Explicit Intention Research Articles

End-of-life decisions in neonates and infants: a nationwide mortality follow-back survey

ObjectivesNeonatology has undergone important clinical and legal changes; however, the implications for end-of-life decision-making in seriously ill neonates to date are unknown. Our aim was to examine changes in prevalence...

Process and Information Needs When Searching for and Selecting Apps for Smoking Cessation: Qualitative Study Using Contextual Inquiry.

BackgroundHundreds of apps are available to support people in their quest to quit smoking. It has been hypothesized that selecting an app from a sizable volume without any aid can be overwhelming and difficult. However, little is known about how people choose apps for smoking cessation and what exactly people want to know about an app before choosing to install it. Understanding the decision-making process may ultimately be helpful in creating tools to help people meaningfully select apps.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to obtain insights into the process of searching and selecting mobile apps for smoking cessation and map the range of actions and the accompanying reasons during the search, focusing on the information needs and experiences of those who aim to find an app.MethodsContextual inquiries were conducted with 10 Dutch adults wanting to quit smoking by using an app. During the inquiries, we observed people as they chose an app. In addition, 2 weeks later, there was a short semistructured follow-up interview over the phone. Through convenience and purposive sampling, we included participants differing in gender, age, and educational level. We used thematic analysis to analyze the transcribed interviews and leveraged a combination of video and audio recordings to understand what is involved in searching and selecting apps for smoking cessation.ResultsThe process of finding smoking cessation apps is comprehensive: participants explored, evaluated, and searched for information; imagined using functions; compared apps; assessed the trustworthiness of apps and information; and made several decisions while navigating the internet and app stores. During the search, the participants gained knowledge of apps and developed clearer ideas about their wishes and requirements. Confidence and trust in these apps to help quitting remained quite low or even decreased. Although the process was predominantly a positive experience, the whole process took time and energy and caused negative emotions such as frustration and disappointment for some participants. In addition, without the participants realizing it, errors in information processing occurred, which affected the choices they made. All participants chose an app with the explicit intention of using it. After 2 weeks, of the 10 participants, 6 had used the app, of whom only 1 extensively.ConclusionsFinding an app in the current app stores that contains functions and features expected to help in quitting smoking takes considerable time and energy, can be a negative experience, and is prone to errors in information processing that affect decision-making. Therefore, we advise the further development of decision aids, such as advanced filters, recommender systems and curated health app portals, and make a number of concrete recommendations for the design of such systems.

Pursuing sustainability advantage: The dynamic capabilities of born sustainable firms

Abstract‘Born sustainable firms’ (BSFs) — firms founded with an explicit strategic intent to operate in a sustainable manner play an important role in the sustainability transition and represent a significant but underutilized research site. Adopting the dynamic capabilities (DC) perspective, this paper explores BSFs' pursuit of their environmental and social goals. Having first assessed and confirmed its relevance to the BSF context, a high level framework of DC processes is operationalized. Through a dialogic approach, comparing the literature and empirical material from 12 BSFs from a wide range of sectors and locations, an in‐depth picture of 28 processes underlying sensing, seizing and transforming meta‐capabilities emerges. All but one of the detailed processes can be linked to prior research and are specific, though not unique, to BSF. Whilst the operationalized framework of DC processes in the BSF context extends prior research, the established notion of competitive advantage — framing organizational goals and impact in terms of financial outcomes and strategic performance relative to rivals — is problematic in this context. We therefore reconceptualize BSF's organizational goals and impact in terms of ‘sustainability advantage’, that is, maximization of environmental and social performance within the constraint of economic viability. In addition, we identify two key dimensions of advantage: time horizon, which ranges from immediate to longer term impact, and scope, which ranges from organization‐centred to system‐wide impact. The findings have clear implications not only for sustainable entrepreneurship but also for incumbent firms moving towards genuine sustainability.

Seminary Students and Physical Health: Beliefs, Behaviors, and Barriers.

