Explicit Rules Research Articles

On numerical methods for the semi-nonrelativistic limit system of the nonlinear Dirac equation

Solving the nonlinear Dirac equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime numerically is difficult, because the solution oscillates in time with frequency of {mathscr {O}} ! left( varepsilon ^{-2}right) , where 0<varepsilon ll 1 is inversely proportional to the speed of light. Yongyong Cai and Yan Wang have shown, however, that such solutions can be approximated up to an error of {mathscr {O}} ! left( varepsilon ^2right) by solving the semi-nonrelativistic limit system, which is a non-oscillatory problem. For this system, we construct a two-step method, called the explicit exponential midpoint rule, and prove second-order convergence of the semi-discretization in time. Furthermore, we construct a benchmark method based on standard techniques and compare the efficiency of both methods. Numerical experiments show that the new integrator reduces the computational costs per time step to 40% and within a given runtime improves the accuracy significantly.

Moral conflict and dynamic equilibrium: Public relations as strategic conflict management

In the literature review and proposed theoretical models, the author argues that we often engage in advocacy in public relations on behalf of causes we hold dear, much like a strong defender on a soccer field becomes physical in defending the goal without violating explicit rules or our sense of what is right and appropriate in a competitive world. The author presents this image of an athlete contending in fair competition as a metaphor for a rejection of canonized thinking about accommodation in public relations in favor of public relations as strategic conflict management. This research is offered to continue the discussion in the field of public relations from the contingency theory of strategic conflict management and consider the ethical challenges faced by public relations practitioners in an ongoing cycle of conflict. This article is included in the special issue on the contingency theory of strategic conflict management.

Synthesis and generation for 3D architecture volume with generative modeling

Generative design in architecture has long been studied, yet most algorithms are parameter-based and require explicit rules, and the design solutions are heavily experience-based. In the absence of a real understanding of the generation process of designing architecture and consensus evaluation matrices, empirical knowledge may be difficult to apply to similar projects or deliver to the next generation. We propose a workflow in the early design phase to synthesize and generate building morphology with artificial neural networks. Using 3D building models from the financial district of New York City as a case study, this research shows that neural networks can capture the implicit features and styles of the input dataset and create a population of design solutions that are coherent with the styles. We constructed our database using two different data representation formats, voxel matrix and signed distance function, to investigate the effect of shape representations on the performance of the generation of building shapes. A generative adversarial neural network and an auto decoder were used to generate the volume. Our study establishes the use of implicit learning to inform the design solution. Results show that both networks can grasp the implicit building forms and generate them with a similar style to the input data, between which the auto decoder with signed distance function representation provides the highest resolution results.

Broadband absorber with dispersive metamaterials

Abstract A broadband absorber that utilizes a dispersive metamaterial and covers the entire microwave X-band (8–12 GHz) is proposed in the present study. An ideal absorber attached to the surface of a perfect electric conductor requires the permittivity of the absorbing layer to be anomalously dispersive in the targeted broad frequency band. We show that anomalous dispersion of the permittivity for the X-band can be fitted to a two-pole Lorentz oscillator model and realized with the use of a double-layered, square-loop metamaterial. We explain the connection between the two-pole oscillator model and the double-layered, square-loop metamaterial using an equivalent circuit model and present explicit design rules for the metamaterial. We fabricate a 4-mm-thick metamaterial absorber with flexible silicon rubber, a resistor element, and conductive wire using carbon and silver conductive ink. Our metamaterial absorber achieves a reflectance of less than −20 dB over the entire X-band region.

New non-interactive form of the proportional-integral-derivative-acceleration (PIDA) controller and its explicit tuning rule

New non-interactive form of the proportional-integral-derivative-acceleration (PIDA) controller and its explicit tuning rule

Making Indirect Speech in German journalistic comments: Conjunctive vs Indicative

