Experimental Research Research Articles

Advances in machine learning methods in copper alloys: a review.

Advanced copper and copper alloys, as significant engineering structural materials, have recently been extensively used in energy, electron, transportation, and aviation domains. Higher requirements urge the emergence of high-performance copper alloys. However, the traditional trial-and-error experimental observations and computational simulation research used to design and develop novel materials are time-consuming and costly. With the accumulation of material research and rapid development of computational ability, the thorough application of material genome engineering has sped up the development of novel materials and facilitates the process of systematic engineering application. This review summarizes the benefits of data-driven machine learning techniques and the state of the art of machine learning research in the area of copper alloys. It also displays the widely used computational simulation approaches (e.g., the first-principles calculation, molecular dynamics simulation, phase-field simulations, and finite element analysis) and their combined applications in material design and property prediction. Finally, the limitations of machine learning research methods are outlined, and future development directions are proposed.

Synergistic Electronic Interaction in PdCu Alloy/TiO2-NSs for Ambient Efficient Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid.

Palladium-based catalysts are remarkable in endorsing hydrogen (H2) generation through formic acid (HCOOH, FA) dehydrogenation under near-ambient conditions. Hydrogen energy efficiency depends on high-performance catalyst design. In this study, Pd-Cu nanoalloy catalysts with mutable atomic ratios are successfully fabricated on TiO2 nanosheets (TiO2-NSs).The synergistic electronic interactions between Palladium (Pd) and copper (Cu) are revealed through a density of states (DOS) analysis of alloy supported over a mixed valence state of Ti linked to oxygen vacancies (Vo) in TiO2-NSs, Enhanced adsorption of target molecules reveals novel active sites for Formic acid dehydrogenation (FAD), with O─H bond cleavage via HCOO formate intermediate preceding C─H and C─O bond cleavage. Experimental and theoretical research demonstrates that the Pd-Cu/TiO2-NSs (3:7) catalyst d electron redistribution and d-band center shift lower the activation energy for O─H bond cleavage, exhibit superior H2 production than pure Pd and Cu, increasing Pd electron density due to synergistic effects from reactive crystal facets, defects, and strong metal support interactions (SMSI), lowering the activation energy for HCOOH dissociation step, generating carbon dioxide (CO2) and H2 with a unprecedented high turnover frequency (TOF) of 6268 molH2.h-1.molPd-1 at 303K with activation energy (Ea) of 15 KJ mol-1. This attempt models an efficient HCOOH-to-hydrogen catalyst.

Use of butanol, pentanol and diesel in a compression ignition engine: A review

Using oxygenated alternative fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines is feasible for energy security problems and cli-mate change. Alcohols are regarded as alternative fuels for compression ignition engines because of their excellent physi-cochemical features, emission, and combustion characteristics. Research on alcohols and their additions has progressed significantly in recent years. Several researchers have examined the combined effect of higher alcohol with diesel and their impact and challenged that concentrations of higher alcohol reduce harmful particulate emissions in CI engines. This paper mainly focused on the performance and emissions properties of higher alcohols like butanol and pentanol. Alcohol has a low energy content, typically affecting engine brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Low-temperature combustion (LTC) in compression ignition engines can lower NOx and smoke emissions, and improve the efficiency of the engine. LTC is done by combining higher alcohol with increased exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate and retarded fuel injection timing. The higher alcohol, along with the oxygen in the fuel reduces exhaust fumes, improves the air/fuel mixture by providing a longer ignition delay (ID), and can replace the fossil fuel like diesel (partially or whole) to allow efficient and clean combustion in CI engines. Finally, several significant findings and comments are provided regarding potential ave-nues for experimental research and future development. According to thorough analysis, bio-alcohols are considered to be a substitute fuel for CI engines.

