Language Experts Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MATHEMATICS IN THE QUR'AN FOR ISLAMIC JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

One of the core competencies expected from students at the Islamic Junior High School level is a spiritual attitude displayed in every subject, including mathematics. Spiritual competence in learning mathematics can be achieved by integrating mathematics with religion, so integrative teaching material references are needed. This research aims to develop an encyclopedia of mathematics in the Qur’an as a valid and practical reference for integrative teaching materials. The method used is research and development with a 4D model (define, design, develop, disseminate). The quality of the product being developed is measured from validity and practicality. The validity aspect is assessed by expert validators, including material, religious, media, and language experts. Meanwhile, the practical aspect is assessed by practitioners. The data collected includes the results of validity and practicality questionnaires and qualitative data in the form of suggestions from validators. The research instruments used were questionnaires of feasibility, practicality, and recommendations or input sheets. This study shows that the average questionnaire score from all experts shows valid criteria with a score of 84.10%. The average questionnaire score from teacher practitioners showed high criteria with a score of 84.37% and student responses showed very high criteria with a score of 85.41%. Based on these results, the developed encyclopedia of mathematics in the Qur’an is valid and practical.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX PROBLEM SOLVING TESTS IN NEWTON’S DYNAMIC FOR HIGH SCHOOL

Complex problem solving (CPS) is important for students, but educators rarely provide tests that hone CPS, because the available tests are not up to standard. The aim of the study was to develop a physics test instrument based on CPS for high school that met the qualifications in the aspects of validity, reliability, discriminatory power and level of difficulty. The type of research used is the Borg & Gall research and development (R&D) model with 9 stages, namely: (1) preliminary study of problem-solving test instruments, (2) planning of instrument development and testing, (3) development of problem-solving-based test instruments, (4) initial field test by 5 material, construction and language expert validators, (5) main product revision, (6) main field test on 20 test takers, (7) operational product revision, (8) operational field test on 100 participants tests, and (9) final product revisions. This research uses a mixed method approach with qualitative and quantitative analysis. The developed test instrument consists of 15 essay test items. The results of the initial field test obtained 30 valid test items with minor revisions on the material, construction and language aspects. The results of the main field test obtained 14 test items valid and very reliable. The operational field test results obtained 14 valid and very reliable test items so that the CPS test is suitable for use and can be useful in helping educators to hone students' CPS ability.

Development of Hybrid Audiovisual E-book with Local Wisdom-Based Real-World Problems in Ngada’s Wela Maka

The imperative drives this research for educators to access high-quality online learning materials that facilitate practical, enjoyable, and contextually relevant Physics instruction. The primary objectives of this study are twofold: firstly, to develop a product in the form of an audiovisual e-book employing a hybrid model and integrating real-world problems for Physics instruction, drawing inspiration from the local wisdom Wela Maka of the Ngada community. Secondly, the research aims to assess the product's viability through validation by subject matter experts, media experts, instructional design experts, and language experts. Additionally, the study involves product testing with prospective users. The research adopts a Research & Development approach, utilizing the ADDIE model developed by Dick & Carey. The research cohort comprises five teachers and 34 high school students from Citra Bakti. Data collection methods encompass validation sheets and questionnaires, employing instruments such as validation assessment sheets and user response questionnaires. Data analysis involves both descriptive and inferential statistics. The research findings indicate that the average validation scores provided by subject matter experts, media experts, instructional design experts, and language experts are 4.60, 4.50, 4.35, and 4.48, respectively—all falling within the 'very good' category. Furthermore, the average product testing scores for both teachers and students are 4.49 and 4.54, respectively, also categorized as 'very good.' Based on this comprehensive data, it can be concluded that the audiovisual e-book hybrid model product is deemed suitable for integration into online learning platforms.

