Experimental Research Model Research Articles

Experimental research and estimation model of gasoline evaporative emissions from vehicles in China

Evaporative emission is an important source of vehicle pollutant emission and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), causing serious environmental pollution. Carbon canisters are used to store fuel vapor in evaporative emission control (EVAP) system, but canisters are prone to saturation, leading to the direct release of fuel vapor into the atmosphere. Therefore, accurate estimation of fuel vapor generation is crucial for EVAP system. Gasoline evaporation rate is mainly influenced by vapor-liquid interface area, gasoline saturated vapor pressure, filling level and temperature. The quantitative relation between different parameters and gasoline evaporation rate has rarely been reported, and a gasoline evaporative emission estimation model suitable for China needs to be proposed urgently. In this study, gasoline evaporative emission tests have been carried out in VT-SHED, and the effects of vapor-liquid interface area, filling level and temperature on gasoline evaporative emissions have been analyzed under the premise of consistent gasoline temperature and ambient temperature. Some valuable conclusions are obtained. The results show that different from expectation, gasoline evaporative emissions are not positively correlated with the vapor-liquid interface area. There is an approximately exponential relationship between the headspace volume and gasoline evaporative emissions. The widely used Reddy equation and Hata equation underestimate the gasoline vapor generation in China. Based on China VI test program and gasoline, accurate estimation of mass transfer coefficient has been conducted, and a new semi-empirical estimation model for vapor generation has been proposed. The model can accurately estimate the fuel evaporation of vehicles in China, providing guidance for the matching and optimization of EVAP system.

Investigation of Processes in the Traction Capacitor Circuit of the Model of High-Speed Magnetolevitation Transport

Purpose. High-speed magnetolevitation transport (maglev), based on the principle of electrodynamic suspension, has features in the form of large sections of the windings of the track coils. Therefore, there is a need to study electrical processes in the circuits of these coils to improve the efficiency of the energy performance of this type of transport. The study of electrical processes in the circuits of a track power plant makes it possible to substantiate the prerequisites for the creation of a distributed energy storage and transmission system. The power plant consists of separate subsystems, including a primary energy storage unit, an energy distribution unit, and a traction module. The main purpose of this study is to determine the nature of transients in the energy distribution unit and to obtain the characteristics of the traction capacitor discharge process. Methodology. We modeled an electrical circuit that would meet the needs of the corresponding energy distribution unit of the track structure for the required operating conditions of the maglev motion system – control pulses with different combinatorics. In the course of the study, computer modeling of physical systems in the Scilab software environment was used. Findings. A review of existing studies has been carried out and the relevance of the study of the track power plant for high-speed magnetolevitation transport has been substantiated. The basic mathematical dependences of electrical circuits with capacitive and inductive elements are given. A structural representation of the inductive section of the maglev motion system with a traction module is created: traction coils and a capacitor, as well as a converter-pulse signal unit. An effective tool for analyzing transient processes has been created. Originality. For the first time, the structural and elemental realization of the power distribution unit for the road power plant of high-speed land transport is proposed. The time dependencies describing the processes in the proposed system during the implementation of the principles of pulse control of traction coils are obtained. Based on the analysis of the nature of transients in the traction capacitor circuit, the directions of further development of this power plant are proposed. Practical value. The results of the work create the basis for further research and development of experimental research models (test bench) of the maglev in order to obtain new ratios and characteristics that will confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of the new control principle of the proposed system.

Effectiveness of Equal-Age Counselling Services to Prevent Early Marriage Attitude of Class IX MTS students Riyadhus Sholihin Sunggal

The study aims to find out the effectiveness of peer counselling services to prevent attitudes towards early marriage of students of 9th grade MTS Riyadhus Sholihin Sunggal. The research method used is experimental. In this study the researchers used the Pre Experimental research model using One Group Pre Test – Post Test Design. As to the data collection techniques used are (1) document analysis, namely list of names, number of students of class IX MTS Riyadhus Sholihi Sunggal and photo documentation of the research. (2) The test method used in this study is the filling of angket. (3) Observation, from the results of the analysis of data of counselling services for prevention of early marriage attitudes in students using the statistical analysis technique t-test, obtained t_count as 5.542 while the size of the number on the table of value t for one-party test (one tail test) with a degree of significance of 0.05 (5%) at d.b N-1= 9 is 1.833. Therefore, the result of the data analysis of 5,542 is above the limit of rejection of the zero hypothesis which is large 1,833 (t_count > t_table), so this study is significant.

