Results Of Experimental Research Research Articles

Experimental studies of the ventilation system for the intake of contaminated air

The article presents the results of experimental research on the determination of the coefficient of reduction of the air flow rate, pressure losses and the necessary power consumption of the exhaust fan, depending on the rotation angle of the damper. The diagram and general view of the laboratory equipment for researching the operation modes of the intake damper, which is the part of the automatic ventilation system for the intake of contaminated air from livestock premises, is given. Its main element is an intake valve with servo drives. The damper is round-shaped and rotates around an axel that lies on its plane. Based on the results of the first stage of experimental studies of the ventilation system for the intake of polluted air, the dependences of the output air flow rate Vout, air consumption qout, the air flow rate reduction coefficient ι, the conditional area of the opening σout and the fan power consumption Ndamp on the input speed Vin, the angle of rotation of the damper β and the diameter were determined duct Dp. When the dampers are gradually opened by a given angle β(t), the inlet velocity Vin(t) increases from 11.42 m/s to 17.98 m/s, which is explained by the fact that the damper creates a certain pneumatic resistance and the air flow returns to in the opposite direction, while reducing the overall speed of the incoming air. At the outlet, the airflow velocity Vout(t) increases from 0.08 m/s to 17.83 m/s. Moments of opening of the damper occur within 1 s, and a significant increase in speed is observed, both at the inlet and at the outlet, due to the occurrence of turbulent motion. After opening the damper to a given angle, the speed decreases and stabilizes. According to the results of the second stage of experimental studies of the ventilation system for the intake of contaminated air, the algorithm for controlling the dampers depending on the ratio of gas concentrations was verified. The dependence of the power consumption of the fan N of the ventilation system for the intake of contaminated air on the length of the air duct between the L0 modules and the air consumption Qin was determined.

Substantiation of the rotary pin installation's working bodies parameters for processing of dried grapes

The article offers the results of experimental research, the influence of the number of revolutions of the plate and the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate, internal, and external diameters and heights of pins installed on the plate of a rotary pin installation, as well as the humidity of dried grapes on показателейits performance indicators. When determining the influence of the speed of the plate on the performance of the device, the speed of the plate changed from 200 min-1 to 350 min-1 with an interval of 50 min-1. As well as determining the influence of the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate on the performance indicators, that when the angle of inclination of the side wall of the plate changes from 25 ° to 35 °, the degree of cleaning and loss of dried grapes increased, and the degree of damage decreased. An increase in this angle from 35 ° to 40 ° resulted in a decrease in the degree of peeling and loss of dried grapes, as well as an increase in the degree of damage to them. And at an angle of inclination of 35 ° or more, the probability of getting discarded dried grapes on the walls of the device increases, which negatively affects its quality indicators.

Multi-level computer systems for automation of scientific research

The article is devoted to multi-level computer systems used to automate scientific research. The authors show that to automate scientific research, it is important to correctly formulate the composition of hardware and software for experimental installations and test benches. Automation means include structural devices and measuring instruments. Correct functioning of the hardware and software complex ensures the acquisition of new characteristics. The analysis of the values of these characteristics depends directly on the metrological equipment, as well as on computer processing of the measurement results. The automation of scientific research can significantly increase the objectivity and reliability of the results of experimental research, since during research a series of tests are performed. Thus, the computer technologies used make it possible to organize hardware and software support for the automation of scientific research, which ensures, over a fixed period of time, the minimization of measurement errors with limited time resources. Moreover, during this period of time, due to automation, a sufficient amount of data is collected to prove the reliability of the results obtained. This is achieved through the construction of multilevel automation systems with coordination of the work of multiple objects distributed geographically.

