Experiment Test Research Articles

Production, physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of melanin from Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers and H.M. Hsieh

To obtain higher melanin production in liquid culture, culture conditions of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers and H.M. Hsieh were optimised. The results showed that using single factor experiment and orthogonal test, the optimised production of melanin reached 2.20 g/L, which was 2.06 times higher than that of the control group. In addition, it was speculated that A. stygium melanin (AsM) was 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) melanin and showed an amorphous irregular structure. Moreover, it had good solubility in alkaline solution. AsM showed good antioxidant activity at a concentration of 500 mg/L, with DPPH, ABTS and OH radicals scavenging activities of 90.83%, 75.36% and 70.90%, respectively. AsM prevented alcohol-induced oxidative damage and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells by inhibiting the decrease of antioxidant key enzyme activity under alcohol stimulation. It was proved to have a great potential for application as a natural antioxidant and a substitute for synthetic pigments.

Assesment of Muscular Endurance Owing to Ladder Training: An Experiment

The aim of the research was to investigate the impact of ladder training on football players’ muscle endurance. Thirty football players from Bengaluru, Karnataka were randomly chosen as subjects, ranging in age from 18 to 21, in order to fulfil the objectives of the current study. Randomly, the subjects were split into two equal groups. Group II served as the control group, and Group I served as the experimental group (training on ladders). Before the study was administered, the subjects were informed of the requirements for the experiment procedures, testing, and exercise schedule in order to gain their full cooperation and the effort required on their part. The experimental period lasted for six weeks. Following the experimental treatment, the thirty participants underwent tests to measure their muscle endurance. To determine the significance of the mean differences, the pre- and post-test scores were statistically analysed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). A fixed 0.05 level of significance was applied to all cases when testing hypotheses.It was observed that the six weeks of experimental group have significantly improved the muscular enduranceof football players.

ACANet: A Fine-grained Image Classification Optimization Method Based on Convolution and Attention Fusion

<p>The key to solve the problem of fine-grained image classification is to find the differentiation regions related to fine-grained features. In this paper, we try to add new network components to the original network and adjust various parameters to try to propose a new fine-grained image classification network. We propose a fine-grained image classification network based on the fusion of asymmetric convolution, convolution and self-attention mechanisms. Firstly, an enhanced module using asymmetric convolution to assist classical convolution proposed to help convolution learn deep features. Secondly, according to the common points of convolution and self-attention mechanism, we invented a fusion module of convolution and self-attention mechanism to improve the learning ability of the network.We integrate these two modules into the residual network and invent a new residual network .Finally, according to the experience, we design a new downsampling layer to adapt to the new component of the attention mechanism and improve the performance of the model. The experiment test on three publicly available datasets, and three methods for comparison. The results show that the new structure can effectively complete the task of fine-grained image classification, and the classification accuracy of different methods and different datasets are significantly improved.</p> <p> </p>

Experimental study of the transient properties of a diesel and castor biodiesel blend in a mini boiler with the optimal combustion efficiency

The researcher looks into alternative fuels because petroleum fuel is becoming increasingly scarce and energy demand is rising as a result of population expansion. In this work, experimental investigation of the transient characteristics of castor biodiesel and diesel is conducted. Castor crude oil was extracted with a Soxhlet apparatus. The crude oil is then transformed into biodiesel using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst in the esterification process. Different experimental procedures are employed for the small boiler (VITOLA 200) to ascertain the combustion performance, emission characteristics, and thermal efficiency with regard to time for blends of 10%, 20%, and 30% castor biodiesel. The results are then compared to 100% diesel fuel combustion performances. By setting the boiler pressure, mass flow rate, and damper opening to 200 kPa, 1.25 kg hr−1, and 41/2, respectively, the experiment tests are carried out. The outcomes demonstrated that the antioxidant from moringa increased the stability of the castor biodiesel blend’s combustion, resulting in an increase in cetane number to 56.61, which was significantly higher than the minimum cetane number (37.55) required to have good ignition. Furthermore, the 30% castor biodiesel blend results in a boiler with a maximum thermal efficiency of 63.25%. Additionally, a 30% castor biodiesel blend can reduce CO2 and HC emissions by 27.53% and 15.2%, respectively. Since the boiler uses heavy fuels, the investigation found that gasoline can be substituted with a blend of castor biodiesel and moringa antioxidant fuel. This seems like a promising way to lower greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously improving the boiler’s overall efficiency.