Simulation analysis and experimental research of friction performance between wood and cemented carbide surface with different micro-textures

ABSTRACT Reasonable micro-pit texture has been proved to be able to improve the friction characteristics between wood and cemented carbide. In this paper, the finite element simulation analysis was used to simulate the friction surface stress, the simulation model was determined, and the simulation results were combined with the friction characteristics test to study the influence of different texture types on the friction coefficient of the wood surface. The results show that the friction coefficient and the stress magnitude of friction between cemented carbide and wood surface have a good linear correlation (R 2 = 0.9414), the finite element simulation can provide a reference for the study of friction behavior in the wood cutting process. The friction coefficient can be influenced by texture parameters such as texture type, the friction length, the width of micro-texture and the angle of micro-texture. Under the condition of the same texture area occupancy, the surface friction coefficient of the micro-pit texture is the smallest; the surface friction coefficient of the micro-groove texture is the largest, and the micro-grid texture has the smaller friction coefficient with the decrease of the texture angle. This is related to the actual contact area between the texture area of the friction area and the wood surface and the main braking force generated during contact.

Versatile Organometallic Synthesis of 0D/2D Metal@Germanane Nanoarchitectonics for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Applications.

Hydrogen-terminated 2D-Germanane (2D-GeH), a germanium-based 2D material akin to graphene, is receiving enormous attention owing to its predicted optoelectronic characteristics. However, experimental research of 2D-GeH is still in an early stage, and therefore its real implementation for task-specific applications will depend on the correct development of suitable chemical functionalization methods. Herein, a general and straightforward organometallic (OM) approach is provided for the robust functionalization of 2D-GeH with different 0D noble metal nanoparticles (M-NPs), resulting in 0D/2D M@GeH nanoarchitectonics. As a proof-of-principle, 0D/2D Pt@GeH and Au@GeH nanoarchitectonics have been successfully synthesized, characterized, and explored as unconventional electrocatalysts for boosting energy conversion reactions. While the hydrogen evolution reaction activity was evaluated for Pt@GeH, the oxygen reduction reaction was interrogated for Au@GeH. Interestingly, the implanted catalytic features of M-NPs yielded to 0D/2D M@GeH nanoarchitectonics with enhanced energy conversion activity comparing to pristine 2D-GeH counterpart. This work proves the suitability of 2D-GeH as unconventional substrates to stabilize nobleM-NPs, and the versatility of the OM approach for the custom design of a new family of 0D/2D M@GeH nanoarchitectonics to expand the implementation of monoelemental 2D materials as promising electrocatalysts in energy conversion field and beyond.

Reciprocal Teaching Style and Motivation in Improving Learning Outcomes of Deep Foot Passing in Football Courses

Teaching style is one of the supporting factors for success in learning. Every teacher (teacher/lecturer), must pay attention and choose a teaching style that is in accordance with the material that will be given to students. It is known that there are problems in Penjaskesrek students at Serambi Mekkah University, including the low average score of students in football courses. Based on the results of the analysis, this happens because students underestimate this course, so it looks like students are not excited and can even be categorized as less motivated. The formulation of the problem in this study is whether there is an effect of reciprocal teaching style and motivation on improving learning outcomes of deep foot passing in football courses. This study aimed to determine the effect of reciprocal teaching style and motivation on improving learning outcomes of deep foot passing in football courses. This research is an experimental research, with a population of 40 students. The sampling technique in this study is total sampling. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there was an effect of the reciprocal learning model and motivation on improving the learning outcomes of passing the inner leg in soccer courses, namely the high motivation group, the average pre-test 46.4 increased by 14.95 so that it became an average of 61.35. While, the low motivation group, the pre-test average of 46.7 increased by 13.85 so that it became an average of 60.55. In conclusion, to improve the learning outcomes of passing in football, especially inner foot passing, students who have high or low motivation can use a reciprocal learning model. Keywords: reciprocal, passing, football

Research on ultrasonic synchronous detection method for material residual stress and thickness

Being limited to the different transmission and reception modes and detection signals of the critical refracted longitudinal wave method for stress measurement and the perpendicular incident echo method for thickness measurement, it is necessary to use different probes and equipments when simultaneously measuring stress and thickness. For this difficulty, the acquisition frequency and the number of bits are taken as the research object to realize the optimization of the echo signal. By combining FEM simulations with Comsol software with experimental research, the effects of probe incidence angle, probe spacing, and temperature on ultrasonic waves are investigated, and the relationship between probe spacing and the stress coefficient of measured component (K) is analyzed. A novel ultrasonic synchronous detection method for residual stress and thickness is proposed. This method is based on an integrated transmit-receive probe with oblique incidence, utilizing critical refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave) for stress detection and synchronously generated transverse waves for thickness measurement. For the first time, a formula for ultrasonic thickness measurement based on inclined incidence is derived. Using self-developed equipment, ultrasonic testing experiments on step test block and cantilever beam loading device were conducted to verify the accuracy and precision of the proposed synchronous detection method for stress and thickness. This method has significant application prospects in the inspection or online monitoring of pressure vessels concerned with fatigue and corrosion performance.

