Exploitable Reserves Research Articles

STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AREA AND RAW MATERIAL RESERVE OF CAMPANULA SARMATICA KER-GAWL. (SARMATIAN BELLFLOWER) IN THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

The purpose of the study: To investigate the biological, exploitable and annual supply and the distribution area of the herb and root of C. sarmatica, which is considered a promising species for the bellflower genus, in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Material and methods: Researches were carried out by the method of determination of raw material reserves in some characteristic areas. The productivity of the raw material of the Sarmatian bellflower plant was determined by the method of reporting plots. Results: A mass distribution area of 2694.5 ha of the Sarmatian bellflower plant was determined in the country. In these areas, the biological reserve of the plant herb was 192.9 tons, its exploitable reserve was 167.5 tons, and the annual reserve was 33.7 tons; for the rhizomes and roots of the plant, these indicators were 188.9 tons, 164.8 tons and 10,4 tons respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results allow the herb and root of the Sarmatian bellflower plant to be considered perspective to be studied in detail.

Physico-Mechanical and Petrographic Appraisal of Carbonate Rocks as Construction Aggregate: A Case Study from Lesser Himalaya, Pakistan

Owing to the exceptional role of crushed rock aggregates in construction, their prospective reserves fulfilling qualitative and economic parameters should be identified to meet their ever-increasing demand. This research aims to unlock new sources of high-quality construction materials, thereby optimizing concrete performance and meeting the requirement for sustainable building materials. The study investigated the physicomechanical and petrographic properties of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Eocene limestones of the Kawagarh Formation (KF), Samana Suk Formation (SSF), and Margalla Hill Limestone (MHL) along the Abbottabad–Nathiagali roadside section, as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and British Standards Institute (BSI). The results of geotechnical investigations are flakiness and elongation index (19.6–34.85% and 17.53–31.2%), specific gravity (2.64 to 2.67), water absorption (0.34–0.63%), unconfined compressive strength (41.72–80.65 MPa), loss angeles abrasion value (15.63–19.08%), impact value (15.38–19.36%), and the soundness (0.9–1.97%). These results showed values within the acceptable range according to ASTM and BSI standards. Petrographically, the KF is classified as mud and wackestone, the SSF was mainly classified as wacke-packstone and grainstone, while the MHL was classified as bioclastic wacke and packstone. The dominancy of micrite matrix favors the strength of aggregate, whereas porosity, microfractures, stylolites, and allochems adversely affect the mechanical properties of rock aggregates. Based on reserve estimation, the studied sections possess significant exploitable reserves and are feasible for quarry operations. The studied rocks can be utilized to produce high-strength concrete, optimizing its performance and quality.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ХІМІЧНОГО СКЛАДУ ПІДЗЕМНИХ ВОД У ТЕРИГЕННИХ ВІДКЛАДАХ ЕОЦЕНУ ТА АЛЬБ-СЕНОМАНУ В БАСЕЙНІ ДНІПРА

Background. The Dniprovsko-Donetskyi Artesian Basin is the largest hydrogeological region of the first order in Ukraine in both area and resources. The main forecasted resources within its boundaries are confined to the Eocene aquifer and the Alb-Cenomanian aquifer complex. These aquifer and complex are the principal ones - they are the basis for centralized water supply of a number of large settlements, so studying their chemical composition is of exceptional importance. The parts of the mentioned aquifer and complex that contain drinking water are identified as groundwater bodies (GWBs) – groundwater monitoring objects for which environmental objectives and risks of failure to achieve these objectives should be determined. At the same time, the natural water quality composition of these groundwater bodies groups is characterized by significant spatial heterogeneity, which should be taken into account when determining trends in its changes and specifying environmental objectives. The aim of the study was to establish the peculiarities of the spatial distribution of water with different chemical composition. The object of the study was aquifers in Eocene and Alb-Cenomanian sediments within the Dniprovsko-Donetsky artesian basin (Dnipro River Basin), and the subject was the chemical composition of water in these aquifers. Methods. To achieve these purposes, data on the chemical composition of the aquifer in the Eocene sediments and the aquifer complex in the Alb-Cenomanian sediments were collected, summarized and analyzed from published and fund sources. The information was processed using geographic information systems, and a database was created to generate specialized maps and perform joint data analysis. Results. In the article the mineralization and macrocomponent composition of groundwater in the terrigenous sediments of the Eocene and Albian-Cenomanian of the Dnipro basin are investigated and the peculiarities of their spatial distribution are established. Particular attention is paid to the areas where the exploitation reserves of both groundwater aquifers are explored. The qualitative, including microcomponent, composition of groundwater in terrigenous sediments of the Eocene and Albian-Cenomanian in Chernigiv City was characterized in detail. Peculiarities of formation of the chemical composition of groundwater in terrigenous sediments of the Eocene and Albian-Cenomanian were established. Сonclusions. It has been established that despite the fact that both GWBs are located in the zone of active water exchange, the content of macro- and microcomponents in them is quite different. In particular, in the water in the Alb-Cenomanian sediments, the macrocomponent composition of water is more homogeneous, and the content of macro- and microcomponents is characterized by a smaller range of variation. The identified peculiarities of the natural quality composition of the studied GWBs should be taken into account in the process of groundwater monitoring, in particular, when specifying environmental objectives and determining the frequency of groundwater quality state observations.

