Explanatory Commentary Research Articles

LINGUODIDACTIC FEATURES OF TEACHING ADJECTIVES IN THE COURSE OF UKRAINIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The article delineates the nuances surrounding the meaning, morphological features, syntactic functions, and stylistic attributes of Ukrainian adjectives as a focal point for foreign learners, accompanied by a proposed set of exercises tailored to foster practical proficiency and fluency in their application within speech. It underscores the close association between adjectives and nouns, wherein their interdependency epitomizes the essence of their lexical meaning and grammatical categories. The semantics of adjectives is linked with word-formation structures, encompassing both derivative and non-derivative forms, as well as processes of substantiation. In teaching Ukrainian to non-native speakers, particular emphasis is placed on elucidating the autonomous nature of morphological categories – gender, number, and case – when adjectives assume the role of a noun or predicate. A comprehensive array of morphological variations within adjectives is delineated: 1) forms of word change by gender, number, case; 2) forms of adjectival comparison; 3) short and full (conjugated and unconjugated) forms of adjectives; 4) forms of adjectives by the final consonant of the stem (hard, soft, mixed group). Consideration is given to the formation and utilization of grammatical forms in tandem with the lexical and stylistic nuances inherent to adjectives. Moreover, the article underscores the distinctive approach employed in textbooks targeting Ukrainian as a foreign language when addressing the topic of adjectives. Authors extensively employ tables, instructional rules, generalizations, and grammatical exercises with a communicative emphasis, supplemented by explanatory commentary. It is essential to exercise creativity in leveraging the grammatical content within textbooks, critically evaluating presentation modalities and sequential learning patterns, and devising a comprehensive range of exercises and tasks aimed at cultivating practical aptitude and proficiency in adjective usage within speech. The efficacy of addressing these objectives hinges upon the methodological proficiency of Ukrainian language educators catering to foreign learners. Key words: Ukrainian as a foreign language, adjective, practical grammar, morphological features, syntactic functions, methodological competence.

Explanative Indicators of the Meanings of Russian Unknown Words in the Original Literary Text and in Its English Translation

Under the explanatory indicators of the meanings of unknown words, we mean such a way of revealing the meanings of words that are incomprehensible or obscure to readers, when the author accompanies these words with an explanatory comment. The purpose of this work is to analyze various ways of using explanatory indicators in the translation of F. Abramov’s novel “Two Winters and Three Summers” into English. In the course of the work, the following was established. Firstly, explanatory indicators are the most effective indicators of the meanings of unknown words, however, as a rule, they are used only in such literary texts that do not create the illusion of reflecting the events described by any of the characters and are clearly addressed to uninformed readers. Secondly, an effective way to translate Russian unknown words into English is practical transcription, it can preserve the phonetic features of the Russian language. Practical transcription is not used independently; explanatory indicators of meanings are often accompanied in translations by practical transcription. Thirdly, explanatory indicators can be used in the translated text in one of three ways: (1) replacing the Russian unknown words with a description of the meaning of the word in the translation (i.e., semantic translation); (2) replacement of the Russian unknown words in the translation with an approximate English equivalent, after which the meaning of the word is specified by means of a semantic translation; (3) replacement of the Russian unknown words with a practical transcription in the translation, followed by an explanatory commentary on the word.

Letters to a Pine

Three letters to a small pine tree written as part of an online performance in October 2020 are compiled and edited into a video essay, with reflective and explanatory commentaries inserted after each letter. The video essay serves as an example of how PAR (performance as research) methodologies can “challenge the epistemological assumptions concerning the concept of research” and how they can “reinvigorate academic conventions” of presenting research results in conferences and publications. The most relevant question is whether performance practices, such as writing letters to trees next to the trees, can serve as an aid for an academic as well as an art audience to focus their attention on trees and other beings with whom we share this world.

Dataset for the Reporting of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia: Recommendations From the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

Comprehensive pathology reporting of cancers is important for patient management, tumor staging, and prognostication. Standardized cancer datasets are essential in guiding pathology reporting in a consistent and concise manner and this facilitates effective global cancer information exchange and comparison. The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) is an alliance of several national and international pathology societies in many countries as well as bodies which are involved in tumor classification and staging. One function of the ICCR is to develop evidence-based, standardized reporting datasets for each cancer site. Herein, we report the development of an evidence-based cancer dataset by an ICCR panel of international experts for the reporting of primary uterine gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. We present the core elements that should be included and noncore elements that are recommended for inclusion in pathology reports. Lists of the response values are provided for each element, along with explanatory commentaries. The dataset also discusses controversial issues in the reporting of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Such evidence-based and structured pathology datasets developed through an international effort will facilitate consistent and accurate exchange and comparison of epidemiological and pathologic parameters among different populations and countries. This will ultimately improve gestational trophoblastic neoplasia patient care and facilitate future research.