Rapid oxidation of phenolic compounds by O3 and HO●: effects of the air–water interface and mineral dust in tropospheric chemical processes

Abstract. Environmental media affect the atmospheric oxidation processes of phenolic compounds (PhCs) released from biomass burning in the troposphere. To address the gaps in experimental research, phenol (Ph), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBA), and vanillin (VL) are chosen as model compounds to investigate their reaction mechanism and kinetics at the air–water (A–W) interface, on TiO2 mineral aerosols, in the gas phase, and in bulk water using a combination of molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemical calculations. Of the compounds, Ph was the most reactive one. The occurrence percentages of Ph, 4-HBA, and VL staying at the A–W interface are ∼ 72 %, ∼ 68 %, and ∼ 73 %, respectively. As the size of (TiO2)n clusters increases, the adsorption capacity decreases until n > 4, and beyond this, the capacity remains stable. A–W interface and TiO2 clusters facilitate Ph and VL reactions initiated by the O3 and HO⚫, respectively. However, oxidation reactions of 4-HBA are little affected by environmental media because of its electron-withdrawing group. The O3- and HO⚫-initiated reaction rate constant (k) values follow the order of A–WPh > TiO2 VL > A–WVL > A–W4-HBA > TiO2 4-HBA > TiO2 Ph and TiO2 VL > A–WPh > A–WVL > TiO2 4-HBA > TiO2 Ph > A–W4-HBA, respectively. Some byproducts are more harmful than their parent compounds, so they should be given special attention. This work provides key evidence for the rapid oxidation observed in the O3/HO⚫ + PhC experiments at the A–W interface. More importantly, differences in the oxidation of PhCs by different environmental media due to the impact of substituent groups were also identified.

Experimental research on iron loss of high-speed spindle motor under variable frequency drive power supply

Experimental research on iron loss of high-speed spindle motor under variable frequency drive power supply

The opposite roles of injustice and cruelty in the internalization of a devaluation: The humiliation paradox revisited.

Cruelty and its link to injustice in contexts of humiliation have not received to date due attention from experimental psychosocial research. Aiming at filling this gap, this paper presents three studies with increasing degrees of experimental control (Ntotal = 1098) that show a dual opponent-process response to being targeted by potentially humiliating actions: while targets appraising more injustice internalize less the devaluation underlying the humiliation experience (thus partially dissolving the so-called "paradox of humiliation", Fernández etal., 2015, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 976), targets appraising more cruelty internalize more a devalued self-view and feel more humiliated. The fine balance between these two closely connected but distinct appraisals is key to understand the internal/subjective experience of targets: seeing themselves mainly as victims of injustice or cruelty will prevent or favour, respectively, their internalization of the devaluation and their feeling humiliated. This opposite pattern also impacts victims' reaction: Both appraisals relate to aggressive responses via anger but while appraising cruelty also paradoxically leads to powerless inertia, appraising injustice (including importantly the injustice of cruelty itself) leads to less powerlessness and more assertive agency. The theoretical and applied implications of approaching the victims of humiliation as victims of both an injustice and a cruelty are discussed.