As an occupational group, clergy exhibit numerous physical health problems. Given the physical health problems faced by clergy, understanding where physical health falls within the priorities of seminary students, the ways students conceptualize physical health, and how seminary students do or do not attend to their physical health in the years immediately prior to becoming clergy, can inform intervention development for both seminary students and clergy. Moreover, understanding and shaping the health practices of aspiring clergy may be particularly impactful, with cascading effects, as clergy serve as important role models for their congregants. Drawing on 36 in-depth, qualitative interviews with first-year seminary students, this study examines the complex dynamics between religious frameworks related to physical health, explicit intentions to maintain healthy practices, and reported physical health behaviors. Our findings suggest that even students who deploy religious frameworks in relation to their physical health—and who, as a result, possess positive intentions to implement and maintain healthy behaviors—often report being unable to live up to their aspirations, especially in the face of barriers to health practices posed by the seminary program itself. After reviewing these findings, we offer suggestions for physical health focused interventions, including action and coping planning, which could be implemented at seminaries to reduce the intention–behavior gap and improve clergy health.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10943-021-01480-7.

With an Iron Broom: Cleansing Berlin’s Bülowplatz of ‘Judeo-Bolshevism’, 1933–1936

Abstract Home to the Communist Party of Germany’s headquarters and heart of the remaining Scheunenviertel and its Jewish populations, Berlin’s Bülowplatz was detested as representative of ‘Judeo-Bolshevism’ by local Nazis, and they vowed to ‘cleanse’ the square with an ‘iron broom’. In March 1933, SA-men and police officers occupied and confiscated the KPD headquarters and renamed the square ‘Horst-Wessel-Platz’. Thereafter, city officials selected the Jewish-owned apartment buildings behind the square for the first urban renewal measures under the new regime, with the explicit intent of evicting the Jewish residents from this Nazi memorial square. Via a close reading of minutes from bureaucratic meetings, this article illuminates how bureaucrats began translating Nazi ideology into practice. Although municipal and federal bureaucrats initially lacked the requisite authority and legislation to implement this ideologically driven project, united by broadly held antisemitic prejudices they creatively devised solutions and collaborated to mobilize bureaucratic processes for city planning that was explicitly antisemitic. The ideological transformation of Bülowplatz constituted the earliest case of de-Jewification (Entjudung) in Nazi Germany and set an important precedent for later measures of spatial and ethnic cleansing enacted against Jews in Germany and across Europe.

Toward institutionalization of responsible innovation in the contemporary research university: insights from case studies of Arizona State University

ABSTRACT A comprehensive organizational reconceptualization undertaken by Arizona State University (ASU) during the past two decades has been motivated in part by an explicit intent to institutionalize reflexive understandings of societal responsibility within a major public research university. In the process of operationalizing new models for the American research university, ASU embarked on an academic reorganization that institutionalized the conditions for responsible innovation. Indeed, this institutionalization proceeded contemporaneously with—and in some cases preceded—the systematic articulation of responsible innovation discourses by an international community of scholars. As a transformed and transformational institution, the case of ASU points to the need for research universities to rethink societal responsibility.

Проблемы психосемантики в современной психологии (введение к тематическому выпуску)

The article serves as an introduction to the issues discussed in tthe special issue. The current state of psycho-semantics as an interdisciplinary research approach to the exploration of consciousness and personality which allows to study various forms of the existence of meanings, a picture of the world, subjective meanings, im-plicit and explicit intentions, attitudes, representations is analyzed. The history of its development associated with implementing into scientific practices the semantic differential method constructed in the middle of the last century by the American psychologist C. Osgood and its modifications proposed by Russian researchers are examined. A variety of options for the implementation of research by modern Russian scholars within the framework of the psychosemantic approach are described.

Modeling Instant User Intent and Content-Level Transition for Sequential Fashion Recommendation

Fashion recommendation, aiming to explore specific user preference in fashion, has become an important research topic for its practical significance to the fashion business sector. However, little work has been done on an important sub-task called sequential fashion recommendation, which aims to capture additional short-term fashion interest of users by modeling the item-to-item transitions. In this paper, we propose a novel Attentional Content-level Translation-based Recommender (ACTR) framework, which simultaneously models the instant user intent of each transition and the intent-specific transition probability. Specifically, we define instant intent with the relationships between adjacent items that the users interacted, which are the three fundamental domain-specific relationships of: <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">match</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">substitute</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">others</i> . To further exploit the characteristics of fashion domain and alleviate the item transition sparsity problem, we augment the item-level transition modeling with multiple sub-transitions using various content-level attributes. An attention mechanism is further devised to effectively aggregate multiple content-level transitions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that specifies the implicit user actions in online fashion shopping with explicit instant intent, which enhances the connectivity of fashion items and boosts the recommendation performance. Extensive experiments on two real-world fashion E-commerce datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in sequential fashion recommendation.