An Illustrated History of the Maṇḍala: From Its Genesis to the Kālacakratantra

An Illustrated History of the Maṇḍala: From Its Genesis to the Kālacakratantra

Data Set for the Reporting of Carcinomas of the Vagina: Recommendations From the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

Primary carcinomas of the vagina are uncommon and currently detailed recommendations for the reporting of resection specimens of these neoplasms are not widely available. The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) is developing standardized, evidence-based reporting data sets for multiple cancer sites. We describe the development of a cancer data set by the ICCR expert panel for the reporting of primary vaginal carcinomas and present the core and noncore data elements with explanatory commentaries. This data set has incorporated the updates in the 2020 World Health Organization Classification of Female Genital Tumours, 5th edition. The data set addresses controversial issues such as tumor grading, margin assessment, and the role of ancillary studies. The adoption of this data set into clinical practice will help ensure standardized data collection across different countries, facilitate future research on vaginal carcinomas, and ultimately lead to improvements in patient care.

On Al-Bī rū nī ’s Translation Strategy: on the Arabic Translation of the Sanskrit Text of the Yoga-Sū tras by Patañjali

The Khorezm encyclopedist Abū Reyhān Muhammad bin Ahmad al- Bīrūnī (973–1048) is one of the most famous thinkers and scholars in the Muslim world. But only few people still know on his Arabic translation from Sanskrit of the second part of which is published below — “Kitāb Bātanjali al- Hindī” (“The Book of the Hindu Patanjali”). Before us is an Arabic exposition or transcription of “Yoga- Sūtras” of Patañjali, along with an explanatory commentary. The text is dated to the first quarter of the XI century, starting, obviously, from the chronology of the Indian campaign of Mahmud of Ghazni, with whose army the author came to India. The Arabic text of Bīrūnī is so reader- oriented that it is practically devoid of any “Indian” or scientific specifics, which, by the way, is often an insurmountable obstacle in translations to the perception of the source text and its spiritual impact on the reader. In the few studies of this text, one can find the statement that “Kitāb Bātanjali” by al- Bīrūnī is an Arabic translation of the Sanskrit text of Patañjali, which is absolutely not true. The only thing that can be noted is the formal structural correspondence of al- Bīrūnī’s paraphrase to Patañjali text: the text contains a division into four parts, but at the same time includes an extensive prologue, which is not in original Patañjali’s text. Al- Bīrūnī uses adialogical format, while Patañjali text is aset of sūtras, aphoristic sayings that are convenient for memorizing by heart, but require a detailed commentary for their understanding.

Dataset for reporting of carcinoma of the urethra (in urethrectomy specimens): recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) is a not-for-profit organisation sponsored by the Royal Colleges of Pathologists of Australasia and the United Kingdom, the College of American Pathologists, the Canadian Association of Pathologists in association with the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, the European Society of Pathology, the American Society of Clinical Pathology and the Faculty of Pathology, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. Its goal is to produce standardised, internationally agreed-upon, evidence-based datasets for cancer pathology reporting throughout the world. This paper describes the development of a cancer dataset by the multidisciplinary ICCR expert panel for the reporting of carcinoma of the urethra in urethrectomy specimens. The dataset is composed of 'required' (mandatory) and 'recommended' (non-mandatory) elements, which are based on a review of the most recent evidence and supported by explanatory commentary. Fourteen required elements and eight recommended elements were agreed by the international dataset authoring committee to represent the essential/required (core) and recommended (non-core) information for the reporting of carcinoma of the urethra in urethrectomy specimens. Use of an internationally agreed, structured pathology dataset for reporting carcinoma of the urethra (in urethrectomy specimens) will provide the necessary information for optimal patient management, will facilitate consistent data collection and will provide valuable data for research and international benchmarking. The dataset will be valuable for those countries and institutions that are not in a position to develop their own datasets.