The Effect of Giving Soursop Fruit Juice (Annona muricata, L.) on Hemoglobin Levels in Wistar Bunting Strain Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

Background: Anemia in pregnancy can be caused by exposure to cigarette. A large number of free radicals can cause the number of erythrocytes to decrease. It takes a component to neutralize free radicals, namely antioxidants obtained from various fruits. Soursop contains sources of antioxidants such as flavonoid compounds, polyphenols, and vitamin C. Researchers want to know whether soursop juice can be used as an alternative antioxidant to prevent the decrease in hemoglobin levels of pregnant women. Objective: To determine the effect of giving soursop juice on hemoglobin levels of pregnant white rats with exposure to cigarette smoke. Methods: The experimental laboratory research was designed using the Randomized Post Test Only Control Group Design method. The experimental animal samples were 20 pregnant female Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rats composed of two control and three treatment groups. Rats were given soursop fruit juice from the first day of rearing until the 18th day of gestation and exposed to cigarette smoke from the 6th day until the 18th. Then blood samples were taken from the mother's heart to measure the hemoglobin level. Results: The results of the hemoglobin level test showed that there was difference between the treatment group and control group. There is an increasing trend from the postitive control group to treatment group. Conclusion: Giving soursop fruit juice can prevent the decrease in hemoglobin levels of pregnant rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Keywords: anemia, free radicals, antioxidants, vitamin C.

Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism with Strong Spin-Orbit Coupling Achieved in CaRuO3 Interfacial Phase via Magnetic Proximity Effect.

Recently, theoretical and experimental research predicted that ferromagnets with strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) could serve as spin sources with dramatically enhanced spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiency due to the combination of spin Hall effect and anomalous Hall effect (AHE), presenting potential advantages over conventional nonmagnetic heavy metals. However, materials with a strong SOC and room-temperature ferromagnetism are rare. Here, we report on a ferromagnetic (FM) interfacial phase with Curie temperature exceeding 300 K in the heavy transition-metal oxide CaRuO3, in proximity to La0.67Sr0.33MnO3. Electron energy loss and polarized neutron reflectometry spectra reveal the strong charge transfer from Ru to Mn at the interface, triggering antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between interfacial Ru/Mn ions and thus transferring magnetic order from La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 to CaRuO3. An obvious advantage of such interfacial phase is the enhanced anomalous Hall effect at temperatures from 150 to 300 K. Compared to the most promising room-temperature ferromagnetic oxide La0.67Sr0.33MnO3, the anomalous Hall conductivity σxyAHE (or anomalous Hall angle θH) of CaRuO3/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 superlattices is increased by 30 (or 31) times at 150 K and 10 (or 3) times at 300 K. This work demonstrates a special approach for inducing ferromagnetism in heavy transition-metal oxides with strong SOC, offering promising prospects for all-oxide-based spintronic applications.

Effects of Video Micro Teaching Plan to Improve Archery Technique in University Students

Background and Aims: Video microteaching not only improves student learning outcomes but also optimizes the teaching process for instructors. By making effective use of video resources, teachers can dedicate more class time to individual tutoring, helping students who need more attention to overcome learning challenges. Therefore, the objectives of this research were: (1) to study the effect of a video microteaching program on the improvement of archery skills at Jilin University, and (2) to compare the effect of video a microteaching plan on improving archery technique at Jilin University. Materials and Methods: 60 students who participated in the archery course were selected from the 300 first-year students at Jilin University to complete the questionnaire survey, and 30 students were randomly selected from the 60 students to conduct the experimental research. They were divided into 15 students in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. They participated in the 8-week video teaching experiment and tested once every two weeks to compare the effect of different teaching methods. The research methods included a questionnaire survey, a focus group interview, and an experimental intervention. Mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, and dependent t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: Video instruction significantly improved students' academic performance in archery courses. After 8 weeks of intervention, the experimental group using the video teaching plan had significantly improved performance than the control group using the traditional teaching method. Conclusion: The dependent t-test results showed that video teaching helps students to better understand and replicate archery movements, reduce learning errors, and improve motor memory and skill acquisition through vivid movement demonstrations and detailed technical explanations.