Research Results of Municipal Sewage Sludge Applied for Building Material Production

The study presents the experimental results on the use of ash obtained as a result of incineration of municipal sewage sludge from the water utility of Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, for construction material production. Research methods are given and the results of strength tests of building material samples are given. The impact of the manufactured samples of construction materials on the ecology of the surrounding space and human health is assessed. To achieve the set objectives of the research laboratory experiment and determination of indicators of investigated values of sludge, ash and water extracts with the use of devices and measuring instruments are used. On the basis of the research laboratories of Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University and MUE “IzhVodokanal” of the Udmurt Republic experimental studies on incineration of sewage sludge and the use of the resulting ash as a substituting or modifying component of the construction mixture in the manufacture of experimental samples of ceramics, cement-sand mortar and concrete were carried out. Methodology of manufacturing and algorithm of ceramic (fired) and cement-based (nonfired) testing specimens are presented. Measuring means for determination of gamma-radiation intensity indices of ash, cement and their influence on human health are used. The algorithm of experimental research, applied energy-efficient techniques used in the experiment and analysis of the obtained experimental results are presented. The analysis of experimental research results of ceramic and cement-based products, as well as the analysis of radiation safety, migration of heavy metals is presented. The energy-efficient methodology of sewage sludge utilization and further ways of applying ash as an environmental and resource-saving component used in manufacturing of experimental building materials are considered.

Pengaruh Rasio Crude Enzim Selulase Trichoderma reesei dan Aspergillus niger terhadap Kadar Gula dan Bioetanol Fermentasi Kulit Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) Menggunakan Zymomonas mobilis

The need for fuel oil in Indonesia is increasing along with the increase in the number of people's consumption in the fields of transportation, industry, and economy. While the source of petroleum fuel in Indonesia is running low. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize alternative energy, namely bioethanol. Bioethanol can be produced from organic waste that contains high cellulose, one of which is peanut shells. This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of crude cellulase enzyme Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger on sugar and ethanol content of peanut shell fermentation using Zymomonas mobilis, and to determine the ratio of crude cellulase enzyme that produces the highest sugar and ethanol content of peanut shell fermentation using Z. mobilis. This research is an experimental study with independent variables, namely the ratio of crude cellulase enzyme T. reesei : A. niger (0:0), (1:0), (0:1), (1:1), (1:2), (2:1), (1:3), and (3:1) and the dependent variable of sugar and biethanol content. Data analysis of experimental research results using ANOVA and DMRT test. The addition of crude cellulase enzyme from T. reesei and A. niger affects the sugar content and bioethanol from peanut shell fermentation. The ratio of crude cellulase enzyme from T. reesei and A. niger that produces the highest sugar content is in the treatment P5 ratio of crude enzyme T. reesei: A. niger (2:1) which is 0.14 g/mL and the highest ethanol content from groundnut shell fermentation is in the treatment of P8 crude enzyme ratio of T. reesei : A. niger (1:3) which is 2.23%.

Testing the Fire Safety of Electric Vehicles

Aim: The aim of the article is to discuss, using literature on the subject, the results of scientific research and fire tests devoted to lithium-ion batteries and electric-powered vehicles, as well as various methods and techniques for extinguishing them. The presentation of these issues is important in terms of identifying the hazards present in construction objects where electric vehicles are parked and charged, as well as conducting effective and safe rescue operations during incidents involving them. Introduction: The development of electromobility, including the growing number of electric vehicles, poses new challenges for fire protection, both in the context of conducting rescue operations and the safety of parking and charging these vehicles at construction objects. Fires on lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles follow a different pattern than fires on conventional energy sources. This includes the causes of their origin, the course and methods of extinguishing them, as well as the dangers to those in their zone, including from the toxic products of combustion that are emitted. Consideration of the occurrence of these risks is particularly important in underground infrastructure, where firefighting is more difficult and the ability to eliminate the toxic products is limited. The article discusses the results of scientific research and fire tests involving lithium-ion batteries and electric vehicles, taking into account different methods and techniques for extinguishing them, conducted in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, South Korea, the United States of America and Poland, among others. Methodology: The authors prepared the article based on a review and analysis of the results of scientific and experimental research, as well as on the literature. Conclusions: The growing number of electric vehicles increases the likelihood of accidents and fires involving them. This poses a challenge for rescue operations involving the vehicles mentioned above. An analysis of the literature on the subject leads to the conclusion that the catalogue of risks during rescue operations involving electric vehicles is different from that of conventionally powered vehicles. These risks require research, analysis, evaluation and validation. Keywords: fire safety, fire protection, electric vehicles, lithium-ion battery, rescue operations