Learning modifies attention during bumblebee visual search

The role of visual search during bee foraging is relatively understudied compared to the choices made by bees. As bees learn about rewards, we predicted that visual search would be modified to prioritise rewarding flowers. To test this, we ran an experiment testing how bee search differs in the initial and later part of training as they learn about flowers with either higher- or lower-quality rewards. We then ran an experiment to see how this prior training with reward influences their search on a subsequent task with different flowers. We used the time spent inspecting flowers as a measure of attention and found that learning increased attention to rewards and away from unrewarding flowers. Higher quality rewards led to decreased attention to non-flower regions, but lower quality rewards did not. Prior experience of lower rewards also led to more attention to higher rewards compared to unrewarding flowers and non-flower regions. Our results suggest that flowers would elicit differences in bee search behaviour depending on the sugar content of their nectar. They also demonstrate the utility of studying visual search and have important implications for understanding the pollination ecology of flowers with different qualities of reward.Significance statementStudies investigating how foraging bees learn about reward typically focus on the choices made by the bees. How bees deploy attention and visual search during foraging is less well studied. We analysed flight videos to characterise visual search as bees learn which flowers are rewarding. We found that learning increases the focus of bees on flower regions. We also found that the quality of the reward a flower offers influences how much bees search in non-flower areas. This means that a flower with lower reward attracts less focussed foraging compared to one with a higher reward. Since flowers do differ in floral reward, this has important implications for how focussed pollinators will be on different flowers. Our approach of looking at search behaviour and attention thus advances our understanding of the cognitive ecology of pollination.

Suppression of MALAT1 promotes human synovial mesenchymal stem cells enhance chondrogenic differentiation and prevent osteoarthritis of the knee in a rat model via regulating miR-212-5p/MyD88 axis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases of the skeleton. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key players in OA pathogenesis. This work sets out to determine the function of lncRNA MALAT1 in OA and the mechanisms by which it does so. Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the human synovial membrane are called hSMSCs. The hSMSCs' surface markers were studied using flow cytometry. To determine whether or not hSMSC might differentiate, researchers used a number of different culture settings and labeling techniques. The expression levels of associated genes and proteins were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting (WB), and immunostaining. A dual luciferase reporter experiment and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) test demonstrated the direct association between miR-212-5p and MALAT1 or MyD88. MALAT1 was downregulated during the chondrogenic differentiation of hSMSCs, and underexpression of MALAT1 promotes chondrogenesis in hSMSCs. Using dual luciferase reporter and RIP assays facilitated the identification of MALAT1 as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) that sequesters miR-212-5p. Additionally, the expression of MYD88 was regulated by MALAT1 through direct binding with miR-212-5p. Significantly, the effects of MALAT1 on the chondrogenic differentiation of hSMSCs were counteracted by miR-212-5p/MYD88. Furthermore, our in vivo investigation revealed that the inhibition of MALAT1 mitigated osteoarthritis progression in rat models. In conclusion, the promotion of chondrogenic differentiation in hSMSCs and the protective effect on cartilage tissue in OA can be achieved by suppressing MALAT1, which regulates the miR-212-5p/MyD88 axis.

Gas-liquid two-phase flow pressure drop in flattened tubes: an experimental and numerical study

Experimental, numerical and empirical research is carried out on pressure drop features of air-water two-phase flow in horizontal flattened tubes. Circular tubes of 10.5 mm I.D. made of copper were successively flattened into inner heights of 9, 8, and 6 mm (AR=1.27, 1.5, and 2.2, respectively). The experiment operation conditions were 200, 500, and 1000 kg/m2s for mass velocity, 6, 8, 10 LPM for flow rate, and 0 to 0.005 for gas quality. Also, the pressure drop for R134a and R410A was estimated numerically using ANSYS Fluent. The simulation test condi-tions were for vapor quality of 0.1 to 0.9 and saturation temperature of 40°C, while the condi-tions for mass velocity and flowrate are taken as that of the experiment test. The experimental data were examined to see how different factors affect on the pressure gradient. According to the outcomes and as compared to the circular tube, the pressure gradient was raised up to 27%, 95%, and 218% for tubes flattened with aspect ratio of 1.27, 1.5, and 2.2, respectively. More-over, the pressure drop for either air-water or refrigerant fluids is increased dramatically with increasing flow rate, but it decreases with increasing vapor quality. When compared to known circular tube correlations, a good agreement was achieved. Finally, the minimum difference between the experimental, numerical, and correlated results was less than 3% for gas quality of 0.0048 and aspect ratio of 2.2.