Research and assessment of potential groundwater exploitation reserves in coastal areas of Ninh Thuan province

This paper presents the results and assessment of the groundwater exploitation reserves in coastal areas of Ninh Thuan province. The research was based on determining the exploitation reserves of all grid cells with dimensions 500 m × 500 m distributed in fresh-salted water areas of the Holocene (qh) and Pleistocene (qp) aquifers. Each grid was assigned the corrected hydrogeological parameter values (depth, gravity coefficient, hydraulic conductivity, and drawdown level). The calculation results show that the total amount of potential exploitation reserves in the entire qh and qp aquifers-distributed areas is 561.8 × 106 m3 per day, whereas in the freshwater area is 345.4 × 106 m3 per day (61.5%), and the saline water area is 216.4 × 106 m3 per day (38.5%). These potential exploitation reserves can be used for groundwater exploitation management and planning in Ninh Thuan province.

Evaluation and Economics of Shale Gas Reserves in the Flysch-Eocene Formation of the Jaca Basin

The new international outlook for the gas sector suggests evaluating exploitable reserves in previously unconsidered areas including hydraulic fracturing technology. In order to estimate the amount of gas in the Jaca Flysch formation, the analysis of geological and geophysical logs and the volumetric method have been used. It has been taking into account the part of the formation likely to contain gas, the porosity (2.65%) calculated from sonic logs with Wyllie’s equation, the water saturation (35.3%) with Archie’s formula, and the initial gas formation volume factor (Bgi), estimated with MHA-P3 software with the reservoir pressure/temperature data 3600 psi/90 °C. The economic analysis of each well has been carried out based on three options, without stimulation, with 50% and 100% stimulation by fracking, and five possible construction costs (7.5–15 MM€). The impact of the use of the fracking technology on the production of the well is about 48%. The production rate and the economic impact that its exploitation would have on the domestic demand for natural gas has been analyzed, resulting in a significant contribution to the national energy mix of between 10–20% of consumption for several years.

Экономическая оценка проектов разработки месторождений углеводородного сырья в условиях северных районов добычи с применением бинарного и реверсированного дисконтирования.

The conversion from the development of large deposits to unconventional, small and Arctic deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials in the Russian requires oil and gas companies improving the quality of the economic justification of projects, including cost-effectively recoverable reserves. For this reason, the development of the discounted cash flow (DCF) method for economic evaluation of oil and gas projects is required. The purpose of the study was to develop a methodological approach to the economic evaluation of oil and gas projects. The disadvantages of the DCF model in the economic evaluation of oil and gas field development projects are analyzed, a comparative analysis of project evaluation methods through the use of binary and reverting discounting models is performed. The authors justified the choice of a risk-free discount rate for project outflows and dynamically changing values of discount rates for project cash inflows for the evaluation of oil and gas projects, taking into account their identified features. The application of the developed methodological approach, both at the pre-project phase and during the operation of the field, will allow oil and gas companies to justify the magnitude of commercially exploitable reserves and indicators of the economic efficiency of the project due to more correct risk accounting. The developed methodological approach has been approved on the example of the Novoportovskoye field development project.