The article is aimed at identifying trends in the linguistic design of indirect speech in German, which differs from the requirements of standard grammar. Recent works have noted significant deviations from the rules of constructing indirect speech using the conjunctive, there is a discrepancy in approaches to their use in the literary language, its national variants and dialects, oral and written speech, as well as in various speech genres. Modern grammarians recognize the existence of alternative forms of indirect speech, which include constructions with prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses with ‘wie’, the combination of so + source of information in postposition to indirect speech, as well as modal verbs ‘wollen’ and ‘sollen’ in epistemic meaning. However, the authors do not provide explicit and understandable rules for their use. All deviations from the standard rule of using conjunctive in indirect speech can be grouped into three complex areas: the interchangeability of conjunctive forms I and II, the expression of distancing from the refereed sources information and ignoring the conjunctive as a violation of the norm of constructing indirect speech. The authors of the comments practically do not allow the interchangeability of the forms of conjunctive I and II, since this may lead to the fact that their statements will be interpreted not as carrying factual, ascertaining information, but as a potential opportunity to commit an action. Commentators in the vast majority of cases take a critical position regarding the actions of the actors of the events under consideration, therefore, the conjunctive is exactly the means that helps to mark the distancing of the author of the comment from the refereed sources. In the texts of journalistic comments, there are isolated examples of the design of indirect speech with indicative forms. This is possible only in cases when a journalist uses lexemes with the semantics of confidence in the words of the author, thanks to which he indirectly gives either a positive or negative assessment of information from the source being reviewed, and thus ceases to be an impartial observer, but expresses his attitude to the actions of actors in the situation he is commenting on.

Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science from the point of view of a contextual realism

We establish a connection between T. Kuhn’s philosophy of science and a Wittgensteinian contextual realism, as we understand it, and interpret the basic concepts of the former in terms of the latter. In particular, we interpret the notion of a scientific paradigm in terms of the notion of a form of life. For instance, we speak of Newtonian and quantum mechanics as grammars of the corresponding forms of life. The incommensurability of paradigms is due to the adoption of different norms (grammars). It is not absolute, as grammatical statements can change their status and become factual, and vice versa. Norms themselves evolve. We support Kuhn’s argument against Popper’s falsification principle with our interpretation of an established scientific theory as a Wittgensteinian norm (rule) for measuring reality. The norm is neither true nor false; its falsification makes no sense. We interpret Wittgenstein’s notion of a family resemblance, used by Kuhn, as the presence of a shared explicit or implicit Wittgensteinian rule (norm). We interpret Kuhn’s historical examples, in particular those with the systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus, relativity theory and quantum mechanics, and Kuhn’s view that participants in different paradigms see the world differently and that observation depends on theory, in terms of our thesis that ontology is sensitive to context. We thus resist the relativistic and constructivist interpretations of Kuhn’s position and show why it does not contradict the idea of scientific progress and the principle of correspondence between scientific theories. We also briefly compare Kuhn’s position with those of I. Lakatos, H. Chang (pragmatic realism) and J. MacFarlane (evaluative relativism), and compare our interpretation of Kuhn with his interpretation in terms of a naturalized transcendentalism proposed by M. Massimi.

Modelling and assessing how small hydropower facilities affect sediment transport by using fuzzy inference systems

Small dams for power generation are increasingly being built around the world, and the reported impact caused by these structures on sediment transport varies widely, ranging from substantial to minimal or non-existent alterations among different dams. Such variability is still poorly understood. In this study, we present an original application of fuzzy inference systems (FIS) to extract knowledge concerning the effect of small dams on sediment transport, providing understandings of how different variables related to watershed characteristics, dam characteristics and hydrological variations can affect sedimentological responses of these structures. Numerous small dams have been built, and many more are in development or proposed, in rivers that drain into the Pantanal, a world-renowned tropical wetland, where we apply the methodology. Data on 23 hydropower facilities from the uplands of the Pantanal region were used, with a total of 535 records. The models presented very good results (NS equal to 0.92 for the most detailed FIS model) and provided a better understanding of the phenomenon through their explicit linguistic rules. The upstream suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is the most determinant variable for the alteration caused by dams. Higher SSC entering the reservoir is related to higher sediment retention. Vegetation cover and soil type of the drainage area of dams also influence the alterations on SSC caused by these structures. Dams located in basins with greater vegetation cover tend to affect less sediment transport, and dams located in basins with high percentages of agriculture and pasture tend to alter more. FIS models also confirmed that the size of dams is directly proportional to their capacity to alter sediment transport. The methodologies developed for the interpretation of fuzzy rules proved to be useful for assessing how small dams affect sediment transport along river systems.