Überachiever or Developerin: Eye movements during the processing of translingual hybrid noun-formations

This eye tracking experiment tests how the brain recognizes and processes hybrid German-English word-formations and how this process compares to monolingual items. Thirty bilingual German-English adults from the Oxford area (23 females; mean age = 28.0, SD = 9.3) who were familiar with the meaning and underlying structure of the individual components had no comprehension difficulties. After fitting linear mixed effects models (95 % CI), the results showed an effect of word length and previous exposure to hybrid forms on processing times, indicated by longer fixation times and increased regressions, particularly in later stages of lexical processing. This indicates that bilingual readers have no trouble recognizing hybrid words, but may have difficulty with semantic and syntactic integration due to lack of exposure.

Using millimeter-wave radar to evaluate the performance of dummy models for advanced driving assistance systems test

With the rapid development of intelligent and connected vehicles, the experimental road test for the advanced driving assistance system (ADAS) is dramatically increasing around the world. Considering its high cost and hazardous situations, simulation test based on a dummy model is becoming a promising way for ADAS road test practice to reduce the experiment expanses. This study proposed a methodology for the evaluation of the performance of human and dummies with distinct designed materials based on the data extracted from the Doppler effect of millimeter-wave radar. Echo data of 8 different angles from 0 to 360 degrees, with the an interval of 45 degrees, at the same distance between the test object and the signal source is collected. Meanwhile, the echo energy is collected for correlation modeling and analysis among groups. By evaluating the performance of humans and dummies via statistical analysis, a close correlation was found which results verified the substitutability of the dummy for the ADAS experiment test. The correlation coefficient between human and dummies ranges from 0.75 to 0.93. The support vector machine (SVM) model was developed and fitted to predict the echo energy in diverse environments. The mean average error (MAE) is 5.42–11.42 in the training and testing datasets while root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.43–0.90. The methods developed in the study can simulate the real ADAS road test environment and support future experimental research.

Optimization of Neurons Number in Artificial Neural Network Model for Predicting the Power Production of PV Module

In this work, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with a backward-propagation technique was used to predict the power generation of the Photovoltaic (PV) module in weather conditions of Baghdad city-Iraq. Experiment tests were investigated in the summer of 2022. Three weather parameters, including: (solar radiation, ambient temperature, and wind speed), the output electrical characteristics of the PV module (voltage, current, power), and module temperature (were measured. Therefore, the dataset of the ANN system consists of four input and one output parameter. Furthermore, the structure of ANN includes a single hidden layer with a backward propagation technique. The main goal of this study was to optimize the number of neurons in the training process. The evaluation of the ANN model depended on the determination coefficient (R) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The obtained results show that the architecture of ANN is appropriate for predicting the power generated from the PV module. The developed ANN model has good accuracy. Where the MSE is 0.002747 at epoch 9 in the model. Furthermore, the R is recorded as 0.99078, 0.98254, 0.99125, and 0.99005 for training, testing, validation, and all respectively in the proposed model. In addition, the optimization number of neurons in the hidden layer gave sufficient accuracy without referring to the choice of the number of neurons by using the trial-and-error method that most researchers relied.

Research on the bearing characteristics of brackets in thick hard roof mining sites and the effect of blasting on roof control