Equine enteroid-derived monolayers recapitulate key features of parasitic intestinal nematode infection

Stem cell-derived organoid cultures have emerged as attractive experimental models for infection biology research regarding various types of gastro-intestinal pathogens and host species. However, the large size of infectious nematode larvae and the closed structure of 3-dimensional organoids often hinder studies of the natural route of infection. To enable easy administration to the apical surface of the epithelium, organoids from the equine small intestine, i.e. enteroids, were used in the present study to establish epithelial monolayer cultures. These monolayers were functionally tested by stimulation with IL-4 and IL-13, and/or exposure to infectious stage larvae of the equine nematodes Parascaris univalens, cyathostominae and/or Strongylus vulgaris. Effects were recorded using transcriptional analysis combined with histochemistry, immunofluorescence-, live-cell- and scanning electron microscopy. These analyses revealed heterogeneous monolayers containing both immature and differentiated cells including tuft cells and mucus-producing goblet cells. Stimulation with IL-4/IL-13 increased tuft- and goblet cell differentiation as demonstrated by the expression of DCLK1 and MUC2. In these cytokine-primed monolayers, the expression of MUC2 was further promoted by co-culture with P. univalens. Moreover, live-cell imaging revealed morphological alterations of the epithelial cells following exposure to larvae even in the absence of cytokine stimulation. Thus, the present work describes the design, characterization and usability of an experimental model representing the equine nematode-infected small intestinal epithelium. The presence of tuft cells and goblet cells whose mucus production is affected by Th2 cytokines and/or the presence of larvae opens up for mechanistic studies of the physical interactions between nematodes and the equine intestinal mucosa.

An Innovative Histochemical Analysis of Aksaray Malaklý Dog Esophagus by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Background: The esophagus of the Aksaray Malaklý Dog, a local breed, was examined using macroanatomical, histological, histochemical and SEM methods. Methods: The study examined 8 adult Aksaray Malaklý dogs (4 males, 4 females) that died of various reasons and were brought to Aksaray University Veterinary Faculty Animal Hospital for necropsy. Macroanatomical examination of the esophagus revealed that the esophagus started from the pharynx and was divided into three parts: pars cervicalis, pars thoracalis and pars abdominalis and ended in the cardia of the gaster. It was observed that the esophageal glands seen in the submucosa were located along the entire length of the organ and consisted of many mucous-character corpus glandulae and very few serous-character-secreting corpus glandulae. Result: The glands’ secretion characteristics in the Aksaray Malaklý dog’s esophagus were determined using three different staining methods (AB pH: 2.5; AB pH: 1.0 and PAS). Gordon Sweeth’s (GS) staining method showed good staining of reticular fibers. A positive reaction was observed throughout the entire organ, except for the lamina epithelialis, the wall of blood vessels and muscle tissue. The 4 layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia) histologically distinguished in the cross-section of Aksaray Malaklý dog esophagus were also distinguished in the scanning electron microscopy findings. Esophageal glands in the submucosa, muscle bundles in the muscularis layer and abundant blood vessels in the adventitia were also observed. The esophagus examined shows significant histological similarities with those of other mammals, making this species reliable as an experimental model for digestive testing and research.

Amphibian newts as experimental models for studying weight gain after castration.