Development of an Integrated Thematic Learning Module Based on Problem Based Learning to Improve Primary School Students' Critical Thinking Abilities

This research is motivated by the fact that there are still many teachers who teach their students only through thematic textbooks. This research aims to develop an Integrated Thematic learning Module Based on Problem-Based Learning that is valid, practical, and effective in improving the Critical Thinking Ability of Class V Students in Elementary school. The type of research used is Research and Development with the ADDIE development model. Based on the results of the development research carried out, the results obtained were that the validity of the module based on the lesson plan expert obtained an average of 100% (very valid), the material expert validator obtained a result of 91.6% (very valid), the result obtained by the language expert was 76% (valid), and the acquisition of media experts was 69.10% (quite valid). The practicality of the modules carried out by educators and students was carried out as a result of trials carried out on 20 students at SDN 127/II Sungai Arang, and SDN 197/II Pulau Pekan who obtained a total average of 93.83%, and 90.83%. or in the very practical category. The effectiveness of the module developed was carried out by comparing the critical thinking abilities of students who used the module (experimental group) with students who used school textbooks (control group). In the initial stage, both sample groups were given a pretest with the same level of questions. From the results of the analysis, the average for experimental class students was 25.00, and for control class students, the average was 96.90. This research concludes that the development of an integrated thematic learning module based on Problem-Based Learning to improve the critical thinking skills of fifth-grade students in elementary schools is declared valid, practical, and effective

PENGEMBANGAN BUKU SAKU DIGITAL BERBASIS MASALAH UNTUK MEMFASILITASI KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS

This research aims to analyze the feasibility of a problem-based digital pocketbook on the System of Two Variable Linear Equations (SPLDV) material developed in terms of its validity, attractiveness, practicality and effectiveness of use in facilitating mathematical problem-solving abilities. Product development using the ADDIE model was carried out in class VIII of SMP Negeri 7 Tulang Bawang Barat. Questionnaire and test techniques were used for data collection. The validation results for material experts obtained a score of 4.53, media experts 4.50 and language experts 4.36, which shows valid criteria. The average student response was 4.55 or interesting, and the teacher response was 4.83 or practical. From the evaluation results of students' mathematical problem-solving abilities after implementation, it is known that classical learning completeness reached 91% or very high. It can be concluded that problem-based digital pocketbooks are suitable for use as learning media to facilitate mathematical problem-solving abilities.

The Simple Game of the Learning Model Approach on Elementary School Students

This study aims to produce a product model of learning devices through a simple game to improve the speed and agility of upper grade of elementary school students, as well as determine the feasibility and effectiveness of learning device models through simple games.This learning device model was developed to be used by upper grade elementary school students, during PJOK learning, so that upper grade elementary school students are able to maintain speed and agility performance during PJOK learning. The method used in this research is a research and development method ( Research and Development) the Borg & Gall model which reviews problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revisions, product trials, product revisions, usage trials, product revisions, and dissemination. The subjects of this study were PJOK teachers and elementary school students. The trials carried out included two stages, namely small-scale trials conducted on one PJOK teacher with 20 students, large-scale trials with two PJOK teachers with 40 students, and an effectiveness test with two PJOK teachers with 40 students. Based on the findings of the data and analysis, the researcher describes several parts of the findings through the validation assessment of material experts, obtaining an average rating of 3.83 in the "good/decent" category, validation by media experts obtaining a rating of 4.1 in the "good/decent" category. "good/decent", and the validation of Indonesian language experts received an assessment of 3.9 in the "good/decent" category, at the small-scale trial stage, the teacher's assessment results were obtained at 4.2 in the "very feasible" category and the test results speed and agility by 60% and 50% in the "enough" category, at the large-scale trial stage, the teacher's assessment results were obtained by 4.3 in the "very decent" category and the speed and agility test results were 75% and 65% with category "worthy". Based on the effectiveness test of the speed variable with the 40 m sprint test, the pretest value was 5.5% and the posttest was 90%. The agility variable with zig-zag running (IIlinois Aglitiy Test) obtained a pretest value of 47.5% and a posttest of 82.5%. It can be concluded that producing a learning device model through a simple game that has been validated for its feasibility and tested for its effectiveness in increasing the speed and agility of upper grade elementary school students. Keywords: Simple Game, Speed, Agility

Development of a Pocket Book on Agloanema Plants on Students' Interest in Learning Biodiversity Material