Deep mining stress increase and thick hard rock layer endowment drive rock body fissure expansion, leading to sudden fracture of the roof plate accidents. The roof slab of 11,129 working face in Zhangji Mine is a 16 m thick sandstone composite roof slab, whose compressive strength reaches 89.8 MPa. The hardness of the roof slab is high, its bearing capacity is high, and it is difficult to collapse. The hardness of the roof plate is high, its bearing capacity is high, and it is difficult to fall. If the roof plate does not fall in time, it will lead to the energy accumulation of itself, and the sudden fracture and fall will make the working face and the two roadways show the drastic mine pressure, which will lead to the risk of the coal wall appearing the slice of gangs, the roof falling and the pressure frame. Therefore, for the 11,129 working face thick hard sandstone roof plate direct cover and mining technology conditions. It is very necessary and imperative to research the artificial roof release technology of deep hole pre-cracking blasting to improve the adventitious fall of the thick hard roof plate, reduce the overhanging roof area of the mining hollow area, and reduce the incoming pressure strength of the roof plate. This paper adopts the research method combining theory, physical experiment, numerical simulation and field test, focusing on research and analysis of the deflection change of the roof plate after pre-cracking and blasting, the relationship between the roof plate and the role of the bracket, and the effect of artificial blasting to release the roof. The results show that the theoretical part deduces and analyzes the relationship equation of the influence of the rotating and sinking of the roof plate on the pressure of the support, and combined with the law of the roof plate-support action can be divided into three stages: (1) Initial stage of mining, (2) Rotating and sinking stage, and (3) Breakdown and fragmentation stage. The deep stress increase and the rock layer's own characteristics (hardness and thickness) are the main controlling factors to determine the bearing capacity of the stent. As the depth of coal mining increases, the pressure at the minimum roof control distance of the stent gradually increases from 11.5 to 34.6 MPa. The increase of rock hardness relatively reduces the force acting on the stent, and the stent bearing capacity decreases by 75% when the hardness increases from 8 to 32 GPa. The 11,129 engineering geological parameters are brought into the calculation to obtain the pressure in the stent control distance of 13.5–20.5 MPa. The simulation part analyzes the stress relief degree of the roof plate before and after the roof blasting, and the peak stress in front of the coal wall is reduced from 46.7 to 30.9 MPa, which is an obvious effect of pressure relief, and the simulation results are analyzed in comparison with the theoretical results to validate the reliability of the simulation results. Further, the physical similarity experiments were conducted to analyze the deformation behavior of mining instability and crack evolution characteristics of the overburden rock of the quarry after cutting the roof, and the peak stress of the coal wall was in the range of 22.7–27.8 MPa after the blasting decompression, which was mutually verified with the theoretical analysis and the simulation results to ensure the reliability of the calculation results. Combined with the geological conditions of the mine area, the "fan-shaped" blasting hole arrangement is proposed to carry out segmental blasting, and the specific parameters of different locations of the holes are given. The effect of pre-cracking blasting was examined, and it was found that the rock mass at the hole opening had a high degree of fragmentation, and the ring and strike cracks appeared alternately in the middle and lower part of the drilling holes, and the polygonal energy slit played a very effective role, and achieved the purpose of artificially releasing the roof. At the same time, it is improved the load-bearing environment of the mining support, which further improves the safety and efficiency production of the coal mine.

Jesus was a Refugee: Religious Values Framing can Increase Support for Refugees Among White Evangelical Republicans

AbstractWe consider how frames highlighting religious values shape opinion among individuals who may experience social identity conflict. White evangelical Republicans have ardently supported Donald Trump’s restrictionist stances towards refugees, yet those partisan policy stances exist in tension with evangelical Christian values emphasizing care for vulnerable strangers. Our pre-registered national experiment tests whether a religious message can move white self-identified evangelical Republicans’ opinions relating to refugees. The pro-refugee Christian values message increases favorable attitudes on some, but not all, measures. The effect is comparatively stronger among those who are more committed to their evangelical identity; unexpectedly, those who identify as strong Republicans are not more resistant to the message. These results demonstrate that moral reframing, which is known to shape attitudes in other domains, can affect self-identified evangelical Republicans’ attitudes on refugees, potentially shifting the national discussion of refugees in the U.S. The finding is all the more significant given highly partisan debates over refugees during the Trump presidency, which may have made partisans’ opinions especially rigid at the time of our experiment. Our results also speak to the relevance of identity strength in conditioning the impact of religious values frames.