Numerical investigation of the thermal protection mechanisms of phase change capsules with orderly stacked layouts applied to pulse power sources in deep wells

<p indent="0mm">Currently, the reliance of oil and gas consumption on imported resources in China is indicative of a serious energy supply concern. The mainland of China has been found to contain abundant medium- and low-maturity shale oil resources that represent substantial exploitable reserves of energy supply. The exploitation of medium- and low-maturity shale oil resources, which are comparable to conventional oil and gas resources, can alleviate the problem of energy import dependence. However, low-maturity shale oil resources are mainly enriched in the deep crust, with temperatures reaching 150°C at a 2-km depth. This high-temperature environment might severely limit the operation of electronic equipment. This paper focuses on the thermal protection of pulsed power source equipment in the harsh thermal environment of deep wells. The performance of phase change materials (PCMs) with capsule-like structures having various orderly stacked orientations is numerically investigated. By calculating the inner wall temperature and heat flow, the influence of phase change capsule size and stacked layout on the thermal protection efficiency is analyzed, and the evaluation criteria considering the heat flux density as well as the prediction model for the inner wall temperature are proposed. The results show that the case of phase change microcapsule-glass wool composite structures exhibits improved thermal protection performance, with the inner wall temperature rising rate reduced by 13.8% and 2.35% compared to the case of the glass wool material and microcapsule, respectively. However, the small packed volume of PCMs in the microcapsules restricts further improvement of the thermal insulation. Consequently, PCM capsules of larger size are applied, increasing the PCM proportion and natural formation of closed porous material. Compared to the case of microcapsule-glass wool composite structures, for the case of larger PCM capsules, the temperature at the inner wall is further reduced by 19.3%, and the total heat flow during heating is reduced by <sc>373.7 W/m².</sc> By changing the stacked structure of the capsules, the case of single-layer orientation with large-scale PCM capsules illustrates the best thermal protection performance. The temperature rise rate during the heating period decreases by 1.25% and 5.84% compared to that of the staggered and double stacking structures, respectively, and the total inflow heat flux is also 1.09% and 4.19% lower compared to that of the staggered and double stacking structures, respectively. Based on the results, the prediction model for the inner wall temperature is proposed when applying the single-layer stacked PCM capsules. Note that the average deviation between the prediction model and numerical simulations is &lt; 7%. The maximum temperature difference can be controlled to within ±6°C during 84% of the operating time.

Implications of coal disappearance from the energy mix in Romania

The firm commitment of the European Union (EU) to fully implement the 2030 Agenda requires the Member States to find and implement solutions to meet global targets, including ensuring clean and affordable energy. The EU encourages the elimination of coal from the energy mix in order to quantitatively reduce emissions and the impact on the environment and human health. Romania attaches great importance to the 2030 Agenda and understands that developing the national economy, increasing the quality of life, and caring for the environment are inextricably linked to the development and modernization of the energy system, for which the National Energy Strategy 2019-2030 was developed. According to it, in the perspective of 2050, Romania will be based on a diversified, balanced, and modern energy mix through clean technologies. But what if coal would disappear from the energy mix? The causes of the disappearance of coal from the energy mix could be represented by global or national policies or the depletion of known exploitable reserves, the latter being a less probable variant. In this paper, we aim to highlight and analyze some scenarios related to the possibilities of replacing coal in the energy mix, which would change the perspectives.

ON THE RATIONAL USE OF EXPLOITABLE DRINKING GROUNDWATER RESERVES FOR WATER SUPPLY TO THE CITY OF KYIV

The influence of anthropogenic load within the Kyiv field of drinking groundwater has resulted in deformation of the water exchange structure and pattern. The main anthropogenic factors affecting water exchange include groundwater intake structures, reservoirs, as well as urban-industrial agglomerations. The paper presents a critical analysis of the previous hydrogeological models of the groundwater field under study, taking into account their shortcomings and using the most realistic solutions. New up-to-date hydrogeological model of the study area has been created. Simulation modelling was performed to determine the effects of hydrogeological parameters changes on the groundwater level position. Epignostic modelling allowed us to specify transmissivity of aquifers, specific permeability of confining beds and natural groundwater recharge, as well as to prove functional correspondence of the created model to naturalanthropogenic conditions. Exploitable reserves of drinking groundwater for the city of Kyiv were reassessed according to the current request of PJSC “AK” Kyivodokanal” and the potential of groundwater withdrawal was shown. Reserves calculated by method of mathematical modelling were approved by the State Committee of Reserves of Ukraine.