The lack of student interest in learning biology regarding biodiversity, especially the aglaonema plant, is due to insufficient teaching materials and inappropriate use of media, so it is necessary to develop learning media to increase students' interest in learning. The aim of this research is to produce the book product Aglaonema Ornamental Plants to increase interest in studying biology with the theme of biodiversity in students at SMA Negeri 2 Medan. This research is development research or Research and Development (R&D) using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation) development model. The subject of this research is the Aglaonema ornamental plant pocket book, while the object of this research is students' learning interests. The data analysis technique used in this research is quantitative analysis. The results of this research show that from the material expert validation process an average result was 3.35, the language expert validation obtained an average result of 3.7, and the design expert validation obtained a result of 3.5 and the interest in learning questionnaire data obtained 72.97%. or as many as 27 students in the very high category. So it can be concluded that the development product in the form of a pocket book on aglaonema ornamental plants is suitable and effective for use as a companion in learning which can increase students' interest in learning

Project-Based Learning E-Modules Based on Research Results on the Nutritional Content of Sawi Asin (Fermented Mustard)

The project-based learning model focuses on directing students to be more active in learning. The learning model will be effective if combined with e-module media. Because e-modules provide facilities for students to learn independently. One of the materials in class XII Biology that is applied in e-modules is biotechnology related to local potential, namely Sawi Asin fermentation. The study aims to develop project-based learning e-modules based on research results on the nutritional content of Sawi Asin fermentation. The research method uses Research and Development which adapts the Alessi and Trolip development model. There are three stages carried out, namely, planning (planning), designing (design), and developing (development). The results of e-module validation by media experts showed an average score of 94.22% (very feasible), material experts 80.83% (feasible), and language experts 87.333% (very feasible). The results of the small group test with 12 students of class XII IPA showed an average value of 81.09% (very positive) and the large group test with 32 students of class XII was IPA 87.04% (very positive). It can be concluded that the project-based learning e-module based on the results of research on the nutritional content of Sawi Asin fermentation developed is very feasible to use and gets a very positive response from students.Keywords: E-module, Development, Project Based Learning

The Imperative for Arabic Language Proficiency among Foreign Workers in Gulf Countries and Strategies for Enhancement l Ahammiyyatu Itqan al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah baina al-‘Ummal al-Ajnabi fi Duwali al-Khalij wa Istiratijiyyatu Ta’ziziha

In both Eastern and Western societies, proficiency in the local language and an understanding of cultural nuances were traditionally considered essential prerequisites for employment. However, a marked deviation from this norm was evident in the Gulf states, where communication with foreign workers became sporadic and, in many cases, was limited to specific roles or enforced through punitive measures. This linguistic neglect perpetuated the erosion of Arab heritage, contributing to the gradual loss of identity. This research aimed to thoroughly analyze the importance of foreign workers in the Gulf countries mastering Arabic. It investigated the impact of neglecting this linguistic aspect and proposed viable solutions to encourage learning, thus contributing to the preservation and enhancement of cultural values, identity, and society in the Gulf region. Using a literature study methodology, the research drew on a variety of sources, including previous research, newspapers, expert studies, and reports. The findings of this research underscored the need for collaborative efforts among countries in the region, drawing inspiration from experiences in the East and West. An important solution identified was activating the principle of shared responsibility, which included the establishment of training centers for expatriates to acquire essential Arabic vocabulary. The implications of this research extended to the establishment of stronger communication links within the country, the creation of international bridges, and the opening of employment opportunities for Arabic language and literature experts.

Fransız Şarkiyat Kurumu Inalco’nun Kuruluş, Gelişim ve Faaliyet Alanlarının Tespiti