Numerical and experimental comparison of the no-load losses in the different grain-oriented electrical steel materials

One of the critical pieces of equipment for power transmission and distribution is the transformer. The operation of the transformers is essential for the power supply's continued stability and efficacy. With an increase in rated power, the transformer's manufacturing time, cost, and size all go up. The core loss of the transformer is still a big concern for transformer designers. Minimization of the core loss in the transformer is also important for transformer manufacturers. Accurate evaluation of the core loss is also important for optimizing the magnetic design of the transformer. Evaluating the no-load losses of the new magnetic materials also needs a reliable technique as conventional analytical methods are limited and difficult to implement. In this study, the use of different materials for manufacturing the core of the transformers is used to minimize and compare the no-load losses. In this work, different types of grain-oriented silicon steel and lamination thickness are used for core materials to evaluate and minimize the core losses using numerical analysis. The results of the two different materials are also verified by a no-load experiment test performed on the prototype transformers. Considering the finite element analysis results of the different materials, core losses were calculated as 66.35 % lower in the M-H0 material than in the reference M-6 material. To increase transformer efficiency, a material with low no-load losses can be used. The results of this work will give guidelines to the transformer designers for selecting core materials to improve the efficiency of the transformer.

Does improved upward social mobility foster frustration and conflict? A large-scale online experiment testing Boudon’s model

The rise of populism has reignited scholarly interest in the paradox of societal advancement leading to frustration and social tension. Globalization and digitalization have increased social opportunities for parts of the population, but a substantial portion of society feels disadvantaged, resulting in discontent. This study, rooted in Boudon’s model of relative deprivation, examines the mechanisms that fuel this frustration. We conducted an online experiment involving 2114 US-based MTurk participants, in which we manipulated the availability of status positions to create varying degrees of upward social mobility. We also varied group sizes to ensure robustness. We assessed relative deprivation with structural, subjective, and behavioral measures. For example, frustration was measured using the “joy-of-destruction game,” in which subjects had to make the costly decision to destroy part of another player’s winnings. Contrary to the model’s prediction, we found that the proportion of individuals who were worse off, the losers, decreased consistently as mobility increased. This outcome can be attributed to overentry in conditions of low mobility and underentry in conditions of intermediate or high mobility. The losers displayed increased frustration and hostility towards noncompetitors and winners. Intriguingly, winners also exhibited heightened hostility. However, at the aggregate level, hostile behavior did not surge as conditions improved. In our exploratory analyses at the individual level, we identified several distinct patterns. Risk-tolerant individuals and women were more likely to enter competition. Conversely, those with advanced education levels showed a decreased inclination to competitiveness. Risk-tolerant individuals reported greater feelings of frustration and displayed increased hostility. This effect was also observed particularly among politically right-leaning individuals.

In vitro and in vivo degradation, biocompatibility and bone repair performance of strontium-doped montmorillonite coating on Mg-Ca alloy.

Poor bone growth remains a challenge for degradable bone implants. Montmorillonite and strontium were selected as the carrier and bone growth promoting elements to prepare strontium-doped montmorillonite coating on Mg-Ca alloy. The surface morphology and composition were characterized by SEM, EDS, XPS, FT-IR and XRD. The hydrogen evolution experiment and electrochemical test results showed that the Mg-Ca alloy coated with Sr-MMT coating possessed optimal corrosion resistance performance. Furthermore, in vitro studies on cell activity, ALP activity, and cell morphology confirmed that Sr-MMT coating had satisfactory biocompatibility, which can significantly avail the proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion of osteoblasts. Moreover, the results of the 90-day implantation experiment in rats indicated that, the preparation of Sr-MMT coating effectively advanced the biocompatibility and bone repair performance of Mg-Ca alloy. In addition, The Osteogenic ability of Sr-MMT coating may be due to the combined effect of the precipitation of Si4+ and Sr2+ in Sr-MMT coating and the dissolution of Mg2+ and Ca2+ during the degradation of Mg-Ca alloy. By using coating technology, this study provides a late-model strategy for biodegradable Mg alloys with good corrosion resistance, biocompatibility. This new material will bring more possibilities in bone repair.