Data set for the reporting of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

Optimal patient management benefits from comprehensive and accurate pathology reports that contribute to cancer staging and prognostication. Proforma reports are used in many countries, but these vary in their structure and implementation. The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) is an alliance formed by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, the Royal College of Pathologists of the United Kingdom, the College of American Pathologists, the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer the European Society of Pathology and the American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP), with the aim of developing an evidence-based reporting data set for each cancer site. It is argued that this should reduce the global burden of cancer data set development and reduplication of effort by different international institutions that commission, publish and maintain standardised cancer reporting data sets. The resultant standardisation of cancer reporting will benefit not only those countries directly involved in the collaboration but also others not in a position to develop their own data sets. We describe the development of a cancer data set by the ICCR expert panel for the reporting of the main malignant liver tumours: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma and present the 'required' and 'recommended' elements to be included in the report with an explanatory commentary. This data set incorporates definitions and classifications in the most recent World Health Organisation (WHO) publication on hepatic malignancies (4th edition) and the recently published tumour-node-metastasis (TNM)8 staging system. Widespread adoption and implementation of this data set will enable consistent and accurate data collection, comparison of epidemiological and pathological parameters between different populations, facilitate research and ultimately result in better patient outcomes.

Data Set for the Reporting of Carcinomas of the Cervix: Recommendations From the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

A comprehensive pathologic report is essential for optimal patient management, cancer staging and prognostication. In many countries, proforma reports are used but the content of these is variable. The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting is an alliance formed by the Royal Colleges of Pathologists of Australasia and the United Kingdom, the College of American Pathologists, the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer and the European Society of Pathology, for the purpose of developing standardized, evidence-based reporting data sets for each cancer site. This will reduce the global burden of cancer data set development and reduplication of effort by different international institutions that commission, publish and maintain standardized cancer-reporting data sets. The resultant standardization of cancer-reporting benefits not only those countries directly involved in the collaboration but also others not in a position to develop their own data sets. We describe the development of an evidence-based cancer data set by the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting expert panel for the reporting of primary cervical carcinomas and present the "required" and "recommended" elements to be included in the pathology report as well as an explanatory commentary. This data set encompasses the International Federation of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Union for International Cancer Control staging systems for cervical neoplasms and the updated World Health Organization classification of gynecologic tumors. The data set also addresses controversial issues such as tumor grading and measurement, including measurement of multifocal carcinomas. The widespread implementation of this data set will facilitate consistent and accurate data collection, comparison of epidemiological and pathologic parameters between different populations, facilitate research, and hopefully result in improved patient management.

Marginalia in Russell's Copy of Gerhardt's Edition of Leibniz's <em>Philosophische Schriften</em>

Russell’s most important source for his book on Leibniz was C. I. Gerhardt’s seven-volume Die philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Russell heavily annotated his copy of this important edition of Leibniz’s works. The present paper records all Russell’s marginalia, with the exception of passages marked merely by vertical lines in the margin, and provides explanatory commentary.

Marginalia in Russell’s Copy of Gerhardt’s Edition of Leibniz’s Philosophischen Schriften

Russell’s most important source for his book on Leibniz was C. I. Gerhardt’s seven-volume Die philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Russell heavily annotated his copy of this important edition of Leibniz’s works. The present paper records all Russell’s marginalia, with the exception of passages marked merely by vertical lines in the margin, and provides explanatory commentary.

Professorial reflection: Creative experiments with the capture (and release) of performance through research and scholarship

Abstract Researchers of any form of embodied, creative performance including dance, movement, theatre, music or even the healing arts face the challenge of bridging the inherent gap between the performances themselves and the commentary (theories and analyses) we generate about them. This article is a conversation between the authors, discussing the ways they have grappled with the relationship between description and performance across their research, scholarship and practice in both the healing and performing arts. The discussion includes an introduction to a qualitative research method called Recursive Frame Analysis (RFA), originally developed by Bradford Keeney as a way of mapping the movement of change-oriented conversation. In addition to the application of RFA to research in dance, the authors discuss their experiences conducting ethnographic research on the Kalahari Ju/’hoan Bushman (San) healing dance. The Bushmen have their own unique way of handling the relationship between embodied experience and explanatory commentary, which is presented herein through their story of First and Second Creation. The latter offers an ancient and astute contextual framework for holding the relationship between language and non-language mediated experience that dancers and scholars of dance may find intriguing. This conversation as a whole is intended to open up further thinking and dialogue about the relationship between performance and scholarship, as well as inspire dancers and performers of all kinds to develop creative approaches to scholarly enquiry that affirm rather than detract from the complexity and richness of performance itself.