Language is a fundamental phenomenon that enables the expression of thoughts, the transmission of knowledge, and social interaction. Language education is an activity that facilitates cross-cultural communication and helps individuals gain the skills to communicate effectively worldwide. Knowing multiple languages opens one up to different cultures and perspectives. Government officials in France, who intend to be a civilized and interactive society that does not want to lag behind in the world order they live in, have taken significant steps in the field of language education. In 1795, they established Inalco, a specialized institution for Eastern languages, and began training experts who would learn the languages spoken in the Islamic world, including Ottoman Turkish. Since its inception, Inalco has systematically expanded its range of languages, incorporating Turkish, Arabic, Chinese, Persian, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Hebrew, and many other Eastern languages. Those who learn and speak these languages help France maintain strong ties with the East and continue to engage with the states in that region, whether remotely or closely. With a history spanning approximately four centuries, Inalco has not only been a center for language education but also stands as a leading institution among Oriental studies, nurturing numerous orientalists and providing opportunities for the production of works in various fields. In line with its mission, the institution has specialized in Eastern languages and civilizations for an extended period, producing pioneering figures whose work promotes cultural interaction and fosters intercultural understanding. Expanding its scope continually through its institutional experience, Inalco now conducts research on almost every world language and civilization. With its expertise in language and culture and its deep-rooted history, Inalco is recognized as a respected institution globally. Language experts trained at Inalco have actively participated in the French government's diplomatic and trade relations by providing translation services to officials. They have also maintained instructional positions to teach their respective languages to the younger generations and played significant roles in promoting an understanding of the cultures they were engaged with. Although their primary work was in the field of oriental studies, they have been instrumental in uncovering, evaluating, and categorizing elements of Eastern culture, thus contributing to the preservation of these cultural aspects. Many Eastern scholars, such as Silvestre de Sacy, Louis Bazin, Régis Blachère, Louis Massignon, and others, have been nurtured here, serving both their own countries and Eastern culture. However, it’s a fact that there hasn’t been enough research on institutions like Inalco in academic circles. Therefore, after introducing Inalco’s establishment, operation, and fields of activity, this study will focus on Inalco’s mission as an Oriental studies institution. The study which was created through field research, observation, and information obtained from authoritative sources, aims to fill this research gap. With a history spanning about four centuries, Inalco is not only a language education center but also a leading institution within Oriental studies. It has produced numerous orientalists and contributed to works in various fields. Established in 1795 in France, Inalco has long been dedicated to producing leading figures specializing in Eastern languages and civilizations, in line with its founding mission. Focusing on Oriental studies for a significant period, Inalco has encouraged cultural interaction through its studies of Eastern languages and civilizations, fostering intercultural understanding. Expanding its scope continually through its institutional experience, Inalco now conducts research on almost all world languages and civilizations. With its expertise in language and culture and its deep-rooted history, Inalco is recognized as a respected institution globally. However, it’s a fact that there hasn’t been enough research on institutions like Inalco in academic circles. Therefore, after introducing Inalco’s establishment, operation, and fields of activity, this study will focus on its mission as an Oriental studies institution. The study, created through field research, observation, and information obtained from authoritative sources, aims to fill this research gap.

Pengembangan Modul Pembelajaran Praktikum Berbasis Literasi Sains pada Materi Sifat Benda dan Perubahannya di Kelas V MI Babul Ulum Kanten

One of the reasons for the low scientific literacy abilities of students in Indonesia is the use of learning media that does not contain elements of scientific literacy. Learning carried out directly using practical learning modules can improve students' scientific literacy skills. This research aims to explain the development process and results of developing practical learning modules based on scientific literacy. The research and development method used by researchers is Research and Development using the ADDIE model which includes the Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation stages developed by Robert Maribe Branch. The instruments used in this research and development are observation sheets, interview sheets, media, material and language expert validation questionnaires, student response questionnaires and tests. The results of research and development of practical learning modules based on scientific literacy obtained an average validation score from media, material and language experts of 88%, media experts 92%, material experts 85% and language experts 87%. The small scale student response questionnaire got 82% results, and the large scale student response questionnaire got 91% results from 18 students. The result of calculating the N-Gain score is 0.879, which shows that the practical learning module based on scientific literacy is very effectively applied in learning.

