Experimental Research Model Research Articles

Investigation of The Effects of Combined and Traditional Trainings Applied to Football Players in the Infrastructure on Multiple Performance Developments

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of combined and traditional training applied to football players on multi-faceted performance development. Experimental research model from quantitative research was used in this study. This study sports infrastructure Antalyaspor the average age of 12,3±0,2 a year, training the average age of 3,5±0,7 with 12 years Combined Training Group (CTG) and the mean age of 12,2±0,1 years of training average age 4,0±0,7 year 12 Normal Training Group (NTG) to 24 male soccer player voluntarily participated. Before and after the 8-week training period, anthropometric measurement (length, width, circumference, subcutaneous fat), posture analysis, physiological tests; heart rate measurements, blood pressure, biomotoric tests; strength, sprint, flexibility, vertical jump, maximal strength (1RM), sit-ups, push-ups, standing long jump, jump rope, sit-reach, FutTech Technical tests (slalom, dribbling, passing, shooting, running), body temperature, ambient temperature and determination of perceived difficulty level tests were carried out. When the CTG and NTG pre-test and post-test data were examined, a statistically significant difference was found in the pre-test biomotoric tests in standing long jump, lat pull and FutTech time values (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was found in the lat pully and abdominal values of the CTG and NTG end test values in the biomotanical tests (p<0.05). Based on the data we have obtained, it has been determined that combined training performed in children in the infrastructure contributes to the development of some biomotoric features and supports the development of football-specific technical skills compared to normal training programs.

A novel method to extend viability and functionality of living heart slices.

Living heart slices have recently emerged as a powerful experimental model for fundamental cardiac research. By retaining the structure and function of the native myocardium while maintaining the simplicity of cell culture models, heart slices can be easily employed in electrophysiological, pharmacological, biochemical, and structural investigations. One single heart yields many slices (>20 slices for rodents, >100 slices for porcine or human hearts), however due to the low throughput of most assays and rapid slice degeneration within 24 h of preparation, many slices remain unused and are discarded at the end of the preparation day. Here we present a novel method to extend viability and functionality of living heart slices, enabling their use in experiments over several consecutive days following preparation. By combining hypothermic conditions with inhibition of myosin II ATPase using 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), slices prepared from the left ventricle of porcine hearts remain viable and exhibit preserved contractile function and morphology for up to 6 days. Electrophysiological function was also confirmed over the 6 days by extracellular field potentials recordings. This simple method not only maximizes the use of slices prepared from one single heart, thus reducing the number of animals required, but also increases data reproducibility by allowing multiple electrophysiological, pharmacological, biochemical, and structural studies to be performed from the same heart.

The Effectiveness of 3D Animation Video Media on Science Learning Interests of Class III Students

Interest is a condition where someone has attention and interest to do something. Lack of student involvement and interest in learning can occur because the learning media used by teachers cannot attract students' attention. The research conducted at SDN Grogol 05 aims to find out whether 3D animation video media is effective in increasing interest in learning science in grade III students. This type of research is quantitative, using an experimental research model with a true experimental research design post-test only control group with questionnaires used as data collection instruments. The results showed that the average score for the treated class interest was 93.14, while the average score for students without treatment was 83.04. Based on independent measurements, the test sample obtained a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05 so that the use of 3D animated video media affects the significance which means that students' interest in learning increases, and there is a difference between the interest in learning experimental and control classes. So from this study, it was concluded that the use of 3D animation video media is effective in increasing the interest in learning science of grade III students

Experimental Research and FE Model of a Bolted Steel-CLT Composite Connection

Steel-timber composite structures have numerous advantages compared to steel only and timber only structures. One of the most important parts of a composite structure is the composite connection. Object of this research was a steel-CLT composite connection consisting of a steel profile, a cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel and a bolt with nut and washer. Aim of the research was to develop an efficient finite element (FE) model of a bolted steel-CLT composite connection and to validate it experimentally. The research process consisted of several steps: experimental testing of the considered connection using asymmetrical push-out test, numerical modelling and analysis of the connection using Finite Element Method (FEM), validation of the numerical model using experimental results, and parametric study of the proposed numerical model. For numerical analysis, an innovative method for timber modelling has been proposed. The comparison between the experimental and numerical research results demonstrated that the proposed numerical model was convenient for practical application in structure analyses. The parametric study showed that, in some cases, atypical failure modes of the connection occurred. Based on registered behavior, a recommendation is given to calculate the load capacity of the connection integrally, taking into account both the primary (Johansen’s) and the secondary (rope effect) part of the connection strength, instead partially, as proposed by EN standards.