Medical VR Simulator for Pediatric Strabismus Treatment

In the process of treating pediatric strabismus, great difficulties arise with maintaining attention and a high level of motivation in patients. Existing computer programs and medical equipment should be supplemented with more modern tools and approaches based on virtual reality (VR) technologies, ensuring the full immersion of children in the treatment process. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a virtual reality medical simulator for the treatment of pediatric strabismus. The specifics of the realization of ophthalmic exercises for the virtual simulator and the methods for evaluation of the quality of their performance are considered. In the course of experimental research, a control group of 58 people using the VR simulator and a reference group of 59 people receiving the standard process of strabismus treatment were compared. The average value of visual acuity in the control group increased from 66.1% to 80.4% (p = 0.002); the average value of objective strabismus angle decreased from 5° to 0° (p < 0.001). The subjective strabismus angle was also found to improve from 3° to 0° (p < 0.001). In terms of exercise quality metrics, a selected subgroup of participants who have been training for a long time have shown positive dynamics in terms of improved accuracy and a reduction in their average number of errors. In summary, virtual reality technologies demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the metrics used to evaluate orthoptic treatment in the control group and the superiority of this approach over standard treatment.

Enhancement table tennis forehand drive ability after exercise using the return board junior high school students

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of return board-based forehand drive instruction on Central Java junior high school students in Class VIII. Experimental research employing a two-group pretest-posttest design, this study consists of a pre-treatment pretest and a post-treatment posttest. Sixteen return drill training sessions were administered to the experimental group, while the control group received no intervention. Hypothesis tests, normality tests, and homogeneity tests are all components of data analysis techniques. The findings of this study indicate that the experimental group's forehand drive ability improved significantly as a result of return board training (p-value = 0.000 < 0.05; mean difference = 4.100). In contrast, there was no discernible impact of enhancing forehand drive ability on the control group (p-value = 0.000 < 0.05). As a result, it can be concluded that instruction utilizing the return board can significantly improve the forehand driving ability of Central Java eighth-graders. To improve one's ability to execute a forehand drive, researchers propose employing a training method that utilizes the return board. The aforementioned research findings suggest that instruction utilizing the return board may significantly enhance the forehand driving proficiency of Central Java Junior High School students in grade VIII. At a significance level of 0.000, the mean difference is 4.100. To improve one's forehand driving abilities, researchers recommend selecting a training method that incorporates the return stroke as an alternative. It is crucial that the training programs are well-organized, structured, and adhere to established procedures. Scholars desiring to undertake additional investigations pertaining to the utilization of return boards are encouraged to select alternative training modalities and juxtapose them.

Peptidergic G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Systems in Cancer: Examination of Receptor Structure and Signaling to Foster Innovative Pharmacological Solutions

Background. Peptidergic GPCR systems are broadly distributed in the human body and regulate numerous physiological processes by activating complex networks of intracellular biochemical events responsible for cell regulation and survival. Excessive stimulation, ill-function, or blockade of GPCRs produces cell disturbances that may cause disease should compensatory mechanisms not suffice. Methods and Results. Revision of updated experimental research provided an evident relationship associating peptidergic GPCR malfunction with tumor formation and maintenance resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation and migration, colonization, inhibition of apoptosis or altered metabolism, and increased angiogenesis in tumoral tissues. Conclusion. Determination of the implication of GPCR peptide signaling in specific neoplasia is crucial to designing tailored pharmacological treatments to counteract or dismantle the origin of the signaling circuitry causing cellular disruption. In some cases, particular ligands for these receptors may serve as concomitant treatments to aid other pharmacological or physical approaches to eradicate neoplasias.

Deciphering the Iconic: An Inquiry into how Architecture Impacts the Inclusiveness of Cultural Institutions

Public libraries have seen a decline in attendance numbers in recent years, especially among visitors with lower levels of education. Public libraries have also significantly altered their ‘look and feel’ in the last two decades, with many now being housed in buildings with a very contemporary and ‘iconic’ architectural style. Our research explores whether these two developments are connected and how education- and class-based differences regarding the experience of architecture affect the inclusiveness of public libraries. An experimental research design (using Virtual Reality) was developed, allowing us to study what exactly makes buildings and spaces less inviting for certain types of (potential) visitors. Results suggest that lower educated (potential) visitors tend to find ‘iconic’ libraries less recognizable (as libraries) and less inviting, but also that generational effects are important to take into consideration and that some aspects of architecture are experienced and evaluated in a relatively ‘universalistic’ way.