Development of Learning Media Using Smart Apps Creator Application for Arabic Language Learning

This research aims to develop learning media using the Smart Apps Creator application for Arabic language learning in Grade VIII at MTs. The research follows the ADDIE development model, consisting of five stages: analyze, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The results show that the researcher utilized the ADDIE model, including Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. After the development stage, the product's feasibility was tested by experts, resulting in 88% from content experts, 95.77% from media experts, 86.67% from language experts, and 97% from instrument experts. The feasibility test by the teacher group yielded an average score of 93, categorized as highly feasible. Meanwhile, the small-scale student trial with 5 participants showed 40% in the "feasible" category and 60% in the "highly feasible" category. The large-scale student trial was categorized as "highly feasible" with a percentage of 94.94% and a score of 3133 out of the expected 3300. The final product of this research is an Arabic language learning media developed using the Smart Apps Creator application, deemed "Highly Feasible" for use in Grade VIII Arabic language learning at MTs al-Hikmah Mogutat Kotamobagu.

Impact of Learning Malay as a Second Language on Communication and Social Integration in Ban Iso Narathiwat Thailand

This research explores the impact of learning Malay as a second language on communication and social integration within the Muslim community of Ban Iso Narathiwat, Thailand. While the native language of the community is Thai, Malay is taught as an additional language due to its cultural and historical significance. The study adopts a qualitative approach, conducting interviews and surveys with community members, educators, and language experts. Participants' perspectives and experiences regarding their proficiency in Malay as a second language are examined to understand their motivations, challenges, and perceived benefits. Preliminary findings indicate that learning Malay facilitates improved communication with the Malay-speaking community and enhances cultural exchange. Additionally, it grants access to historical and religious texts written in Jawi script, strengthening their connection to their cultural heritage. The research focuses on the impact of learning Malay as a second language on social integration within the Muslim community of Ban Iso Narathiwat, Thailand. It aims to investigate how the learning of Malay influences interactions, mutual understanding, and social relationships in a diverse and dynamic community. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects of bilingualism and its implications on other aspects of community life.

Pengembangan Instrumen Soal Tes Mata Pelajaran PJOK Berbasis Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

This research was conducted based on some problems that occur, namely the fact that when carrying out the teaching and learning process, students were still oriented towards the low order thinking skill (LOTS) and were not oriented towards the higher order thinking skills (HOTS) yet. In that case, instruments or questions were used during the evaluation process. In other words, measuring high order thinking skill has not been implemented yet, especially in physic (PJOK) subjects, so that teachers only focus on physical exercises in the field during the teaching and learning process. Teachers have not used physic (PJOK) assessments using HOTS yet. The type of research was research and development or R&D. This research referred to the Borg and Gall model which limited to 7 stages from the 10 stages including potential problems, data collection, product design, product validation, product revision, product testing, and design revision. The instrument used in this research was an assessment scale to determine the feasibility of the product and a Likert scale to determine the response of teachers and students to the feasibility and attractiveness of the product. The data analysis carried out was collecting data from validation results done by assessment experts, language experts, material experts and media experts, teachers and elementary students. The result of analysis showed that questions and tests based on higher order thinking skills (HOTS) for class V physic subject (PJOK) was developed "Very decent or Very interesting" to be used as a measuring tool for students in training their high order thinking skills. These results were obtained based on validation from assessment experts, material experts, language experts and material experts. The assessment results from the assessment experts showed the "Very decent" category with a percentage value of 92.5%. The results of the material expert assessment reached the "Very decent" category with a percentage value obtained of 90%. Then, the results of the language expert’s assessment reached the "Very decent" category with the percentage value obtained reaching 92.25%.

Development of Educative Magazine as a Bilingual Learning Medium Based on Arabic and English Vocabulary

The utilization of bilingual learning media based on educative magazines has been widely found in various educational practices today. However, its existence is still limited to being used in the field of science, even though the essence of the magazine as a mass communication medium is very close to its role in the language field. Therefore, this study aims to develop an educative magazine-based bilingual learning medium to improve Arabic and English vocabulary skills. This development research using Dick Carey's 1950 ADDIE model focuses on media development, so this research maximizes the process of analysis, design, development, and formative evaluation stages at each stage. Sources of research data are primary and secondary data obtained by interview techniques, literature studies, and expert test questionnaires. The data collected was then analyzed by using the interrater-agreement model technique to find a validity index. The research results based on language and material expert tests show an index of 1.0 with revisions. In contrast, the research results based on media expert tests show an index of 0.85 with revisions. Thus, it shows that this medium is very easy, precise, interesting, and suitable for future application in the bilingual learning process, which aims to understand and improve bilingual vocabulary.