Surface Characterization of Carbon Steel after Rolling Burnishing Treatment

The paper presents the results of experimental research and surface characteristics after the process of roller burnishing of macro-asperities of the surface. As part of the work, the possibility of plastic shaping of the surface macrostructure with indentations (plateau structure), which will show anti-wear properties through appropriate surface shaping and the compressive stress state in the product’s top layer, was investigated. The essence of the paper is to present the analysis of the surface roughness parameters and carry out analysis of SEM, AFM and metallographic results for the burnished surface. The main objective of the work is to develop an adequate outline of the surface to receive the required parameters and characteristics of the surface after burnishing. The results of dependencies of roughness parameter after turning and after burnishing from the vertical angle of asperities are presented, as well as SEM, AFM and metallographic analysis for the surface with a vertical angle of 60 ÷ 150 degrees.

ROBOTIC TECHNOLOGICAL CELLULTRASONIC FLAW DETECTION

Ultrasonic flaw detection is the most versatile non-destructive testing method for detecting defects in various materials. The aim of this work is to develop a robotic technological cell for ultrasonic flaw detection of welded products. To achieve this goal, we selected the necessary equipment, developed an algorithm for the control system, and wrote control and data collection programs. In addition to identifying the product defect, the PC-based control system also ensures safety during the diagnostic process.
 The technical support of the cell consists of an ultrasonic flaw detector "EPOCH 650" with a rectangular pulse generator and a digital receiver, an industrial robot Mitsubishi Electric MELFA RV-FR series, a work table for the required part orientation, inductive sensors for identifying the installation of the part, light barriers to ensure safe operation of the cell and a control system.
 The cell control system is implemented in the form of a chalkboard and includes a central processing device for cell control, a robot control processor for implementing the robot's trajectory and communication with the robot controller, a module for communication with peripheral equipment, and a data logging module for registration, recording and sharing of events in the control system, a digital input module for receiving digital signals of 0 or 24 V DC from contact type sensors, manual control buttons, status signals from alarm systems, positioning drives, etc.
 The cell software ensures the implementation of control algorithms and consists of a control program to control the robot's movements, an executive program to ensure the control system's analysis of signals from the flaw detector, a security system, and user interaction via the system interface, The interface system receives data from the PLC and is responsible for graphically displaying information about the control system.
 The paper presents the results of experimental research and simulation, which confirm the efficiency and effectiveness of the developed algorithms and control programs. By determining the optimal values of the speeds of movement and rotation of the robot links during their simultaneous movement, the speed and productivity of the cell are increased.

Topography and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Thin Films Containing Iodide-Based Hybrid Perovskites.

This article covers selected properties of organic-inorganic thin films of hybrid perovskites with the summary formulas CH3NH3MI3, where M = Pb, Cd, Ge, Sn, Zn. The paper discusses not only the history, general structure, applications of perovskites and the basics of the theory of nonlinear optics, but also the results of experimental research on their structural, spectroscopic, and nonlinear optical properties. The samples used in all presented studies were prepared in the physical vapor deposition process by using co-deposition from two independent thermal sources containing the organic and inorganic parts of individual perovskites. Ultimately, thin layers with a thickness of the order of nanometers were obtained on glass and crystalline substrates. Their structural properties were characterized by atomic force microscopy imaging. Spectroscopic tests were used to confirm the tested films' transmission quality and determine previously unknown physical parameters, such as the absorption coefficient and refractive index. Experimental results of the nonlinear optical properties were obtained by studying the second and third harmonic generation processes and using initial sample polarization in the so-called Corona poling process. The obtained experimental results allowed us to determine the second- and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of the tested materials.

Experimental and Analytical Studies of String Steel Structure for Bridges

Due to their efficiency, suspension structures are widely used in both roof slabs and different kinds of bridges, from which stress ribbon pedestrian bridges can be distinguished. The main disadvantage of the latter is high deformability, especially under asymmetrical loads. Recently, string structures or their systems have been introduced into bridge building. Numerical and experimental analysis of string behaviour under symmetrical and asymmetrical loads is carried out in the article. Analytical expressions for the calculation of string displacements and tensile forces are presented. The impact of the string pre-stress on the state of its stresses and deformations was evaluated. The assessment of the accuracy of analytical expressions by applying the results of numerical and experimental research is presented. A methodology is proposed for calculating the pre-stressing force taking into account the operational requirements. Three main loading options at different string pre-stress values are analysed. It is worth mentioning that the difference (error) between the analytical and numerical results is not extensive, it does not exceed 3%. It is necessary to notice that in all cases, the analytically obtained results are somewhat higher than FEM (numerically) obtained results.