In vitro oogenesis from murine premeiotic germ cells using a new three-dimensional culture system

A faithful reconstitution of the complete process of oogenesis in vitro is helpful for understanding the molecular mechanisms, genetics, and epigenetic changes related to gametogenesis; it can also be useful for clinical drug screening, disease research, and regenerative medicine. To this end, given the consensus that murine female germ cells initiate meiosis at E13.5, substantial works have reported the successful generation of fertile oocytes using E12.5 female gonads as starting materials. Nevertheless, our data demonstrated that murine germ cells at E12.5 have heterogeneously initiated a meiotic transcriptional program based on a measurement of pre‐mRNAs (unspliced) and mature mRNAs (spliced) at a single-cell level. Therefore, to establish a platform that faithfully recapitulates the entire process in vitro (from premeiotic murine germ cells to fully developed oocytes), we here report a novel three-dimensional organoid culture (3-DOC) system, which successfully induced fully developed oocytes from E11.5 premeiotic female germ cells (oogonia). Compared with 2D culture and other 3D culture methods, this new culture system is more cost-effective and can create high-quality oocytes similar to in vivo oocytes. In summary, our new culture platform provides an experimental model for future research in regenerative medicine and reproductive biology.

Optimization of Medium Voltage Overhead Line Design for PT Algae Marine Life at PT PLN Kariango Customer Service Unit

The addition of premium customers at PLN ULP Kariango has an impact on the electricity supply burden borne by PLN. This study uses an experimental research model. These designs will be tested and graded based on established standards. Data collection was carried out by observing and opening data specifications for electric power system equipment. Data analysis in this study used ETAP software. For Option 1 the SUTM design does not meet the technical requirements because there is a % power loss of 16.3 % and a % voltage drop of 31.1 %. For financial analysis, option 1 was not implemented because the technical requirements were not met. For the 2% option, the power loss of 46.2% does not meet the technical requirements. For financial analysis option 2 already meets the requirements. For option 3, the technical criteria for shrinkage is 10.87% and the voltage drop is 0.4%, which fulfills the technical requirements. For financial analysis, option 3 already meets the financial requirements. So that the results of the optimization of the three SUTM designs were chosen the best option 3 SUTM design.

Gene expression profile of the developing endosperm in durum wheat provides insight into starch biosynthesis

BackgroundDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is widely grown for pasta production, and more recently, is gaining additional interest due to its resilience to warm, dry climates and its use as an experimental model for wheat research. Like in bread wheat, the starch and protein accumulated in the endosperm during grain development are the primary contributors to the calorific value of durum grains.ResultsTo enable further research into endosperm development and storage reserve synthesis, we generated a high-quality transcriptomics dataset from developing endosperms of variety Kronos, to complement the extensive mutant resources available for this variety. Endosperms were dissected from grains harvested at eight timepoints during grain development (6 to 30 days post anthesis (dpa)), then RNA sequencing was used to profile the transcriptome at each stage. The largest changes in gene expression profile were observed between the earlier timepoints, prior to 15 dpa. We detected a total of 29,925 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between at least two timepoints, and clustering analysis revealed nine distinct expression patterns. We demonstrate the potential of our dataset to provide new insights into key processes that occur during endosperm development, using starch metabolism as an example.ConclusionWe provide a valuable resource for studying endosperm development in this increasingly important crop species.

Validation of a simplified evaluation grid applied to the microsurgery on inert material via smartphone

ObjectivesMicrosurgery is usually performed in experimental research models and clinical surgery. It requires meticulous technical skills and continuous training. Inert materials such as Shirataki noodles are readily available and low-cost consumables regularly used for practice.The objective of this study was to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of a simplified evaluation grid of suture on inert material (Shirataki Konnyaku noodle) under smartphone magnification. Material and methodsTen students performed end-to-end suture on inert material with magnification via their smartphone. Each suture was filmed, and the videos were randomized. Each student was evaluated on each video three times over three consecutive days, using a simplified evaluation grid. Intra- and inter-observer agreement was evaluated on Concordance Correlation Coefficients. Values were assessed on Pearson’s correlation coefficient. ResultsIntra-observer correlation was weak for 2 items (0.288 and 0.246) and moderate for the other 2 (0.419 and 0.529).Inter-observer correlation was weak for 3 items (0.344, 0.358, and 0.276) and close to zero for the other (0.034). ConclusionThis simplified evaluation grid for microsurgery training on inert material via smartphone was poorly repeatable and reproducible. Loss of certain items in the grid due to the use of inert material probably impaired relevance.