Experimental Electromagnetic Characterization of High Temperature Superconductors Coils Located in Proximity to Electromagnetically Active Materials

The electromagnetic properties of high temperature superconductors (HTS) are characterized with the explicit intent to improve their integration in electric power systems. A tape and a coil made of Bismuth Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide (BSCCO) are considered in the presence of electromagnetically active materials in order to mimic properly the electromagnetic environment typical of electrical machines. The characterization consists of the determining the critical current and the AC losses at different values of the frequency and the transport current. The effects induced by the proximity of the active materials are studied and some related experimental issues are analyzedc.

An investigation of high-performance team sport coaches’ planning practices

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to provide a rich description of team sport coaches’ planning practices and to evaluate these practices in light of the Game-Based Approach literature and Complex Learning Theory. Twelve Gaelic football coaches operating in a high-performance setting were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Coaches prepared two coaching session plans used as prompts within the interview. An iterative thematic analysis developed three major themes: (1) practice activity design, (2) sequencing of practice session content, and (3) contextual factors influencing planning. Despite strong indications of coach engagement with pedagogy in aspects of their session planning, the findings also revealed missed opportunities, with coaches failing to provide explicit learning intentions for session plans, inattention to session sequencing, and limited small-sided game designs. Given these missed opportunities, this paper illustrates how coaches can engage with research and theory to elevate the quality of their planning of coaching sessions.

Reporting of Palliative Sedation and Use of Opioids at the End of Life in a Belgian University Hospital: A Pilot Study.

Background: Palliative sedation requires no formal registration in Belgium. For euthanasia, however, there are clear guidelines in certain countries, including mandatory registration and evaluation of cases. Official guidelines have been developed for palliative sedation, but research still shows unskilled use of sedation and unclear demarcation between palliative sedation and euthanasia. Registration could be used to avoid unskilled use of sedation and to avoid use or abuse of sedation to hasten the patient's death (described as "slow/passive euthanasia"). Objective: To evaluate the current practice of palliative sedation and use of opioids and sedatives at the end of life by using a registration document. Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting/Subjects: We included all in-hospital deaths at an academic hospital in Belgium of patients (age ≥18 years) who had received parenteral opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or other anesthetics during the last 24 hours. Measurements: We investigated indications for palliative sedation, patients' and physicians' characteristics, types of medication used, and the decision-making process with the patients and family. The questionnaires were collected between July 9 and November 25, 2016. The study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of UZ Brussel (B.U.N. 1432016293). Results: In a population of 124 patients, refractory symptoms were reported in 94.4%. All patients received parenteral opioids (intravenously). Benzodiazepines were used in 51.6%. In 75.8%, physicians reported no change in treatment plan during end of life. Hastening death by increasing analgesics and/or sedatives was mentioned in 19.3%. The treatment plan was discussed with patients in 26.6% of cases. In 6 cases, an explicit intention to hasten death was mentioned; in 36 cases, doses of opioids/sedatives may not have been strictly proportional to symptoms. Conclusion: This Belgian study shows that objective reporting of palliative sedation can be used as a tool to ensure good clinical practice where patients receive the most appropriate end-of-life care, avoiding abusive and injudicious or unskilled use of sedation.

Similarity learning with implicit-network and explicit-network for zero-shot intent detection

Intent detection is an important component in dialog systems. Existing studies mainly focus on intent detection with sufficient labeled data. However, these methods are unable to detect intents that do not exist in training data. To tackle this problem, we propose an implicit-network and explicit-network model for zero-shot intent detection, which is capable of learning similarities between utterances and intent description from word level and sentence level. To enhance the representation of the intent, we introduce slot types as the intent description. We divide intent into explicit intent and implicit intent according to different expression ways, and construct explicit-network and implicit-network from word level and sentence level respectively. Meanwhile, in order to better combine these two parts of information, we also design a relation layer to fuse different levels of information. Experiments on two benchmark datasets show that our model significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art models and demonstrate the effectiveness of learning similarity from word level and sentence level simultaneously.

The Revista Ştiinţifică "Vasile Adamachi" and its role in forming national and international scientific awareness of Greater Romania, 1910-1933.