Identifying regularities of fluid throttling of an inertial hydrodynamic installation

The article presents the results of experimental research conducted on a specially designed setup for pressurizing various types of fluids through throttle orifices. To determine the optimal operating mode of the thermal system, throttle nozzles of different diameters, specifically 1.5 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm, were utilized. One of the primary advantages of vortex heaters is their high heat exchange efficiency. This is attributed to the vortical motions and turbulence generated within the device, which promote more vigorous fluid mixing, thus enhancing heat transfer efficiency. However, vortex heaters do have certain drawbacks. Vortical components may experience wear and require regular maintenance and replacement. Subsequently, during the course of experimental work, an alternative inertia-based hydrodynamic system for heating heat carriers was developed and installed in a laboratory experimental facility. The research focus was on technical water. The results indicated that the static pre-pressure generated by the supply of water from the water main into the system decreases as the rotor's angular velocity increases. Experimental investigations demonstrated that rotor rotation leads to a redistribution of flow characteristics in throttle orifices for both static and dynamic inertial fluid discharge. Given that any static column of liquid results in level flow through throttle orifices, their flow static parameters were established. Furthermore, the research revealed that with the increase in rotor angular velocity, the fluid pressure at the throttle orifices rises, while the share of fluid discharge from the initial static pressure decreases in the overall fluid flow

Energy Optimization of Marine Drive Systems with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

The International Maritime Organization are introducing more and more stringent requirements concerning increasing ships’ energy efficiency. They are becoming a huge challenge for design engineers. This article proposes a method to increase the energy efficiency of mechatronic drive systems in ship systems via the use of highly efficient electric permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). An innovative control strategy is suggested. It is based on the modification of the classic PMSM control and ensuring energy optimization through a reduction in reactive power in the Active Converter–PMSM system. Analytical and simulation studies using the Matlab–Simulink program are presented. They confirm the possibility of reducing reactive power in a PMSM drive system. A verification of the results of analytical and simulation examinations was conducted at a laboratory station with the use of the Speedgoat module operating in the Rapid Control Prototyping mode. Both the simulation and experimental research results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed PMSM control method. This method has good prospects for application in energy-saving marine drive systems.

THE ROLE OF PROSODY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY OF DIRECT QUESTIONING IN THE DETECTIVE’S SPEECH IN FILM DISCOURSE

The article reports on the results of experimental phonetic research aimed at identifying the prosodic characteristics of utterances manifesting the strategy of direct questioning. To unveil the prosody of direct questioning, utterances used by a police detective and an amateur detective in detective film discourse have been analysed. It has been established that tone frequency, or melodic component of prosody, is helpful in differentiating of the communicative tactics, since it has turned out to be the most varied component according to the results of auditory analysis. The results of the instrumental analysis of the police detective’s speech and the amateur detective’s speech have shown that the widest frequency range marks the communicative tactic of clarification in the police detective’s speech, and the communicative tactic of a demand to speak to the point / interruption in the amateur detective’s speech. The narrowest frequency range is characteristic of the communicative tactic of a direct questioning in the police detective’s speech and the tactic of clarification in the amateur detective’s speech. On the whole, the frequency range of the utterances manifesting communicative tactics in the amateur detective’s speech has turned out to be wider compared to those in the police detective’s speech. The analysis of the localization of the frequency maxima in different parts of sense-groups uttered by both detectives has shown that the localization fluctuations of the frequency maxima are insignificant and denote expressive coloring of the most important lexemes in the speech of both detectives.