Increasing the productivity of water in takein water-containing crystalline rocks by increasing their fracture by an explosion

Global warming, which has been observed in the world and Ukraine in particular in recent decades, may lead to a decrease in surface and groundwater. In addition, the high level of groundwater pollution and the policy of water purification is a matter of concern. Thus, the question of finding additional and alternative sources of drinking water today is highly urgent. A significant percentage of prospecting works of the last century was devoted to discovering the groundwater fields in fractured crystalline rocks of the Ukrainian Shield. As a rule, the productivity of wells of these formations did not have high flow rates, so even now, mostly the aquifers in sedimentary deposits have been exploited. The low productivity of most wells in water-bearing fractured rocks is associated with the unknown degree of fracturing of the crystalline massif: it is difficult to determine the pathways of groundwater inflow into the fracture system and, accordingly, it is not easy to justify the exploitable groundwater reserves. In this paper, using the groundwater flow model of the Zhashkiv groundwater deposit, it is considered an increase of the productivity of water intake wells in the water-bearing crystalline rocks due to the increasing degree of their fracturing by an explosion. Thus, in hydrogeology, this technique is known when trying to increase the permeability in the near-borehole space, but as a method of artificial recharge of aquiferous crystalline rocks is used very rarely. The paper also examines typical water intakes conditions in fractured crystalline water-bearing rocks, which can be recommended for increasing their productivity by the blasting method. The results indicate that an artificial increase in fracturing degree can have a significant effect on increasing the productivity of water intakes. The basic methods of using explosives, as an example of an artificial increase in fracturing degree, in solving hydrogeological problems and the mechanisms of fractures’ formation during the action of blasting are considered.

Groundwater modeling from Tien Thanh to Ke Ga area, Binh Thuan province

The coastal area, from Tien Thanh to Ke Ga including Thuan Quy and Tan Thanh communes, is among the regions having a high economic growth rate of Ham Thuan Nam district, Binh Thuan province. The economic growth rate thanked to the development of coastal tourist sites and cultivating areas of dragon fruit, resulted in the increased water demand. Due to the limitation of the water supply system and surface water, the region's main supply comes from the groundwater. The massive and uncontrolled exploitation could lead to the exhaustion and pollution of water reservoirs in the coastal Quaternary aquifer. To serve the management and use of groundwater resources, we calculated the used reserves of the entire area by modeling the layer containing water in the area using the Modflow module of GMS software 10.4 (Groundwater Modeling System). The input data were collected through the suction pump experiment, water samples, survey on exploitation, and results of research reports of nearby areas. The normalized steady-state models showed that aquifers in the area were recharged by rainwater, and re-fed to rivers, partly forming the flows to the sea. If the amount of wasted water into the sea was considered as the total exploitable reserve, the used reserve of underground water in this area is 70,158 m3/day.

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ РЕСУРСНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ПРЕСНЫХ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД ХАНТЫ-МАНСИЙСКОГО АВТОНОМНОГО ОКРУГА

This article examines the resource potential and modern extraction of fresh groundwater for the needs of population and economic sectors in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The history of regional hydrogeological studies on the assessment of natural resources and exploitation reserves of groundwater reserves of the West Siberian mega-basin (WSMB) is revealed. The research results are shown and their comparative analysis is carried out. The article highlights the issue of formation and distribution of natural resources over the area of the considered territory. In conclusion, it is noted that the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra is sufficiently supplied with natural resources of fresh groundwater (the predicted useful groundwater resources supply is 66.86 m3/day per person). However, more than 20 years have passed since the implementation of regional works on the assessment of predicted groundwater resources in the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. During this period, the water-economic situation in the region has changed significantly, a large amount of factual material, which makes it possible to clarify and probably to revise the previously obtained results has been accumulated.

Hydrodynamic groundwater modeling and hydrochemical conceptualization of the mining area of Moulares Redeyef (southwestern of Tunisia): New local insights

The Moulares Redeyef Mining basin (MMR-B) is located on Southwestern of Tunisia. The problem of groundwater mineralization in this basin has long been attributed to the significant decline in groundwater reserves. In order to quantify the aquifers reserves and identify processes and factors governing the groundwater quality, a detailed multidisciplinary study was proposed in this study. The approach used various GIS databases, including hydrodynamic characteristics, geochemistry, geology and climatic parameters. A Modflow hydrodynamic model was developed over 67-year modeling period (1953–2020) and many simulations were performed. Water samples were collected from 39 boreholes from the deep aquifer and 13 wells from the superficial aquifer in Tabeddit area. The hydrogeological model shows a flow convergence zone around the Tabeddit area. The reserve of the aquifer system was simulated to 10 Mm3/year for 2020, while it was 26 Mm3/year in 2000. Yet, 61% of exploitable reserves was consumed in 20 years. The quality of groundwater showed that MMR-b is characterized by 4 main trends: Ca–Mg–HCO3, Ca–Mg–SO4, Na–Cl–NO3 and Na–Mg–HCO3. For the heavy metals, the 13 alluvial groundwater samples contain high concentration of Cadmium that exceed the Tunisian Standards. Finally, a Risk Index of Aquifer is elaborated based on the Modflow model and the geochemical quality. The index gives that the PQ layer is under very high risk and the M aquifer is in a moderate situation. Accordingly, it is recommended that the mining deciders revise their exploitation strategy urgently in order to preserve water resources for future use.