Implementation of Educational Boardgame in the Topic of Personality Development for Srinakharinwirot University’ Students

The objectives of this research were 1) to study the satisfaction of higher education students towards learning management by using Educational Boardgame in personality development course, 2) to compare the learning achievement of the students both the experimental group and the control group in before and after the learning management period by using research methods in an experimental research model. The sample group consisted of 60 students who enrolled in the Personality Development course which divided into an experimental group of 30 people and a control group of 30 people. The research tools were Educational Boardgame on personality development, Boardgame quality assessment form, the Educational Boardgame learning management satisfaction assessment form, and the pre- and post-test of learning achievement was to compare the learning achievement in the pre-experimental and post-experimental periods. The results showed that, the students were satisfied with the application of Educational Boardgame on personality development at a high level, and whencomparing the students’ learning achievement, it was found that the learning achievement in posttest of the experimental group was higher than pretest. In the control group, there was not much increase in efficacy in the posttest.

Experimental models for ageing research.

Ageing is a biological process caused by the malfunctioning of multiple cellular mechanisms, ascribable to nine hallmarks: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. These ageing pillars have three common traits: (i) they appear during normal ageing; (ii) their experimental intensification accelerates ageing; and (iii) their experimental reduction delays ageing. The evidence that the elderly are more prone to develop pathologies such as cancer, diabetes and degenerative diseases, together with data showing that the elderly population is steadily increasing, has stimulated an important effort to find specific countermeasures to physiological ageing. Unfortunately, the investigation of ageing processes and the search for countermeasures in humans is very difficult. Therefore, researchers must rely on a wide range of experimental models that span from unicellular to more complex organisms. Unfortunately, experimental models are not devoid of pitfalls, flaws or obstacles that can have an impact in ageing research. In the present review we describe the most exploited experimental models in the field, such as in vitro, animal and human models, highlighting the characteristics that justify their application in the laboratory routine, and translation to human research.

Сell model for experimental research in keratoconus pathogenesis

INTRODUCTION: Certain mineral elements dismetabolism is known to play an important part in the pathogenesis of the corneal degenerative and dystrophic diseases, as metalloenzymes participate in connective tissues metabolism affecting their properties. Thus, in keratoconus corneal tissue is depleted in iron, copper and zinc, what could be the underlying cause of cornea biomechanical properties impairment. Keratoconus modeling is complicated and practically not reproducible in animals, therefore cell models elaboration is very much in demand. Definite mineral elements content must be reduced in order to simulate pathological changes specific for keratoconic corneas.
 PURPOSE: The aim of this study was an elaboration of a cell model suitable for keratoconus pathogenesis research. This goal achieving involved solving the following tasks: 1) to develop a tissue-engineered system that mimic healthy corneal stroma; 2) to develop a technique for selective depletion of the nutrient medium by mineral elements involved in keratoconus pathogenesis; 3) to assess the possibility of the designed tissue-engineered system growth in the depleted nutrient medium.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out with the primary culture of human keratocytes, which were used to build tissue-engineered systems of three types: on silicone, on a membrane, without a carrier. Cell cultures morphology was evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The nutrient media were zinc depleted via decationization of fetal bovine serum using two types of ion-exchange resins; mineral elements concentrations were evaluated by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
 RESULTS: The tissue system engineered without a carrier in form of cell sheet was chosen as the most convenient model. The decationization of the serum by means of Chelex 100 resin was shown to be a successful method for tenfold zinc concentration reduction in the nutrient medium. Keratocytes cultivation in the form of cell sheet on a zinc-depleted medium was successfully approved.
 CONCLUSION: Elaborated tissue-engineered system could be considered as a model of the corneal stroma under specific for keratoconus conditions of zinc depletion.

