in serving the marketing activity of sports institutions. Paying attention to the process of continuous evaluation of the media messages used in sports marketing. Media interest in press, television, websites and others for the institution's activity
 

Another way to measure balanced time perspective: Development and validation of the Time Perspective Inventory.

The existing scales for measuring balanced time perspective (BTP) have limitations, such as poor-fitting structures or a complex calculation method. Based on previous studies, we conceptualize BTP as an individual's overall positive outlook on the past and future and mindfully living in the present. The present study aimed to develop the Time Perspective Inventory (TPI) for Chinese adults, determine its psychometric properties, and examine a simple calculation method for generating a score to represent BTP. In study 1, a 7-factor structure of TPI - Past Positive, Past Negative, Mindful Present, Present Hedonistic, Present Excessively Task-oriented, Future Positive, and Future Negative - was established through exploratory (sample 1, N = 529) and confirmatory (sample 2, N = 577) factor analyses. Findings supported the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion-related validity of the TPI. We proposed using the score difference between positive time perspectives and negative time perspectives to calculate the BTP. Findings showed that the correlations between BTP and subjective well-being indicators and anxiety were higher than among individual dimensions of TPI. Study 2 (sample 3, N = 713) compared the effects of the TPI and the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI-C) on well-being indicators and anxiety. Results indicated that the variance of life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and anxiety explained by BTP measured with TPI was higher than deviation from BTP (DBTP) measured with ZTPI-C. Together, the TPI yields reliable and valid BTP scores among Chinese adults.

An Exploratory Study on the Derivation of Ironical Implicatures by English Foreign Language Learners: Could Culture Play a Role?

Literature on cross-cultural communication has demonstrated that communication breakdowns are more likely to occur among speakers from different cultural backgrounds (Keenan 1976; Devine 1983). This kind of assumptions constituted the departing point of further studies, such as that of Bouton (1988), where he tested the communicative habits of non-native speakers of English and contrasted them with those of English native speakers. The results of these studies have proved that the derivation of implicatures by English non-native speakers differs if compared with that of English native speakers and that ironical implicatures are among the most difficult ones to grasp for English non-native speakers. What is more, culture has been regarded as a possible variable influencing the derivation of implicit meanings (Bouton 1988; Liddicoat 2009). In view of this literature and applying the approach on High Context and Low Context cultures (in accordance with Hall 1976; Würtz 2005; Min 2016; Hornikx and le Pair 2017), this exploratory study aims at analysing if culture plays a role in the derivation of ironical implicatures by English foreign language learners. For current purposes, the present study aims to analyse, first, whether a group of English foreign language learners derives pragmatically felicitous ironical implicatures or not; and, secondly, if culture as a bidirectional factor has an impact on participants’ interpretations. In order to do so, an exploratory sample of twelve English foreign language learners (all of them belonging to a High Context culture) filled a questionnaire, which was used to gather data. The questionnaire contained fifteen questions: ten multiple-choice questions and five open questions, each of them giving rise to an ironical implicature. The results suggest that participants show a high tendency to derive pragmatically felicitous ironical implicatures and that culture as a bidirectional variable has an impact on their interpretations. This leads to the conclusion that culture as a bidirectional variable seems to play a role in the derivation of ironical implicatures by the English foreign language learners in our sample.

Development of a risk score for myopia: A cohort study conducted among school-aged children in China.

To evaluate the myopia risk in school-aged children one year after lifting a pandemic-related lockdown and develop a tool to identify high-risk groups. In total, 38,079 children without myopia from 38 schools were included. The outcomes were myopia incidence and progression in 1 year after the COVID-19 lockdown was lifted, both obtained by the spherical equivalent refraction (SER). We separated the population into an exploratory (75%) and a validation sample (25%) to construct the risk score model. In total, 9811 (29.57%) students became myopic, and the overall myopia progression was 0.22 ± 0.62 D. Even less myopia progression was noted in the pre-myopia group at baseline (All: P = 0.045, Boy: P = 0.005). The risk score model included seven predictors: gender, grade, SER at baseline, residence, parental myopia, eye discomfort symptoms, and online courses. The model had a score range of 0-46 and an optimal cutoff of 34. The area under the receiver operating curve of the model was 0.726 (0.719-0.732) for the exploratory sample and 0.731 (0.720-0.742) for the validation sample. The risk score can serve as a practical tool for classifying the risk of myopia in school-aged children.

Turkish version of the Adlerian inferiority and superiority complex shortened scales: Validity and reliability

The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of Adlerian Inferiority and Superiority Complex Shortened Scales in a Turkish sample. Exploratory factor analysis sample consisted of 331 individuals (192 female and 139 men) between the ages of 15 and 65, while confirmatory factor analysis sample consisted of 192 individuals (113 female and 79 men) between the ages of 15 and 64. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, inferiority complex showed a structure of 10 items, while superiority complex showed a structure of 9 items. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scales had acceptable fit values in a two-factor structure. Findings related to the internal consistency coefficient, test-retest reliability and concurrent validity showed that Adlerian Inferiority Complex and Superiority Complex Shortened Scales are valid and reliable tools for evaluate the inferiority and superiority complex levels of individuals aged 15 and older in Turkey sample.