The effects of the quality of recycled aggregates on the mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete

This study investigates the performance of roller compacted concrete (RCC) made with recycled aggregates derived from crushed demolished concrete with various proportions of natural. The experimental study examines substituting various proportions of natural aggregate (3/8, 8/15, and 15/20) with recycled aggregate. The replacement rates range from 0% to 100% in increments of 25%. Eleven different mixtures have been made by changing the amount of recycled aggregate used, with and without pre-wetting, before being added to concrete. Additionally, 5% of the cement content was substituted with silica fume and slag in each composition. An experiment test was done to see how recycled aggregate-based BCRs' performance changed with the incorporation rate on fresh and hardened concrete's mechanical and physical properties. Physical parameters, including volume masse, vebe time consistency, and mechanical properties such as compression resistance, flexion resistance, and ultrasonic pulse speed, were measured over time. The results found were compared to the control mix made with 100% natural aggregates. Those results show that as the replacement rate increases, the water absorption rate increases with a decrease in mechanical strength. In addition, the pre-wetting treatment did not significantly impact mechanical strength. This can be explained by the characteristics of the recycled aggregate, such as high absorption, low resistance to wear, and low density, which were caused by the residual paste adhered to the recycled aggregate.

Rational Construction of Recyclable and Highly Efficient ZIF-67/Graphene Aerogels for Peroxymonosulfate Activation to Decompose Tetracycline Hydrochloride

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived catalysts with improved recovery and reusability are challenging in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Herein, a ZIF-67/graphene aerogel (Z-GA) heterostructure was rationally constructed via in situ growth method based on the synergistic effect: Co x+ stabilized the PMS activation capacity and GA provided high opportunity for radicals and contaminants contact. The as-prepared Z-GA/PMS system exhibited outstanding performance for the tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) removal, good pH-stability ranging from 5.0 to 9.0 and excellent anti-interference capability. The quenching experiment and EPR tests co-proved the significant roles of reactive SO4 •- and 1O2 species in the TC degradation process. In addition, several contaminants were selected to certify the superiority of the Z-GA3/PMS and multiple water sources were employed to demonstrate the universality in the complicated water environment. This pioneering work demonstrated the feasibility of Z-GA/PMS system for effluent disposal.

Design and Implementation of a Mobile Experimental Application for Networked Control Systems

With the development of mobile technologies, mobile applications are increasingly designed and developed. In the field of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education, the idea of using mobile devices for teaching and learning has gradually gained popularity and gained in-depth research. Owing to the advantages of convenience, portability and excellent interactive abilities, mobile devices are a good choice for accessing remote laboratories. In propose of promoting the massive online experimentation of control education, a mobile application with framework based on React-Native is implemented in this paper. The overall remote laboratory architecture adopts front-end and back-end separation scheme, which benefits the mobile application focusing on the construction of front-end interface and user experience. Various functional modules and technologies are applied in the mobile application, allowing users to access various experiment test rigs in the remote laboratory with intuitive experimental immersion. Moreover, a complete laboratory management system to manage the massive users from different universities has also been integrated into the mobile application. At the end, a remote networked control experiment has been conducted to prove the practicability of the mobile application.

Application and Practice of Motion Capture Technology in Badminton Teaching

Abstract As Internet technology rapidly evolves, it significantly enhances the informationization of physical education. This paper proposes the implementation of the Openpose bone tracking algorithm to improve how students master movements in badminton training. By leveraging a convolutional neural network (VGG) to create skeleton maps, the algorithm accurately predicts body postures by examining the user’s center of gravity shifts and limb angle differences. These predictions allow for effective comparative correction of movements. To achieve multi-target action recognition, this paper introduces the SLIC algorithm, which is based on the Openpose algorithm and corrects and repairs action nodes that were incorrectly recognized to improve recognition accuracy. In the teaching experiment test for students of badminton elective class in S college, the retention rate of picking skills of the experimental group of students on the 35th day after the technical training was 101%, which indicated that the mastery of the movement skills was more solid. In terms of comprehensive scores, the average score of the experimental group’s attainment was 2.489 points higher than that of the control group, and the average score of the technical evaluation was 5.885 points higher than that of the control group.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ МИКРОФЛОРЫ В ЗОНЕ МОДУЛЯ МИМ2 МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ СТАНЦИИ ДО И ПОСЛЕ ВНЕКОРАБЕЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

Microbiological investigations of spacesuits' surfaces before and after extravehicular activities were performed as a part of space experiment TEST. The purpose was to determine the numbers, composition, biochemical properties of isolated microbes, and locations with exceeded bacterial and fungal populations. We identified markers for pathogenicity in spore-forming bacteria and some peculiar features of organic acid production by fungi with different levels of carbohydrates.