Does aging amplify the rule-based efficiency effect in action selection?

When it comes to the selection of adequate movements, people may apply varying strategies. Explicit if-then rules, compared to implicit prospective action planning, can facilitate action selection in young healthy adults. But aging alters cognitive processes. It is unknown whether older adults may similarly, profit from a rule-based approach to action selection. To investigate the potential effects of aging, the Rule/Plan Motor Cognition (RPMC) paradigm was applied to three different age groups between 31 and 90 years of age. Participants selected grips either instructed by a rule or by prospective planning. As a function of age, we found a general increase in a strategy-specific advantage as quantified by the difference in reaction time between plan- and rule-based action selection. However, in older age groups, these differences went in both directions: some participants initiated rule-based action selection faster, while for others, plan-based action selection seemed more efficient. The decomposition of reaction times into speed of the decision process, action encoding, and response caution components suggests that rule-based action selection may reduce action encoding demands in all age groups. There appears a tendency for the younger and middle age groups to have a speed advantage in the rule task when it comes to information accumulation for action selection. Thus, one influential factor determining the robustness of the rule-based efficiency effect across the lifespan may be presented by the reduced speed of information uptake. Future studies need to further specify the role of these parameters for efficient action selection.

Relativistic transformation of thermodynamic parameters and refined Saha equation

The relativistic transformation rule for temperature is a debated topic for more than 110 years. Several incompatible proposals exist in the literature but a final resolution is still missing. In this work, we reconsider the problem of relativistic transformation rules for a number of thermodynamic parameters including temperature, chemical potential, pressure, entropy and enthalpy densities for a relativistic perfect fluid using relativistic kinetic theory. The analysis is carried out in a fully relativistic covariant manner, and the explicit transformation rules for the above quantities are obtained in both Minkowski and Rindler spacetimes. Our results suggest that the temperature of a moving fluid appears to be colder, supporting the proposal by de Broglie, Einstein, and Planck, in contrast to other proposals. Moreover, in the case of a Rindler fluid, our findings suggest that the total number of particles and the total entropy of a perfect fluid in a box whose bottom is parallel to the Rindler horizon are proportional to the area of the bottom, but are independent of the height of the box, provided the bottom of the box is sufficiently close to the Rindler horizon. The area dependence of the particle number implies that the particles tend to be gathered toward the bottom of the box, and hence implicitly determines the distribution of the chemical potential of the system, whereas the area dependence of the entropy indicates that the entropy is still additive and may have potential applications in explaining the area law of black hole entropy. As a by-product, we also obtain a relativistically refined version of the famous Saha equation which holds in both Minkowski and Rindler spacetimes.

Bratteli diagrams for bounded topological speedups

ABSTRACT A bounded topological speedup of a Cantor minimal system is a minimal system , where for some bounded function , or any system topologically conjugate to such an . Assuming the system is represented by a properly ordered Bratteli diagram , we provide a method for constructing a new, perfectly ordered Bratteli diagram that represents the sped-up system . The diagram relates back to in a manner that enables us to see how certain dynamical properties are preserved under speedup. As an application, in the case that is a substitution minimal system, we show how to use to write an explicit substitution rule that generates the sped-up system , answering an open question from [L. Alvin, D.D. Ash, and N.S. Ormes, Bounded topological speedups, Dyn. Syst. 33(2) (2018), pp. 303–331.].

Aggregate Point Cloud Geometric Features for Processing

As 3D acquisition technology develops and 3D sensors become increasingly affordable, large quantities of 3D point cloud data are emerging. How to effectively learn and extract the geometric features from these point clouds has become an urgent problem to be solved. The point cloud geometric information is hidden in disordered, unstructured points, making point cloud analysis a very challenging problem. To address this problem, we propose a novel network framework, called Tree Graph Network (TGNet), which can sample, group, and aggregate local geometric features. Specifically, we construct a Tree Graph by explicit rules, which consists of curves extending in all directions in point cloud feature space, and then aggregate the features of the graph through a cross-attention mechanism. In this way, we incorporate more point cloud geometric structure information into the representation of local geometric features, which makes our network perform better. Our model performs well on several basic point clouds processing tasks such as classification, segmentation, and normal estimation, demonstrating the effectiveness and superiority of our network. Furthermore, we provide ablation experiments and visualizations to better understand our network.