Development of E-Module Based on Augmented Reality Integrated with Ethno-STEAM for Carving Studies at MI Hasyim Asy'ari Bangsri

The problem faced at MI Hasyim Asy'ari is the lack of use of technology in learning and introducing local wisdom. This research aimed to examine the Properness of an Augmented Reality-based E-Module integrated with Ethno-STEAM for carving studies at MI Hasyim Asy'ari Bangsri. This research used the development method (R&D). The development procedure in this research was a 4D model including Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate. The research trial sample was carried out on a small scale, namely 20 class VI students, and on a large scale, namely 40 class V students at MI Hasyim Asy'ari Bangsri. Data collection techniques used interviews with class V teachers and carving craftsmen in Jepara, documentation carried out by taking photos during research, and questionnaires given to material experts, media experts, language experts, test instrument experts, questionnaire responses from class V art teachers, and student response questionnaire. Data analysis used Properness analysis with the Aiken's V test. The analysis results for material experts were 98% in the very valid category, media experts were 98% in the very valid category, linguists were 97 in the very valid category, first test instrument experts were 94 in the category very valid and the expert on the second test instrument was 97% in the very valid category, the class V art teacher response questionnaire was 97% in the very valid category, and the student response questionnaire was 79.5% in the good category. The overall results of the Augmented Reality-based E-Module Properness trial using the Aiken's V method were 0.84375 with a high validity category. So that the E-Module, which has been tested on class VI students, is declared suitable for use by elementary school students. Keywords: E-Modul, Augmented Reality, Ethno-STEAM, Carve

Cortical Thickness Is Related to Variability in Heritage Bilingual Language Proficiency.

Research suggests that bilingual experience is associated with gray matter changes, such that initial language gains are associated with expansion and language expertise is associated with renormalization. Previous studies on language proficiency development primarily focused on between-subjects, quasiexperimental comparisons of monolinguals and bilinguals. This study proposes a new paradigm to examine language expertise and cortical thickness within heritage bilinguals (n = 215), as well as between bilinguals and monolinguals (n = 145), using data combined from eight previous magnetic resonance imaging studies. In general, results highlight variability within bilinguals, finding relationships between cortical thickness and English proficiency that are relatively consistent within monolinguals, but inconsistent within bilinguals. In all participants, higher levels of proficiency in English-monolinguals' only language and bilinguals' second but stronger language-were negatively related to cortical thickness. In bilinguals, higher proficiency in the weaker, albeit first learned, language was positively related to cortical thickness. Moreover, there was an interaction between language group and English proficiency in predicting cortical thickness, such that the relationship between proficiency and thickness was stronger in monolinguals than in bilinguals. Findings also demonstrate that the regions associated with language expertise differ between bilinguals and monolinguals. Future directions for cognitive-developmental neuroscience research in bilinguals are suggested, particularly the longitudinal examination of cortical changes in relation to bilingual experiences.

Metode Imam Al-Razi Dalam Berhujah Menggunakan Hadis Berdasarkan Tafsīr Mafatīhul Ghayb

Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s Tafsīr Mafatīhul Ghayb is an interpretive book that uses personal reasoning (ijtihad) to analyze Quranic verses. The author’s diverse expertise in language, jurisprudence, science, philosophy, and theology influenced his approach significantly. While Imam Al-Razi did not dismiss foundational methods such as Quranic verses, hadith, and the words of companions, the extent of his reliance on hadith in his interpretation is called into question. This study examines Imam Al-Razi’s use of hadith in this tafsīr through qualitative text and content analysis. Findings showed that hadith usage primarily centres around jurisprudential matters, with a lack of rigorous selection. Weak hadiths are included without clear verification from their origins. This research contributes to understanding Imam Al-Razi’s hadith-based arguments and provides recommendations for using Tafsīr Mafatīhul Ghayb as a study resource. Overall, this tafsīr’s approach is characterized by personal reasoning, though its reliance on hadith, particularly for clarifying Quranic meanings, remains as a source of concern.