Vertebrate animals often exhibit sexual dimorphism in body shape. In mammals, decreases in sex hormones caused by testicular castration can affect body shape and occasionally lead to pathologies such as obesity. Post-castration obesity can also be problematic for the health of companion animals, including non-mammals. In order to understand the mechanism of post-castration obesity in vertebrates other than mammals, experimental models are required. We examined whether the Iberian ribbed newt, which has recently become a popular experimental model for amphibian research, could serve as a model for analyzing changes in body shape after castration. In newts, new testes can be regenerated after removal of differentiated testes. We analyzed changes in body shape by removing the testes under conditions in which they could regenerate or conditions in which they could not regenerate. Removal of the testes reduced blood testosterone levels. The body weight and abdominal girth of the newts were increased compared with normal male newts. Transcriptome analysis of the liver showed that a set of genes related to lipid metabolism was continuously up-regulated in castrated newts. Our study suggests that changes in body shape after castration are common in vertebrates. Iberian ribbed newts are thus a suitable model for comparative studies of the long-term physiologic- and endocrine-level effects of castration.

Green and red fluorescent strains of Xenorhabdus griffiniae HGB2511, the bacterial symbiont of the nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum (India).

Steinernema entomopathogenic nematodes form specific, obligate symbiotic associations with gram-negative, gammaproteobacteria members of the Xenorhabdus genus. Together, the nematodes and symbiotic bacteria infect and kill insects, utilize the nutrient-rich cadaver for reproduction, and then reassociate, the bacteria colonizing the nematodes' anterior intestines before the nematodes leave the cadaver to search for new prey. In addition to their use in biocontrol of insect pests, these nematode-bacteria pairs are highly tractable experimental laboratory models for animal-microbe symbiosis and parasitism research. One advantageous feature of entomopathogenic nematode model systems is that the nematodes are optically transparent, which facilitates direct observation of nematode-associated bacteria throughout the lifecycle. In this work, green- and red-fluorescently labeled X. griffiniae HGB2511 bacteria were created and associated with their S . hermaphroditum symbiotic nematode partners and observed using fluorescence microscopy. As expected, the fluorescent bacteria were visible as a colonizing cluster in the lumen of the anterior intestinal caecum of the infective stage of the nematode. These tools allow detailed observations of X. griffiniae localization and interactions with its nematode and insect host tissues throughout their lifecycles.

Experimental models for preclinical research in kidney disease.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are significant public health issues associated with a long-term increase in mortality risk, resulting from various etiologies including renal ischemia, sepsis, drug toxicity, and diabetes mellitus. Numerous preclinical models have been developed to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for kidney diseases. Among these, rodent models have proven to be powerful tools in the discovery of novel therapeutics, while the development of kidney organoids has emerged as a promising advancement in the field. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the construction methodologies, underlying biological mechanisms, and recent therapeutic developments across different AKI and CKD models. Additionally, this review summarizes the advantages, limitations, and challenges inherent in these preclinical models, thereby contributing robust evidence to support the development of effective therapeutic strategies.

Suture-anchored cutaneous tension induces persistent hypertrophic scarring in a novel murine model.

Hypertrophic scars cause impaired skin appearance and function, seriously affecting physical and mental health. Due to medical ethics and clinical accessibility, the collection of human scar specimens is frequently restricted, and the establishment of scar experimental animal models for scientific research is urgently needed. The four most commonly used animal models of hypertrophic scars have the following drawbacks: the rabbit ear model takes a long time to construct; the immunodeficient mouse hypertrophic scar model necessitates careful feeding and experimental operations; female Duroc pigs are expensive to purchase and maintain, and their large size makes it difficult to produce a significant number of models; and mouse scar models that rely on tension require special skin stretch devices, which are often damaged and shed, resulting in unstable model establishment. Our group overcame the shortcomings of previous scar animal models and created a new mouse model of hypertrophic scarring induced by suture anchoring at the wound edge. We utilized suture anchoring of incisional wounds to impose directional tension throughout the healing process, restrain wound contraction, and generate granulation tissue, thus inducing scar formation. Dorsal paired incisions were generated in mice, with wound edges on the upper back sutured to the rib cage and the wound edges on the lower back relaxed as a control. Macroscopic manifestation, microscopic histological analysis, mRNA sequencing, bioinformatics, and in vitro cell assays were also conducted to verify the reliability of this method. Compared with those in relaxed controls, the fibrotic changes in stretched wounds were more profound. Histologically, the stretched scars were hypercellular, hypervascular, and hyperproliferative with disorganized extracellular matrix deposition, and displayed molecular hallmarks of hypertrophic fibrosis. In addition, the stretched scars exhibited transcriptional overlap with mechanically stretched scars, and human hypertrophic and keloid scars. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-serine/threonine-protein kinase B signaling was implicated as a profibrotic mediator of apoptosis resistance under suture-induced tension. This straightforward murine model successfully induces cardinal molecular and histological features of pathological hypertrophic scarring through localized suture tension to inhibit wound contraction. The model enables us to interrogate the mechanisms of tension-induced fibrosis and evaluate anti-scarring therapies.