Комплексный экологический мониторинг негативного воздействия нефтесодержащих отходов в районах нефтяных месторождений как объекта экологического риска

In this paper peculiarities of negative impact of oil-containing waste to humans and biosphere and approaches to its estimation are considered. For the estimation of ecological risks of negative impact of oil-containing waste in areas of oil and gas fields it is suggested to take into account not only its toxicological and quantitative characteristics, but also the degradation of the territories of fields, potential recultivating capacity of fields, suitability of wastes for utilization etc. Negative ecological impact not only from operation but also from mothballed oil well should be investigated. Results of complex experimental researches of negative impact of oil-containing waste in regions of development and exploitation of oil and gas fields are described. In number of cases increased values of oil containing waste and heavy metals were determined in soil and in water environment. For oil wells of Mogutovskoye field acute toxicity of soil samples near to the wells and excess over maximum permissible concentrations of methane were determined. Results of monitoring of toxicological impact of oil containing waste in areas of different oil fields of Samara region and in oil treatment plants by using of biological testing methods have showed that a number of samples have enlarged toxicity and are causing acute toxic effect to the test-organisms – green algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijer and Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) Brébisson, crustaceans Daphnia magna Straus. In number of cases increased values of oil products was observed. Thus, it was determined that negative impact of oil-containing waste in areas of oil fields is complex in nature and may cause significant ecological risks for air, water and soil. Results of work allow us to carry out more efficient and high quality monitoring of negative impact of oil-containing waste and estimation of ecological risks as well as to develop the measures for reduction of negative impact of oil-containing waste.

Experimental and numerical study of ice storage and melting process of external melting ice coil

Ice storage air conditioning technology could achieve “peak cut” by storing ice during the valley period, melting ice during the peak period to achieve the role of peak load regulation. At the same time, it can promote consumption of renewable energy. This study deals with the experimental and numerical analysis of the solidification and melting processes of coiled ice storage. From the experimental observation, it was observed that the outer surface of the lower side of the coil was the first to form an ice layer. Then the outer surface of the upper side begins to form an ice layer, and the growth rate of the ice layer is faster than that of the lower side. The average growth rates of the ice layer on the upper and lower side are 0.112 mm/min and 0.079 mm/min, respectively. The density variation of water and natural convection were considered in this analysis. The numerical simulation results well match the phenomena and results of experimental research. The influence of different directions of cooling water inlet on the melting rate was also compared in this paper. Under the same initial conditions and boundary conditions, the melting process in the Mode 1 (along the coil) cools down faster; The ice melting process in Mode 2 (perpendicular to the coil) can provide more stable cooling, and the cooling duration is 130 s longer than that in Mode 1.

Four-antenna amplitude direction finder: statistical synthesis and experimental research of signal processing algorithm

The subject of this study is the algorithms for measuring the angular positions of radio emission sources. The goal of this study is to develop an improved algorithm for signal processing in amplitude direction finders that will provide several unambiguous measurement angles at high steepness of the discrimination characteristic by combining measurements of systems with different widths of antenna patterns. The task: to develop an optimal signal processing algorithm for a four-antenna amplitude direction finding system, two antennas of which have a wide radiation pattern and the other two have a narrow one; to test the overall performance of the resulting algorithm by simulating the direction finder; to develop and conduct a study of an experimental model of a four-antenna direction finder, which includes two antennas with wide radiation patterns, two antennas with narrow radiation patterns, radio frequency paths, and a signal processing unit that implements the developed algorithm; to analyze the effectiveness and features of the application of the developed algorithm, and to compare the results of simulation modeling and experimental research. The methods used are statistical methods and optimal solutions for solving problems of statistical synthesis of signal processing algorithms in passive radio systems, computer simulation modeling methods, and experimental research methods. The following results were obtained. The algorithm for signal processing in a four-antenna direction finding system was synthesized using the maximum likelihood method. By simulation modeling, the overall effectiveness of measurement integration in multi-antenna amplitude direction finders was confirmed, and the peculiarities of the synthesized algorithm application were revealed, namely, the need to introduce additional proportionality coefficients into the measurement channels. During the experimental studies of the developed model of the direction finder, the results of the simulation modeling were confirmed. Conclusions. To determine the direction of radiation sources by amplitude direction finders, it is advisable to simultaneously use systems with wide and narrow antenna patterns, the measurements of which are combined by the proposed algorithm. This makes it possible to simultaneously expand the range of unambiguous measurement angles and increase the accuracy of measurements within the equal-signal zone. The disadvantage of using the algorithm is the nonlinear form of the obtained discrimination characteristics and the need to determine additional proportionality coefficients heuristically.