Application of omics technology to investigate the mechanism underlying the role of San Hua Tang in regulating microglia polarization and blood-brain barrier protection following ischemic stroke

Ethnopharmacology relevanceSan Hua Tang (SHT) was first mentioned in the book "The Collection of Plain Questions about Pathogenesis, Qi, and Life." SHT has the effect of dispelling wind and dredging collaterals, dredging viscera, and guiding stagnation, and is used in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). SHT is composed of Rheum palmatum L., Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson, Citrus assamensis S.Dutta & S.C.Bhattacharya, and Notopterygium tenuifolium M.L.Sheh & F.T.Pu, which is the traditional prescription of the Tongxia method for the treatment of stroke. Tongxia is one of the "eight methods" used in traditional Chinese medicine, which plays a role in treating diseases by promoting gastrointestinal peristalsis and defecation. Studies have demonstrated a close relationship between gut microbiota metabolism and cerebral stroke; however, the role of SHT in IS treatment through gut microbiota or intestinal metabolites is unclear.Aim of the study: To explore the connotation of the Xuanfu theory and clarify the mechanism underlying SHT-mediated opening Xuanfu methods. Through metabolomics, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and molecular biology techniques, research on the changes in the gut microbiota and blood-brain barrier (BBB) will highlight greater strategies for the treatment of stroke. Materials and methodsWe used pseudo-germ-free (PGF) rats combined with an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model for the follow-up experimental research. PGF rats were prepared by the intragastric administration of an antibiotic cocktail for 6 days, following which SHT was administered for 5 consecutive days. The I/R model was performed 1 day following the concluding administration of SHT. We detected the neurological deficit score, cerebral infarct volume, serum inflammatory factor levels (interleukin IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), tight junction-related proteins (Zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5), and small glue plasma cell-associated proteins (Cluster of Differentiation 16/Cluster of Differentiation 206, Matrix metalloproteinase, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, and C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1) 24 h following I/R. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics analysis, we explored the relationship between fecal microecology and serum metabolites. Eventually, we analyzed the correlation between the gut microbiota and plasma metabolic profile as well as the mechanism underlying the SHT-mediated regulation of gut microbiota to protect the BBB following stroke. ResultsIn IS treatment, SHT is principally involved in reducing neurological injury and the volume of cerebral infarction; protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier; increasing the levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid; promoting the transformation of microglia to the M2 state; reducing inflammatory reactions; and enhancing tight junctions. These therapeutic effects were not observed in the group treated with antibiotics alone or that treated with SHT in combination with antibiotics, thereby indicating SHT plays a therapeutic role through the gut microbiota. ConclusionSHT regulates the gut microbiota, inhibits pro-inflammatory factors in rats with IS, alleviates an inflammatory injury of the BBB, and plays a protective role in the brain.

Experimental Murine Models for Colorectal Cancer Research.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent malignancy worldwide and in both sexes. Numerous animal models for CRC have been established to study its biology, namely carcinogen-induced models (CIMs) and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). CIMs are valuable for assessing colitis-related carcinogenesis and studying chemoprevention. On the other hand, CRC GEMMs have proven to be useful for evaluating the tumor microenvironment and systemic immune responses, which have contributed to the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. Although metastatic disease can be induced by orthotopic injection of CRC cell lines, the resulting models are not representative of the full genetic diversity of the disease due to the limited number of cell lines suitable for this purpose. On the other hand, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are the most reliable for preclinical drug development due to their ability to retain pathological and molecular characteristics. In this review, the authors discuss the various murine CRC models with a focus on their clinical relevance, benefits, and drawbacks. From all models discussed, murine CRC models will continue to be an important tool in advancing our understanding and treatment of this disease, but additional research is required to find a model that can correctly reflect the pathophysiology of CRC.

Bioavailability of the tumor necrosis factor alpha/regulated on activation, normal Tcell expressed and secreted (RANTES) biosystem inside the gestational sac during the pre-immune stages of embryo development.

In-vivo studies of the bioavailability of major components of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) biosystem inside the gestational sac during embryogenesis have not been reported. We sought to determine the concentration of TNFα, soluble (s) TNFα receptors (sTNFR1, sTNFR2), and RANTES in the primate extraembryonic celomic fluid (ECF). A validated timed-pregnant baboon animal model (N: 10) for experimental research in pregnancy was used to collect paired maternal blood and ECF samples in ongoing pregnancies. The concentrations (pg/dL) of TNFα, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, and RANTES were then determined by ELISA immunoassays. All animals delivered at term healthy newborns. The differential concentration of TNFα, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, and RANTES between the maternal plasma and the ECF could be determined with ratios for TNFα (5.4), sTNFR2 (1.85) and RANTES (3.59) that contrasted with that of sTNFR1 (0.07), which favored the gestational sac compartment. No significant correlations were noted between maternal plasma and ECF TNFR1, sTNFR2 and RANTES. There was a trend for a correlation between TNFα in maternal plasma and ECF (R=0.74; p=0.07). We report the physiological concentrations of TNFα, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, and RANTES in extraembryonic celomic fluid during embryogenesis in primates.