Identification of novel mammalian viruses in tree shrews ( Tupaia belangeri chinensis).

The Chinese tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri chinensis), a member of the mammalian order Scandentia, exhibits considerable similarities with primates, including humans, in aspects of its nervous, immune, and metabolic systems. These similarities have established the tree shrew as a promising experimental model for biomedical research on cancer, infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and mental health conditions. Herein, we used meta-transcriptomic sequencing to analyze plasma, as well as oral and anal swab samples, from 105 healthy asymptomatic tree shrews to identify the presence of potential zoonotic viruses. In total, eight mammalian viruses with complete genomes were identified, belonging to six viral families, including Flaviviridae, Hepeviridae, Parvovirinae, Picornaviridae, Sedoreoviridae, and Spinareoviridae. Notably, the presence of rotavirus was recorded in tree shrews for the first time. Three viruses - hepacivirus 1, parvovirus, and picornavirus - exhibited low genetic similarity (<70%) with previously reported viruses at the whole-genome scale, indicating novelty. Conversely, three other viruses - hepacivirus 2, hepatovirus A and hepevirus - exhibited high similarity (>94%) to known viral strains. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the rotavirus and mammalian orthoreovirus identified in this study may be novel reassortants. These findings provide insights into the diverse viral spectrum present in captive Chinese tree shrews, highlighting the necessity for further research into their potential for cross-species transmission.

The Chinese hamster as an excellent experimental animal model.

Hamsters are valuable rodent models that are distinct from mice and rats. Currently, the main hamster species used for experimental research are the Syrian golden hamster and Chinese hamster, in addition to hamster species from other countries. Chinese hamsters are small, easy to run and feed, and inexpensive. They are prominent species found only in China and are part of the experimental animal resources of Chinese specialty. Chinese hamsters are distinguished by a black stripe on their back, short tail, pair of easily retractable cheek pouches, and pair of large drooping testes in males with 22 chromosomes. Due to their unique anatomical structure and biological features, Chinese hamsters have been used as a model in biomedical research. Moreover, the breeding and use of Chinese hamsters was comprehensively studied in 1958, with significant breakthroughs. We present a thorough review of the current developments and applications of Chinese hamsters and support the use of this species as a suitable and innovative experimental research model. With the success of Chinese hamster transgenic technology, this species will become more commonly employed in biological and medical research in the future.

How does coach encouragement affect soccer test performance?

This study investigated the effects of positive and negative coach encouragement (CE) on young soccer players' physical test performance and technical abilities. A single-blind, time-parallel experimental research model was developed. Nineteen young soccer players (age = 16.95 ± 0.78 years) voluntarily participated in the study. This study was conducted in two stages. In the first part, soccer players were subjected to different tests to determine their speed, agility, jumping, balance, and aerobic fitness level without any encouragement from the coach. These tests were performed with the CE in the second part. According to the study findings, positive CE was more effective than negative CE on the aerobic fitness level, sprint, jump, and zig-zag without ball test performances (p

Understanding zebrafish sleep and wakefulness physiology as an experimental model for biomedical research.