The Revista Ştiinţifică "Vasile Adamachi" (1910-1948) had aimed since its first edition to disseminate the newest achievements of science to the interested general public with the explicit intention of building national consciousness and solidarity that would forward Romania's natural powers through science. Even though the editors of the journal had complained constantly that their efforts to promote the national scientific movement were making slow progress, they maintained their openness toward the international state of research by publishing notes and reviews of the main scientific developments worldwide. Caught between those two ideals (that of a Romanian science and of keeping up with the international scientific scene), the journal reflects the struggles, the difficulties, but also the successes of the individual researchers, acting as a two-way communication channel between science producers and consumers. It provides us with a valuable insight into the Self versus Other perception in a time when contact between the Romanian and Western European cultures was beginning to consciously evolve from mere imitation of a dominant power to the incorporation of fragmented foreign categories. It is a perfect example of 'patchwork', in which the native and foreign elements coexisted in a continuous process of redefining and reshaping the newly formed national identity.

Youth Inclusion in Forest Policy Dialogue: Contemplating Human–Forest Relationships through Arts-Based Methods

Awareness of human–forest relationships offers a basis for meaningful forest policy participation. However, weakening connections to forests, particularly among young people, hamper youth inclusion in policy arenas. We consider the use of arts-based methods as knowledge practices that nurture human–forest relationships and may promote inclusive policies. Arts-based methods, such as photography, music, or drama, offer insights and elicit opinions. Within the forest domain, exploiting such methods requires better understanding of how participants perceive them. Here we present two cases where young people (17–30 years) unfold their forest relationships. Following prompted retrospective reflections, we qualitatively analyse participant perceptions of the interventions. Case one is an innovation workshop blending art and science, where young research participants joined artists and environmental and forest scientists. Case two is a writing exercise for young research participants, where a hip-hop/rap video about laser scanning and the role of forests in climate change was used to catalyse participants’ reflections. Analysis applied the tripartite model of attitude comprising cognitive, affective, and behavioural dimensions. The workshop results emphasise benefits of networking and fruitful reflections, coupled with unequal participation concerns. The video experience yielded a range of thoughts and emotions, including excitement and invitingness, but also irritation, doubts over its influence, and no explicit behavioural intentions. The findings suggest that realising the opportunities of arts-based knowledge practices requires time and space for ensuring that young people’s voices are heard. More inclusive participation of youth in formal and informal forest policy dialogue calls for careful facilitation and means to secure continuation.

Medical decisions concerning the end of life for cancer patients in three Colombian hospitals \u2013 a survey study

BackgroundCancer patients’ end-of-life care may involve complex decision-making processes. Colombia has legislation regarding provision of and access to palliative care and is the only Latin American country with regulation regarding euthanasia. We describe medical end-of-life decision-making practices among cancer patients in three Colombian hospitals.MethodsCancer patients who were at the end-of-life and attended in participating hospitals were identified. When these patients deceased, their attending physician was invited to participate. Attending physicians of 261 cancer patients (out of 348 identified) accepted the invitation and answered a questionnaire regarding end-of-life decisions: a.) decisions regarding the withdrawal or withholding of potentially life-prolonging medical treatments, b.) intensifying measures to alleviate pain or other symptoms with hastening of death as a potential side effect, and c.) the administration, supply or prescription of drugs with an explicit intention to hasten death. For each question addressing the first two decision types, we asked if the decision was fully or partially made with the intention or consideration that it may hasten the patient’s death.ResultsDecisions to withdraw potentially life-prolonging treatment were made for 112 (43%) patients, 16 of them (14%) with an intention to hasten death. For 198 patients (76%) there had been some decision to not initiate potentially life-prolonging treatment. Twenty-three percent of patients received palliative sedation, 97% of all patients received opioids.Six patients (2%) explicitly requested to actively hasten their death, for two of them their wish was fulfilled. In another six patients, medications were used with the explicit intention to hasten death without their explicit request. In 44% (n = 114) of all cases, physicians did not know if their patient had any advance care directives, 26% (n = 38) of physicians had spoken to the patient regarding the possibility of certain treatment decisions to hasten death where this applied.ConclusionsDecisions concerning the end of life were common for patients with cancer in three Colombian hospitals, including euthanasia and palliative sedation. Physicians and patients often fail to communicate about advance care directives and potentially life-shortening effects of treatment decisions. Specific end-of-life procedures, patients’ wishes, and availability of palliative care should be further investigated.