The effects of prior knowledge on explicit rule formation among L2 Spanish learners receiving structured input through guided-inductive instruction

Based on qualitative analyses, recent research hypothesizes that the information structure of an explicitly declared grammatical rule is related to an L2 learner's processing and accurate interpretation of the respective target structure Malovrh and Lee (2022). The present study tests that hypothesis by quantitatively analyzing a more robust data set. It examines L2 Spanish learners' (N = 63) formulation of explicit grammar rules regarding the Spanish true passive after exposure to input containing eight exemplars of the target structure, each followed by a picture-matching interpretation task, and then followed by corrective feedback. Using structured guided-inductive prompts, participants were instructed to write a rule explaining the appropriate assignment of semantic to grammatical roles in true-passive sentences, and first were prompted to consider the grammatical marker ‘por’, and then the gender marking of the verb participle. Logistic regression analyses revealed that participants' prior knowledge of the target structure predicted the information structure of their grammatical rules in terms of rule completeness and the order in which linguistic structure was mentioned (p = .001); as prior knowledge increased, so did the number of features included in a rule. Results are discussed in terms of the effect of prior knowledge on variable information structure and its relationship with subsequent learning outcomes.

Explainable Rules and Heuristics in AI Algorithm Recommendation Approaches—A Systematic Literature Review and Mapping Study

The exponential use of artificial intelligence (AI) to solve and automated complex tasks has catapulted its popularity generating some challenges that need to be addressed. While AI is a powerful means to discover interesting patterns and obtain predictive models, the use of these algorithms comes with a great responsibility, as an incomplete or unbalanced set of training data or an unproper interpretation of the models’ outcomes could result in misleading conclusions that ultimately could become very dangerous. For these reasons, it is important to rely on expert knowledge when applying these methods. However, not every user can count on this specific expertise; non-AI-expert users could also benefit from applying these powerful algorithms to their domain problems, but they need basic guidelines to obtain the most out of AI models. The goal of this work is to present a systematic review of the literature to analyze studies whose outcomes are explainable rules and heuristics to select suitable AI algorithms given a set of input features. The systematic review follows the methodology proposed by Kitchenham and other authors in the field of software engineering. As a result, 9 papers that tackle AI algorithm recommendation through tangible and traceable rules and heuristics were collected. The reduced number of retrieved papers suggests a lack of reporting explicit rules and heuristics when testing the suitability and performance of AI algorithms.

인공지능시대의 창의성 함양과 영어교육

In the age of AI, creativity is a key concept in education. English education requires to improve a student’s communicative capabilities through AI tools, without ignoring ambiguous, complex communicative situations that are difficult to handle with AI information systems. It is necessary to explore and express a student’s experience that cannot be easily handled through explicit rules and regulations of information systems including systematic coding. Narrative in English education encourages a creative imagination that frees students from communicative stereotypes, and promotes creative destruction for possible innovations. This paper suggests to nurture a student’s creativity by fully utilizing the narrative in English education classes. Students actively engage in narrative inquiries, recreating and recontextualizing languages instead of simply reproducing them. Foreign language learners should not be obsessed with survival need and confined the transactional language function of transmitting information. Narrative inspires them to develop their social and cultural selves through creative language use in new contexts. Narrative is an effective means to promote English communication skills and to forster creativity.

3D mirror symmetry and the βγ VOA

We study the simplest example of mirror symmetry for 3d [Formula: see text] SUSY gauge theories: the A-twist of a free hypermultiplet and the B-twist of SQED. We particularly focus on the category of line operators in each theory. Using the work of Costello–Gaiotto, we define these categories as appropriate categories of modules for the boundary vertex operator algebras present in each theory. For the A-twist of a free hyper, this will be a certain category of modules for the [Formula: see text] VOA, properly containing the category previously studied by Allen-Wood. Applying the work of Creutzig–Kanade–McRae and Creutzig–McRae–Yang, we show that the category of line operators on the A side possesses the structure of a braided tensor category, extending the result of Allen-Wood. In addition, we prove that there is a braided tensor equivalence between the categories of line operators on the A side and B side, completing a nontrivial check of the 3d mirror symmetry conjecture. We derive explicit fusion rules as a consequence of this equivalence and obtain interesting relations with associated quantum group representations.