Sleep is a globally observable fact, or period of reversible distracted rest, that can be distinguished from arousal by various behavioral criteria. Although the function of sleep is an evolutionarily conserved behavior, its mechanism is not yet clear. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a valuable model for neurobehavioral studies such as studying learning, memory, anxiety, and depression. It is characterized by a sleep-like state and circadian rhythm, making it comparable to mammals. Zebrafish are a good model for behavioral studies because they share genetic similarities with humans. A number of neurotransmitters are involved in sleep and wakefulness. There is a binding between melatonin and the hypocretin system present in zebrafish. The full understanding of sleep and wakefulness physiology in zebrafish is still unclear among researchers. Therefore, to make a clear understanding of the sleep/wake cycle in zebrafish, this article covers the mechanism involved behind it, and the role of the neuromodulator system followed by the mechanism of the HPA axis.

MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH VARIABLE CHARACTERISTICS

The article discusses the construction of mathematical models of complex chemical processes when different factors act on the result of a chemical reaction at different points in time. The method of least squares is used. This material can be used to teach university students in the disciplines of Mathematical Statistics, Numerical Methods, General Technologies of Food Production, Food Chemistry, etc. Applications from the analysis of experimental research models and laboratory testing of innovative technologies for the development of different types of galusa can be supported by incoming students in the chemical engineering program. Examples from the analysis of experimental research models of laboratory tests of new acid components for a carbonate collector can be applied in the training of students in the Chemical Engineering educational program.

Plasmodium knowlesi in pig-tailed macaques: a potential new model for malaria vaccine research

BackgroundPlasmodium knowlesi is an established experimental model for basic and pre-clinical malaria vaccine research. Historically, rhesus macaques have been the most common host for malaria vaccine studies with P. knowlesi parasites. However, rhesus are not natural hosts for P. knowlesi, and there is interest in identifying alternative hosts for vaccine research. The study team previously reported that pig-tailed macaques (PTM), a natural host for P. knowlesi, could be challenged with cryopreserved P. knowlesi sporozoites (PkSPZ), with time to blood stage infection equivalent to in rhesus. Here, additional exploratory studies were performed to evaluate PTM as potential hosts for malaria vaccine studies. The aim was to further characterize the parasitological and veterinary health outcomes after PkSPZ challenge in this macaque species.MethodsMalaria-naïve PTM were intravenously challenged with 2.5 × 103 PkSPZ and monitored for blood stage infection by Plasmodium 18S rRNA RT-PCR and thin blood smears. Disease signs were evaluated by daily observations, complete blood counts, serum chemistry tests, and veterinary examinations. After anti-malarial drug treatment, a subset of animals was re-challenged and monitored as above. Whole blood gene expression analysis was performed on selected animals to assess host response to infection.ResultsIn naïve animals, the kinetics of P. knowlesi blood stage replication was reproducible, with parasite burden rising linearly during an initial acute phase of infection from 6 to 11 days post-challenge, before plateauing and transitioning into a chronic low-grade infection. After re-challenge, infections were again reproducible, but with lower blood stage parasite densities. Clinical signs of disease were absent or mild and anti-malarial treatment was not needed until the pre-defined study day. Whole blood gene expression analysis identified immunological changes associated with acute and chronic phases of infection, and further differences between initial challenge versus re-challenge.ConclusionsThe ability to challenge PTM with PkSPZ and achieve reliable blood stage infections indicate this model has significant potential for malaria vaccine studies. Blood stage P. knowlesi infection in PTM is characterized by low parasite burdens and a benign disease course, in contrast with the virulent P. knowlesi disease course commonly reported in rhesus macaques. These findings identify new opportunities for malaria vaccine research using this natural host-parasite combination.Graphical

EFEKTIVITAS PENDEKATAN PEMBELAJARAN SCIENCE, ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY (SETS) TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN SAINS: STUDI METAANALISIS