Investigation of the Dynamics of Processing Parameters in Hard Turning Modes

One of the types of finishing operations of machining the surface of products made of metal materials is hard turning, which is carried out at elevated turning modes. When processing steels hardened to high hardness, in processing modes with the ma-nifestation of all the features characterizing hard turning, a lot of heat is released, which turns into chips during turning, while the values of the cutting force decrease, which is associated with the softening of the active surface layers of the processed material and its subsequent plasticization, which leads to a decrease in cutting forces in the contact zone. A significant interest both from a scientific and practical point of view is the issue of changing the cutting temperature and processing parameters in hard turning modes. The paper presents experimental research results and empirical dependences of the radial component of the cutting force and temperature on cutting speed and feed per revolution, at a fixed cutting depth in the modes of hard turning of hardened steel. The research has been carried out on an experimental installation specially designed for this purpose, consisting of a lathe and a stand for recording, monitoring and analyzing dynamic processes (in the form of a signal from the cutter) during turning. A cutter with replaceable ceramic cutting plates was used as a test tool, and the material of the workpieces for the research was HVG steel, subjected to heat treatment for a hardness category of 55 HRC. Computer and mathematical processing of the results obtained using the least squares method was carried out, which allowed us to derive calculation formulas for determining the values of the studied factors. The optimal values of the factors corresponding to the minimum value of the radial component of the force and the cutting temperature are determined.

Victim position of personality: correlations with early maladaptive schemas domains in adults

The article contains the results of experimental research on the correlations between 5 domains of early maladaptive schemas and the peculiarities of personality victim position. A total of 262 adults participated in the experiment. Significant positive correlations between the indicated variables were identified. The personality victimhood has a significant positive correlation with all 5 domains of early maladaptive schemas (the strongest correlation was identifi ed with Domain IV "Dependence on others"). Different types of manifestation of the victim pozition of personality are most positively correlated with Domain IV „Dependence on others”, Domain V. ”Hypervigilance” and Inhibition”, and Domain I “Separation” and Rejection”.

Experimental and Analytical Studies of String Steel Structure for Bridges

Due to their efficiency, suspension structures are widely used in both roof slabs and different kinds of bridges, from which stress ribbon pedestrian bridges can be distinguished. The main disadvantage of the latter is high deformability, especially under asymmetrical loads. Recently, string structures or their systems have been introduced into bridge building. Numerical and experimental analysis of string behaviour under symmetrical and asymmetrical loads is carried out in the article. Analytical expressions for the calculation of string displacements and tensile forces are presented. The impact of the string pre-stress on the state of its stresses and deformations was evaluated. The assessment of the accuracy of analytical expressions by applying the results of numerical and experimental research is presented. A methodology is proposed for calculating the pre-stressing force taking into account the operational requirements. Three main loading options at different string pre-stress values are analysed. It is worth mentioning that the difference (error) between the analytical and numerical results is not extensive, it does not exceed 3%. It is necessary to notice that in all cases, the analytically obtained results are somewhat higher than FEM (numerically) obtained results.

Chinas Urban and Rural CPI Prediction Based on ARIMA Model

Inflation represents the continuous rise of the overall price level of a country. In severe cases, it may cause an imbalance between social supply and demand and lead to a crisis of currency confidence. Therefore, it is necessary to measure and predict the level of inflation. The CPI index is an important indicator to measure the level of inflation, which can largely reflect the national economic situation in a certain period. This paper conducts research by selecting the urban and rural CPI data of the National Bureau of Statistics from January 2007 to June 2023, a total of 198 months. After data processing and inspection, this paper use ARIMA model to forecast. The experimental research results show that the ARIMA (12,0,1) model and the ARIMA (12,0,0) model have good predictive effects on the CPI index of cities and villages respectively. In the short term, the ARIMA model can accurately predict the changing trend of the CPI index, with an error rate of less than 0.5%. The model predicts that China's urban and rural inflation from June 2023 to June 2024 will be stable and improving overall.