Los medios de comunicación y la pedagogía sobre el significado de la violencia machista

Los tres principales diarios españoles no incluyen en sus noticias prácticamente ningúnn comentario explicativo que vincule la violencia machista con la discriminación que sufren las mujeres. Este aspecto resulta relevante porque se considera que no es suficiente con el seguimiento de las principales recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento mediático de la violencia, y que las declaraciones procedentes de fuentes expertas o las reflexiones de los periodistas deben poseer un carácter pedagógico. Con este fin, se ha construido un indicador para medir la labor de difusión del verdadero significado de la violencia de género.

Dataset for Reporting of Malignant Mesothelioma of the Pleura or Peritoneum: Recommendations From the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

-The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting is a not-for-profit organization formed by the Royal Colleges of Pathologists of Australasia and the United Kingdom; the College of American Pathologists; the Canadian Association of Pathologists-Association Canadienne des Pathologists, in association with the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer; and the European Society of Pathology. Its goal is to produce common, internationally agreed upon, evidence-based datasets for use throughout the world. -To describe a dataset developed by the Expert Panel of the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting for reporting malignant mesothelioma of both the pleura and peritoneum. The dataset is composed of "required" (mandatory) and "recommended" (nonmandatory) elements. -Based on a review of the most recent evidence and supported by explanatory commentary. -Eight required elements and 7 recommended elements were agreed upon by the Expert Panel to represent the essential information for reporting malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum. -In time, the widespread use of an internationally agreed upon, structured, pathology dataset for mesothelioma will lead not only to improved patient management but also provide valuable data for research and international benchmarks.

Data set for reporting of ovary, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal carcinoma: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR)

A comprehensive pathological report is essential for optimal patient management, cancer staging and prognostication. In many countries, proforma reports are used but these vary in their content. The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) is an alliance formed by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, the Royal College of Pathologists of the United Kingdom, the College of American Pathologists, the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer and the European Society of Pathology, with the aim of developing an evidence-based reporting data set for each cancer site. This will reduce the global burden of cancer data set development and reduplication of effort by different international institutions that commission, publish and maintain standardised cancer reporting data sets. The resultant standardisation of cancer reporting will benefit not only those countries directly involved in the collaboration but also others not in a position to develop their own data sets. We describe the development of a cancer data set by the ICCR expert panel for the reporting of primary ovarian, fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma and present the ‘required’ and ‘recommended’ elements to be included in the report with an explanatory commentary. This data set encompasses the recent International Federation of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists staging system for these neoplasms and the updated World Health Organisation Classification of Tumours of the Female Reproductive Organs. The data set also addresses issues about site assignment of the primary tumour in high-grade serous carcinomas and proposes a scoring system for the assessment of tumour response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The widespread implementation of this data set will facilitate consistent and accurate data collection, comparison of epidemiological and pathological parameters between different populations, facilitate research and hopefully will result in improved patient management.

The Journey to the West ed. by Anthony C. Yu (review)