INVESTIGATION ON CORROSION AND FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE USING MARINE SAND

Traditionally, the construction industry relies on both manufactured sand (known as MF-Sand) and river sand as primary constituents for fine aggregates. However, in response to the dwindling supply of river sand, the contemporary preference is firmly in favor of MF-Sand. This research focuses the utilization of meticulously cleaned marine sand (referred to as MR-Sand) as a superior substitute for MF-Sand, aiming to curtail the reliance on and depletion of river sand, a finite natural resource. The objective of this research is to examine the mechanical property of flexural performance of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) Beam and durability study of concrete using corrosion test in which washed MR - Sand as a fine aggregate in partial replacement of MF-Sand from 20% to 60%. The physical and chemical characteristics of treated and untreated marine sand are compared with a view to better comprehending the features of MR and MF-Sand. Experimental research works have been carried out to look into the corrosion test and flexural strength in order to better understanding the strength and durability attributes of concrete. The values for flexural strength, ultimate load, load-deflection, load-strain, and crack pattern have been compared for the RCC beam specimens MF100, MR20, MR40 and MR60. The findings indicate that 60% of MR-Sand possesses the desired properties of strength and durability of concrete. Additionally, Finite Element Analysis is carried out using the ABAQUS software to further validate the experimental findings of load-deflection, load carrying capacity, crack pattern and flexural strength.

Morphological characteristics of wound healing with aloe extract, hydrogel, and their combination: experimental research

BACKGROUND: Currently, there remains a high incidence of skin damage due to trauma, chronic diseases, burns, so it is important to study the issues of regeneration and treatment of skin wounds. AIM: To conduct a morphological analysis of wound healing using aloe extract, hydrogel, and their combination in the experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 40 sexually mature guinea pigs, which were divided into a control group and 4 experimental groups (independent wound healing, application of aloe extract, hydrosorb gel, layer-by-layer application of drugs). Histological skin preparations were prepared on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 of the experiment. In each microslide, in 10 fields of view of the microscope at a magnification of ×50, morphometric parameters were measured in micrometers (µm): the thickness of the purulent-necrotic scab, inflammatory (leukocyte) infiltrate, granulation tissue, the length of the newly formed epithelium on days 3, 7, 14; the thickness of the epithelium, its length and the thickness of the connective tissue in the central part of the regenerate on the 28th day. All data were subjected to statistical processing. RESULTS: The medications led to a decrease in the inflammatory reaction, acceleration of the formation of granulation tissue, and partial wound epithelization by day 7 of the experiment; however, more pronounced signs of wound healing were observed with layer-by-layer application of aloe extract and hydrogel. By day 14, regardless of the application method, the use of medications demonstrated signs of enhanced wound healing. Thus, the length of the epithelium increased by 1.2–1.6 times, the depth of granulation tissue increased by 1.0–1.2 times compared to the control group. By the end of the experiment, all animals had complete closure of the wound with scar formation, while in the experimental groups showed signs of skin remodeling with appendages. CONCLUSION: Morphological analysis showed that aloe extract, hydrosorb gel, and their combination accelerated the wound healing processes of full-thickness skin wounds in the experiment.

Impact of Adsorbent Weight, Time, and Temperature on Purification Efficiency with Activated Carbon

Based on data from the Indonesian Biofuel Producers Association 2022, biodiesel production will reach 10.8 billion liters, producing crude glycerol of 10-20% of the total product volume in the transesterification process. Crude Glycerol is a by-product of making biodiesel with low purity because it still contains impurities such as methanol, free fatty acids, KOH catalysts, and water. These impurity compounds must be removed so that the quality of glycerol increases and has a high selling value. Adsorption is one method that can be used to absorb these impurity compounds. This research aims to determine the effect of adsorbent weight, adsorption time, and temperature on glycerol purity levels. This experimental research uses an exploratory factorial design method to determine the most influential factors. The low level of adsorbent weight used is 9%, while the high level of adsorbent weight is 15%. The low-level adsorption time is 60 minutes and the high level is 90 minutes. The adsorption temperature used is a low level of 40℃ and a high level of 80℃. The research results showed that the weight of the adsorbent was the factor that had the most influence on the purity level of glycerol