Калмыцкая этиологическая сказка «Почему у Совы нет ноздрей»

In this article we present a mythological text from Kalmyk folklore. Better known as folk tale, this text has appeared in various publications both in the original language (Kalmyk) and in Russian. As this text explains the origin of certain phenomena in bird life, it is scientifically more appropriate to classify it as an etiological folk tale or an etiological myth. The story is short and mostly consists of a dialogue between the Eagle, the king of birds, and the savvy Owl. Thanks to its resourcefulness, the Owl gets out of a difficult situa‑ tion and helps to set other birds free. Unlike them, the Owl’s beak is not perforated, therefore the future generations of owls do not have nostrils (in fact, owls do have nostrils, but they are non-perforated). The text is presented in the original Kalmyk form, accompanied by the translation into Russian and interlinear glossing. The Abbrevia‑ tions section provides two systems for designating Kalmyk morphemes: the modern one and the traditional one (according to G. Sanzheyev). In this way, the text can be used not only by Kalmyk language specialists, but also by experts in other Mongolian languages, by linguistic typologists, and by researchers in the fields of folklore, anthropology and ethnology.

ADPrep ‐ A fully automated Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Preprocessing Pipeline for MRI and multi‐tracer PET data

AbstractBackgroundState‐of‐the‐art preprocessing of MRI and PET data is crucial for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuroimaging research. Therefore, standardization and harmonization of neuroimaging preprocessing across sites is key to generate comparable and sharable datasets and to reduce potential bias introduced by different preprocessing strategies. Further, neuroimaging preprocessing requires strong expertise in different programming languages (R/MATLAB/Python/Bash) and software packages (SPM/FSL/AFNI/FreeSurfer), i.e., a major barrier for non‐expert users. Therefore, we developed a docker‐based, state‐of‐the‐art, fully automated, neuroimaging toolbox that integrates robust preprocessing of structural/functional MRI, and multi‐tracer PET (amyloid/tau/FDG/TSPO), generating easy to use spreadsheet and nifti outputs. The toolbox requires no programming expertise and can facilitate neuroimaging analyses, data harmonization and sharing across the AD neuroimaging community.MethodThe pipeline works on standardized bids‐formatted data and was fully developed in nipype (see Figure 1). Preprocessing for structural MRI includes volumetric and cortical thickness assessments for widely used brain atlases (Desikan‐Killiany/Schaefer/LPBA/Hammers/Neuromorphometrics/Cobra/Destrieux), plus spatially normalized and smoothed grey/white‐matter segments for voxel‐based morphometry and generation of subject‐specific PET‐reference regions. Functional MRI processing includes slice‐timing and motion correction, nuisance regression, spatial normalization, and functional connectivity assessments for the above‐mentioned atlases. PET processing includes generation of spatially normalized SUVR images for different tracer‐specific reference regions, as well as extraction of atlas‐based SUVRs (PVE and non‐PVE‐corrected). Standardized imaging outputs in FreeSurfer space were benchmarked against available ADNI data to illustrate comparability with existing pipelines (see Figure 2). Cluster implementation is provided to ensure large‐scale data processing.ResultThe toolbox was tested successfully on large‐scale multimodal datasets, including several thousand scans from ADNI, ADNI‐DOD, and A4 with an overall processing failure rate of <4%. Using ADNI data as a benchmark, our data closely reproduce global amyloid‐PET (r = 0.99, p<0.001, Fig.2A) and temporal meta tau‐PET SUVRs (r = 0.98, p<0.001, Fig.2B), suggesting that PET‐thresholds can be applied. Runtime is ∼1h for a structural MRI and ∼5hrs for a PET including PVE‐correction.ConclusionWe propose a user‐friendly multimodal robust neuroimaging preprocessing toolbox, that can be applied to different neuroimaging datasets by non‐expert users. The toolbox provides outputs that can be directly used for statistical analyses. Future work involves implementing other imaging modalities, e.g., diffusion tensor imaging.