Groundwater Exploitation Zoning Aiming at Management of Sustainable Groundwater Exploitation and Use in Ca Mau Peninsula, Vietnam

The research is financed by KC08.08/16-20: Study of measures for mitigating and adapting to drought and salinity intrusion as natural hazards in Camau peninsula , Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam Abstract Groundwater system in Camau Peninsula has 6 main aquifers (not including very poorly productive qh aquifer), of which 4 aquifers are predominantly exploited, namely qp 2-3 , qp 1 , n 2 2 and n 2 1 ; 2 minor aquifers are qp 3 and n 1 3 . Although the aquifers are located over the area, due to complicated fresh/saline interfaces in sections, exploitation and protection of groundwater sources is dealing with many problems. In the paper, information of aquifers is systematized into a map of groundwater exploitation zoning on scale 1:200,000 for the purpose of supplying essential information of water sources management in each socio-economical zone. Keywords : Camau peninsula, potential exploitable groundwater reserve. DOI: 10.7176/JEES/10-4-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Water resources potential in Co To island and exploitation orientation to use

Co To is an island of the Co To district in Quang Ninh province with an area of about 18 km2. Average rainfall on the island is 1,738.8 mm/yr, evaporation is 925 mm/yr. On the island, there are some small streams but they are temporary flow in the rainy season, there is not any natural lakes. There are 2 aquifers. The Quaternary aquifer (q) is distributed in a low terrain with area of about 9 km2, thin thickness and saline water is in about half of the area, so it does not make sense for water supply. The fissured aquifer of the ocdovic-silua (o-s) formation is distributed in the high terrain with an area of about 9 km2, this is low potential water layer. The flow rate in the boreholes in the fractured zone due to tectonic activity can be 1–1.5 l/s, it can satisfy small-scale water supply. Potential groundwater reserve of Co To island is 6,472 m3/day, exploitable reserve is 1941 m3/day, exploited reserve level at C1 range is 1,144 m3/day. This can satisfy the water demand for the living of people on the island today. Small-scale groundwater exploitation in the island has just been beginning, but it has the prospect of replication and at the same time there must be reasonable measures to protect and develop water resources to ensure sustainable development and meet the larger water requirements in the future.

Myc and the Replicative CMG Helicase: The Creation and Destruction of Cancer: Myc Over-Activation of CMG Helicases Drives Tumorigenesis and Creates a Vulnerability in CMGs for Therapeutic Intervention.

Myc-driven tumorigenesis involves a non-transcriptional role for Myc in over-activating replicative Cdc45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicases. Excessive stimulation of CMG helicases by Myc mismanages CMG function by diminishing the number of reserve CMGs necessary for fidelity of DNA replication and recovery from replicative stresses. One potential outcome of these events is the creation of DNA damage that alters genomic structure/function, thereby acting as a driver for tumorigenesis and tumor heterogeneity. Intriguingly, another potential outcome of this Myc-induced CMG helicase over-activation is the creation of a vulnerability in cancer whereby tumor cells specifically lack enough unused reserve CMG helicases to recover from fork-stalling drugs commonly used in chemotherapy. This review provides molecular and clinical support for this provocative hypothesis that excessive activation of CMG helicases by Myc may not only drive tumorigenesis, but also confer an exploitable “reserve CMG helicase vulnerability” that supports developing innovative CMG-focused therapeutic approaches for cancer management.

Assessment of Secure Exploitation Reserve of Groundwater Source in Camau Peninsula, Vietnam

In the Camau Peninsula, groundwater is an important freshwater source, which has been being exploited and used widely, playing a very important role in the progress of socio-economic development in the localities in the Peninsula. However, due to the local natural characteristics, the law of distribution of good quality water is complicated by the presence of saltwater layers in the aquifers, causing many difficulties in the exploitation and usage of the fresh groundwater. The paper uses data collected from the studies of specialized agencies and localities that have been implemented so far. The study results show that potential groundwater exploitation reserve is 11,340,100m3/day and secure exploitable groundwater reserve is 741,500m3/day for the entire Camau Peninsula.