‘A Slow Build-Up of a History of Kindness’: Exploring the Potential of Community-Led Housing in Alleviating Loneliness

This article explores the potential of community-led housing (CLH) in combatting loneliness, and represents a mixed-methods research project carried out from just before the beginning of the pandemic, through 2020. Methods comprised a nationwide quantitative online survey of members of CLH groups (N = 221 respondents from England and Wales), followed by five case studies of communities representing a range of different CLH models. This qualitative element comprised participant observation, and semi-structured interviews at each group. The article also considers data from a smaller research project carried out by the same team in July 2020, that aimed to capture the experience of the pandemic for CLH groups, and comprising an online questionnaire followed by 18 semi-structured interviews. We conclude that members of CLH projects are measurably less lonely than those with comparable levels of social connection in wider society, and that such benefits are achieved through combinations of multiple different elements that include physical design, social design and through social processes. Notably, not all aspects of communities that contribute positively are a result of explicit intentionality, albeit the concept is considered key to at least one of the models.

What we say = what we think? How implicit beliefs shape nascent entrepreneurial behavior

ABSTRACT Human decision-making is characterized by explicit (that is, controlled, self-reflective) beliefs as well as by implicit (that is, automatic, spontaneous) beliefs. Entrepreneurship research largely relies on explicit beliefs to explain entrepreneurial behavior, as it is harder to capture implicit beliefs with standard survey methods. This paper argues that integrating implicit beliefs—in combination with explicit beliefs—provides a more comprehensive picture of what individuals think about entrepreneurship and how they act as a result. A reaction-time tool, the Implicit Association Test, is used to measure two types of implicit beliefs (attitudes and self-concept), which play different roles for entrepreneurial behavior. Three studies provide evidence that implicit beliefs (a) affect explicit entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions, and (b) moderate whether these explicit beliefs translate into nascent entrepreneurial behavior. The implications for research and practice are discussed.

Explicit and Intrinsic Intention to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination among Heterosexuals and Sexual Minorities in Taiwan.

The present study compared the levels of explicit and intrinsic intention to receive COVID-19 vaccination among sexual minority and heterosexual individuals and examined the association of explicit and intrinsic intentions with sexual orientation. We enrolled 171 sexual minority and 876 heterosexual individuals through a Facebook advertisement. The participants’ explicit and intrinsic intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccination and their risk perception of COVID-19 were measured. We discovered that sexual minority individuals had higher levels of explicit and intrinsic intention to receive vaccination relative to heterosexual individuals. Intrinsic intention was positively associated with explicit intention after the effects of demographic characteristics and risk perception of COVID-19 were controlled for. Sexual orientation did not moderate the association between explicit and intrinsic intentions. The present study determined the relationship between sexual orientation and intention to receive COVID-19 vaccination.

Emerging Sounds Through Implicit Cooperation: A Novel Model for Dynamic Music Generation

Normally agents cooperate when they have a joint goal or are able to get a higher payoff by doing so. We present a new perspective, where an agent cooperates with another without an explicit intention. We study this perspective in the context of Art Games, by introducing a novel algorithm where a human agent cooperates with a video game system in generating music in an emergent fashion, without needing awareness that he/she is doing so. We present a theoretical analysis of our system, and preliminary experiments with human subjects.

Preschoolers are capable of fine-grained implicit cognitive control: Evidence from development of the context-specific proportion congruency effect

Whereas much of the developmental literature has focused on the difficulties of young children in regulating their behavior, an increasing base of evidence suggests that children may be capable of surprisingly flexible engagement of cognitive control when based on implicit experience with the situation. One of the most fine-grained examples of implicit cognitive control in adults is the context-specific proportion congruency (CSPC) effect—the finding that interference in a conflict task is reduced for stimuli that are presented in a context (e.g., a spatial location) where stimuli are generally incongruent. Can such a subtle modulation of control be observed in children? In Experiment 1 (N = 180), we showed that this effect exists in preschoolers for two different types of context manipulation and that its magnitude is at least as large as in older children. In Experiment 2 (N = 40), we confirmed that the effect transfers to unbiased stimuli, indicating that it is not attributable to contingency learning of stimulus–response associations and can be taken to actually reflect cognitive control. These results support the possibility that implicit cognitive control (implemented without explicit intentions and without requiring subject awareness) can be functionally distinct from explicit control and that even very young children can implement fine-grained cognitive control when it is based on implicit cues.