(or rereading) of Topley’s lucid and brilliantly descriptive essays is recommended for anyone who has a serious interest in the practice of Chinese religion. JAMES L. WATSON Harvard University ANTHONY C. YU, trans. and ed., The Journey to the West. Revised edition. 4 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. xx, 552 pp., ISBN 978-0-22697132 -2 (vol. 1); xvi, 410 pp., ISBN 978-0-226-97134-6 (vol. 2); xvi, 422 pp., ISBN 978-0-226-97137-7 (vol. 3); xvi, 428 pp., ISBN 978-0-226-97139-1 (vol. 4). US$27.00 per vol. (pb). Among the earliest long prose narrative texts in Chinese that are considered to be novels are a series having to do with gods and monsters that appeared late in the Ming period. Probably the first, and certainly the most challenging, is Xiyou ji 西遊 記, generally known in English as Journey to the West. Many of these novels seem to be less than serious despite the unquestioned religious status of their central characters, among them Guanyin 觀音 (the Buddhist bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokite svara), Mazu 媽祖 (Tianhou 天后 or Empress of Heaven, patron goddess of fishermen and seafarers), and the Daoist Eight Immortals 八仙; they are more often adventure tales than morality texts. By contrast, in addition to humor and adventure, generations of commentators have consistently found profound religious teachings in Journey to the West, and yet over the last century the novel has often been considered a ‘‘folk novel’’ and a humorous tale meant for the amusement of children. Only in recent decades have the novel’s ubiquitous references to Buddhist and Daoist concepts again been taken seriously, but few modern readers are sufficiently scholarly in the lore of both religions to plumb their significance. Anthony C. Yu 余國藩 is a rare exception. Yu published his first complete translation of the text between 1977 and 1983. At the time it was remarkable for its innumerable scholarly notes: they explained historical, religious, philosophical, and literary references, discussed matters of characterization and structure, and drew attention to stylistic matters. No Chinese text available then had anything like that degree of explanatory commentary, making his Journey to the West an essential aid for understanding Xiyou ji even if one could easily read the original. Professor Yu’s translation was a work of tremendous ability and enthusiasm, but in small ways it also appeared to be the product of haste, a rush to finish an enormous undertaking—for the translator but even more for the Press. The fourvolume set was widely recognized as a tremendous accomplishment, meriting a slightly revised printing that corrected some of the typographical errors that bedeviled the first. Now Professor Yu, recently retired from the University of Chicago, has spent years revising every page. Significantly, the old standard WadeGiles Romanization scheme has been converted to the far more widely read Hanyu pinyin in order to facilitate its use in the classroom. What was originally an erudite introduction has been further expanded to incorporate thirty years of active scholarship on the novel in Chinese, Japanese, English, French, and German. But the real contribution here is the incomparable effect of three decades of Professor Yu’s own reading and reflection on the text, its contexts, and its meanings. The result is 134 BOOK REVIEWS both an academic tour-de-force and a literary milestone: now readers of all levels of preparation can appreciate the complexity of the original in a style of English that is both complex and colloquial, engaging, and thus far more directly comparable to the rich and varied language of the original than was Yu’s earlier Journey to the West. Surely this revised edition is the crowning glory of a highly productive scholarly career, an event to be celebrated and a text worthy of very wide reading. Professor Yu’s Introduction takes up 96 pages of volume 1. It begins with a biographical sketch of the historical monk whose name is given to a protagonist here, Xuanzang 玄奘 (596?–664): in 627 he secretly left Tang 唐 on his own, an act of treason, to travel widely through Central Asia and far into the Indian subcontinent on a personal quest to learn whether Buddha nature was...

The Legal Efficacy of <i>taqiyya</i> Acts in Imāmī Jurisprudence: ‛Alī al-Karakī ’s <i>al-Risāla fi l-taqiyya</i>

The Imāmī Shī‛a are particularly associated with the doctrine of dissimulation ( taqiyya ). Generally speaking, Imāmi jurists allowed believers to act in contravention to the (true) Sharī‛a in circumstances of taqiyya . For these permitted transgressions there was no punishment, sinfulness or required repetition or compensation, provided the legal actors stayed within some stipulated boundaries. In the tenth/sixteenth century, the famous Arab jurist ‛Alī al-Karakī introduced an innovation in the Shī‛ī legal rules of taqiyya , devising a large category of taqiyya generated acts for which there may be no sin, but there was still a legal transgression, and hence the possible requirement to repeat or compensate for the acts’ commission. In this article I translate and provide an explanatory commentary on his “Treatise on Dissimulation”, and analyse some of the reactions to it in later Shī‛ī jurisprudence.

Woody Allen's Manhattan. Poetics of the Introduction

Marek Hendrykowski’s innovative study on the four-minute opening sequence to Manhattan analyses one of the most beautiful introductions in the history of world cinema. Its subtle simultaneous construction based on European and American traditions and key canonical texts of 20th-century art: Walther Ruttmann’s Berlin: Symphony of the City, John Dos Passos’s Manhattan Transfer and George Gershwin’s Blue Rapsody. A semiotic apparatus has been included, along with deep explanatory commentaries and close-readings that identify step-by-step the details of its content, contradictory fiction-nonfiction relationships, and the roles of visual image, word and music, narrative, personal point of view, and stream of consciousness technique in the film. The suggestive film overture to Manhattan composed by Woody Allen represents continuities as well as disruptions, sustained between avant-garde artistic tradition and film art of the 1970s.

Briefing: Reliability and optimised maintenance for sea defences

This briefing article aims to provide a broader, explanatory commentary for non-specialists on the paper that follows in this issue on optimum repair intervals for sea defences.