Potential exploitation reserves of middle - upper Pleistocene aquifer (qp&lt;sub&gt;2-3&lt;/sub&gt;) in Ca Mau province

The paper presents the results of evaluating and determining the potential exploitation reserves of groundwater in Ca Mau province. In particular, the study has identified the regional hydrogeological parameters, assessed potential exploitation reserves of groundwater, forecasted water level fluctuations, determined quantities of groundwater supply from the sea and from rainwater according to space and time, and detailedly established input parameters and boundary value for hydrogeological modelling. Calculation results show that the total potential reserves of qp2-3 aquifer is 1,924,111 m3 per day, in which the fresh water is 1,072,145 m3 per day (accounting for 55.7%) and the salt water is 623,067 m3 per day (accounting for 44.3%).

Geotermikus koncessziós területek értékelésének hazai gyakorlata és a nyilvántartási rendszerekhez való viszonya

A tanulmányban röviden ismertetjük a hazai geotermikusenergia-nyilvántartási rendszert és a jelenleg a geotermikus koncesszióra javasolt területek értékelési rendszerét. Gyakorlati példán keresztül mutatjuk be, milyen jellegű módszertani háttér kidolgozása szükséges a nemzetközi geotermikus értékelési rendszerekhez való csatlakozáshoz, amelyre vonatkozóan javaslatot tettünk. A geotermikus kutatás szempontjából perspektivikus területek érték sor rendjének megállapításához a földtani, hidrogeológiai viszonyok mellett figyelembe kell venni a geotermikus energia kinyerésének megvalósíthatóságát és a gazdasági-társadalmi életképességet is, mely messze túlmutat a hazánkban elterjedt földtudományokon alapuló készletbecslésen. Geotermikus vagyon- és készletnyilvántartásra jelenleg nincs hivatalosan elfogadott nemzetközi szabvány, de általánosan elfogadott és használt az „Ausztrál/Kanadai Szabvány a kutatási eredmények, geotermikus vagyonok és geotermikus készletek jelentéséhez”. Bár célként megjelölhető a kanadai–ausztrál szemléletű vagyon- és készletnyilvántartáshoz közelítő hazai nyilvántartási rendszer kialakítása, a rend szerek közti harmonizáció nem oldható meg egyszerűen a meglevő nyilvántartási adatok átszámításával. A hazai gyakorlatban összemosódik a geotermikus vagyonszámítás és a geotermikus vagyonosztályozás. Megállapítottuk, hogy a jelenlegi hazai osztályozás nem feleltethető meg egyik nemzetközi rendszernek sem. A hazai geotermikus prognó zisokban általában volumetrikus készletbecslési módszert használnak, ezekben nem jelenik meg a kitermelhetőség fogalma. Tanulmányunkban a koncesszióra javasolt területek geotermikus ásványvagyon értékelésében a vízzel kiter melhető hőmennyiség és teljes hőmennyiség hányadosaként jelenítettük meg a kitermelhető készlet arányát, amivel a hagyományosan kitermelhető séget jellemezhetjük. Geotermikus készleteket csak ott lehet megállapítani, ahol geo termikus védőidom kijelölésre került, és abból megkezdődött a geotermikus energiatermelés. Jelenleg a készletszámítási adatok az elfogadott kutatási zárójelentés vagyonadatai alapján számszerűsíthetők, mivel geotermikus védőidom nem került még kijelölésre. Ahogy a védőidom területének nagysága a kívánt termelési mennyiségtől függ, hasonlóképpen a feltártság mértéke befolyással van egy terület értékére.

Thermal and Mechanical Activation in Acid Leaching Processes of Non-bauxite Ores Available for Alumina Production—A Review

The rapid development of the global alumina and aluminum industry is straight coupled with the demands and the needs of these materials. Nowadays, the only well-known accessible resources to produce alumina and aluminum are bauxite ores. But bauxite ores are limited, and the remaining exploitable reserves do not have high contents in alumina. In countries where there is little or no bauxite reserves or where the recovery of existing bauxite ores to produce alumina with the Bayer process are not economic, alternative resources for alumina have been explored. The most attractive resources for replacing bauxites are aluminosilicate clay minerals and coal fly ash. The important processes developed for the recovery of alumina from these sources are acid leaching and alkaline leaching processes. The acid leaching is known as the most efficient in which thermal and mechanical activation are included for improving the performance of the process. The objective of this review is to give a comprehensive insight on the production of the alumina from thermally or mechanically activated clays and coal fly ash by hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acid leaching processes.