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of learning through the Science, Evironment, Technology and Society (SETS) approach in quantitative experimental research models on learning outcomes. In addition, this analytical research focuses on science learning at the elementary, middle, high school and tertiary levels. The method used to analyze the effectiveness of the SETS-based learning approach is the researcher measuring the effect size of the research articles about the differences or effects of learning with approaches to science, environment, technology, and society and student learning outcomes in science learning both in physics, chemistry, biology, earth and space sciences and science lessons. The type of research used is meta-analysis using data tabulation sheets and instruments analyzed using openMEE software. There were 83 articles selected, however, there were 22 articles that were relevant and in accordance with the research segmentation with a range of publications in the last 5 years (2018 – 2022). The average effect size obtained from each article is high (large effect) so it is interpreted that there is a significant influence between the SETS-based learning approach variables and student learning outcomes in learning science. The research results can provide a reference for teachers that SETS-based learning is very relevant given to students during the learning process.

Phaeodactylum tricornutum: An established model species for diatom molecular research and an emerging chassis for algal synthetic biology.

Diatoms are prominent and highly diverse microalgae in aquatic environments. Compared with other diatom species, Phaeodactylum tricornutum is an "atypical diatom" displaying three different morphotypes and lacking the usual silica shell. Despite being of limited ecological relevance, its ease of growth in the laboratory and well-known physiology, alongside the steady increase in genome-enabled information coupled with effective tools for manipulating gene expression, have meant it has gained increased recognition as a powerful experimental model for molecular research on diatoms. We here present a brief overview of how over the last 25 years P. tricornutum has contributed to the unveiling of fundamental aspects of diatom biology, while also emerging as a new tool for algal process engineering and synthetic biology.

Seismic behavior of high-rise reinforced concrete walls with flange subjected to corrosion under low cyclic loading: an experimental research and numerical model

Seismic behavior of high-rise reinforced concrete walls with flange subjected to corrosion under low cyclic loading: an experimental research and numerical model

Star Sticker Rewards' Influence On Group B Children’s Arts Learning Discipline At The Dharma Wanita Kindergarten Bendunganjati

The discipline of group B students at the Dharma Wanita Bendunganjati Kindergarten, which had not developed effectively, served as the driving force for this study. The pretest findings, which indicate that 12 of the 19 children's disciplines still meet the criterion for not progressing, are evidence of this.&#x0D; An experimental research model is combined with a quantitative research method to conduct this study. One group pretest-posttest, or one group study with a sample of 19 children, was the type of experiment that was used in this work.&#x0D; This is evident from the average improvement in children's discipline before and after therapy, which is 26.6 to 55.1, based on the research results, sig &lt; 0.05, or 0.000. Therefore, H0 is refused, and H1 is approved, indicating that rewarding children with star stickers impacts their behavior both before and after therapy. Based on the conducted research, it can be inferred that rewarding group B children at Dharma Wanita Bendunganjati Kindergarten with star stickers affects their behavior.

A Study of the Impact of the Application of Digital Technology-Integrated Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Performance

Under the condition of a perfect digital technology environment, teachers receive richer teaching resources to enhance their teaching ability, improve their teaching quality, and enrich their teaching content. Teachers teaching with computers could enhance students’ learning motivation, reinforce peer cooperation, train students’ autonomy, and enhance students’ subject learning ability. Delivering vivid sounds and pictures through multimedia- assisted teaching could induce students’ learning interests and further promote learning effectiveness. Using an experimental design model for the experimental research, 206 college students in Taiwan Province, as the experimental objects, are preceded by the 16-week (total 48 hours) digital technology-integrated entrepreneurship education experiment. Research findings show the following: 1. Teachers, according to students’ learning satisfaction, check students’ learning effectiveness to ensure teaching quality and timely modify teaching styles to better match students’ learning needs. The benign interaction could largely assist in the improvement of the entire educational environment. 2. The application of digital technology in integrated entrepreneurship education reveals significantly positive effects on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial performance. According to the results of the proposed discussions, it is expected to acquire more information about entrepreneurship education and its relevance in order to provide entrepreneurship education and the related promotion units and people with practice directions and suggestions for practicable and proper entrepreneurship education in order to effectively implement the ideal and objective of entrepreneurship education.