Artificial intelligence to boost traceability systems for fraud prevention in the meat industry

Traceability was introduced about twenty years ago to face the worldwide spread of food safety crises. Traceability data flow associated with each lot of food products during any production and/or delivery phases can also be used to guarantee product authenticity. For this purpose, it is necessary to protect the data from cyber intrusions and, at the same time, to guarantee the integrity of the bond between the physical product and the data. Price grading related to quality perceivable or credence attributes attracts criminals to attempt item substitution fraud. Improved track and trace technologies supported by artificial intelligence (AI) could highly enhance systems’ capability to detect authenticity violations by product substitution. This paper proposes an innovative method based on AI, to reinforce traceability systems in detecting possible counterfeiting by product substitution. It is an item-based mass balance method that analyses the congruity of the traceability data flows not by using explicit (even stochastic) rules but by exploiting the learning capabilities of a neural network. The system can then detect suspect information in a traceability data flow, alerting a possible profit-driven crime. The AI-based method was applied to a pork slaughtering and meat cutting chain case study.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM MENGENAI KEBOCORAN DATA PRIBADI TERHADAP AKUN MICROSOFT OFFICE 365 YANG DIBELI MELALUI SHOPEE

In the new era, commonly referred to as big data, online-based storage is increasingly needed to accommodate data and information obtained and sent. The problem is that many users of Microsoft 365 series accounts are purchased illegally from sellers on the Shopee site and do not realize sellers have access to synchronize user data. The data is connected online and automatically, especially in data storage applications from the Microsoft 365 series, namely OneDrive so it can pose a significant threat to personal information leakage. This article aims to dissect and obtain an ideal concept regarding protecting the personal data of Microsoft Office 365 users purchased through the Shopee site. A legal study is a normative study of applicable legal provisions or statutory regulations. The result shows that the explicit rules in the new Personal Data Protection Law related to Cloud Computing Systems, as well as preventive measures to avoid leakage of personal data using self-literacy on the importance of protecting personal data. For example, customers should use a secure site for online transactions, stop buying products or application accounts online illegally, and use security antivirus software.

The acquisition of L2 Hungariangrammar rules and the implicit-explicit debate

Abstract This study contributes to the explicit implicit debate by investigating to which extent adult learners of Hungarian develop knowledge of new grammar rules, and the proficiency to use them, through listening activities complemented with explicit grammar instruction or not. In a quasi-experimental study, we compared the acquisition of three specific rules of Hungarian grammar by 80 Flemish adult students in two conditions. Both methods involved listening activities, but in one condition explicit rule explanation and practice was given and in the other one, meaningful activities were created without grammar explanation. The findings indicate that for teaching simple rules, compared to more complex grammar features, listening activities and exposure to comprehensible input have a significantly positive effect on grammar acquisition at the basic level. The explicit condition did not have an added beneficial effect. Exposure to L2 is the main driver of language development.

The Role of the Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia in E-Commerce Dispute Resolution through Online Arbitration

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the Indonesian National Arbitration Board (BANI) in the process of e-commerce dispute resolution through online arbitration. The research method was carried out using a normative juridical approach and was descriptive analytical, then the data obtained were analyzed in a qualitative juridical manner. The results obtained that the Indonesian National Arbitration Board (BANI) has a very important role in resolving e-commerce disputes through online arbitration, although there are no explicit rules governing this matter, the existence of the BANI institution is one of the alternative choices for parties. - the disputing parties in e-commerce to resolve the dispute. The Indonesian National Arbitration Board (BANI) is one of the alternative dispute resolution institutions outside the court (non-litigation) that has the authority to resolve civil disputes including online/e-commerce business disputes through arbitration methods, both conventional arbitration and online arbitration. The conclusion of this study is that the development of electronic commerce (e-commerce) has inspired electronic dispute resolution as well, which is more effective, namely through on-line arbitration, through the Indonesian National Arbitration Agency (BANI). The impact of this research, among others, provides a profitable choice for the parties to the dispute in e-commerce to resolve their dispute more effectively through arbitration through the Indonesian National Arbitration Board (BANI).