Phosphate removal using dolomite modified with ultrasound: mathematical and experimental analysis

We studied the dolomite modified using an ultrasound bath and its application in phosphate removal. The modification was applied to improve the physicochemical properties of the dolomite and then to enhance its suitability as an adsorbent solid. The settings for analyzing the adsorbent modification were bath temperature and sonication time. The modified dolomite was characterized by electron microscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, pore size, and X-ray diffraction. To grasp the pollutant’s adsorption mechanism more precisely, we used experimental research and mathematical model analysis. Design of Experiments was conducted to determine the ideal circumstances. In addition, the Bayesian method of Markov Chain Monte Carlo was used to estimate the isotherm and kinetic model parameters. A thermodynamic study was done to investigate the adsorption mechanism. Results show that the surface area of the modified dolomite was greater, enhancing its adsorption properties. To remove more than 90% of the phosphate, the optimal operational parameters for the adsorption were pH 9, 1.77 g of adsorbent mass, and 55 minutes of contact time. The pseudo-first-order, Redlich–Peterson and Sips models presented a good fit to the experimental data. Thermodynamics suggested a spontaneous and endothermic process. The mechanism suggested that physisorption and chemisorption could be involved in phosphate removal.

Experimental mouse models for translational human cancer research.

The development and growth of tumors remains an important and ongoing threat to human life around the world. While advanced therapeutic strategies such as immune checkpoint therapy and CAR-T have achieved astonishing progress in the treatment of both solid and hematological malignancies, the malignant initiation and progression of cancer remains a controversial issue, and further research is urgently required. The experimental animal model not only has great advantages in simulating the occurrence, development, and malignant transformation mechanisms of tumors, but also can be used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a diverse array of clinical interventions, gradually becoming an indispensable method for cancer research. In this paper, we have reviewed recent research progress in relation to mouse and rat models, focusing on spontaneous, induced, transgenic, and transplantable tumor models, to help guide the future study of malignant mechanisms and tumor prevention.

Analisis Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik Sebagai Media Perkembangbiakan Maggot

Organic waste as a medium for maggot breeding to produce maximum compost yields. The quality and quantity of fly larvae breeding media greatly affect the nutrient content of the body and the survival of the larvae at the metamorphosis stage. This research is an experimental research model with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 1 treatment. The treatment is given using selected organic waste. Analysis of the data in this study in the form of a table of results of laboratory analysis of compost characteristics, namely pH, C-Organic, N-Total and C/N ratio and maggot weight. The results of the Soil Test Laboratory are seen in the pH with rice, fruit and vegetable media experiencing differences in pH with values of 5.15, 5.5, 5.95 and 6.4 (acidic) looks different from the initial pH, in this test the pH value shows the medium used is quite good for the composting process. Table 4.2 also shows the difference in values at the time of testing, it can be seen from the 4 variations in C-Organic that the highest value in vegetable and fruit waste media reached 13.05 %, but did not meet the quality standards for good C-Organic values. for composting. In the N-Total the highest value is in the 4th variation with a value of 26.3 with an N-Total quality standard of 30% so that from the 4 variations of the media it does not exceed the N-Total quality standard which will affect the maggot weight, in contrast to C/N which has the highest value is the 4th variation with a value of 20, with the quality standard the best value of the C/N ratio in the composting process is 25-40%, and it can be concluded that the value of the C/N ratio has not met the quality standard of the C/N ratio so that affect maggot breeding with a span of 20 days.

The Effects of Breathing Exercises on Patients Having Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Surgery.

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of breathing exercises on patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in terms of their level of anxiety, sleep, and recovery of quality after surgery. A randomized, controlled experimental research model was used in this work. This study was conducted in surgery clinic of a university hospital between December 2020 and May 2021. The research was completed with 58 patients in the experimental group and 57 patients in the control group. The mean Visual Analog Sleep Scale and state anxiety score of the patients in the control group was higher in the morning of the operation and on the 1st, 15th, and 30th days after the operation than that of the experimental group patients, and the difference was statistically significant (p < .05). The correlations between recovery quality, state anxiety, and sleep quality on the first postoperative day were significant at (p < .05) in the opposite direction.

Histopathological Overview of Experimental Ulcer Models.

Histopathology is the process of examining tissue that includes all the changes, when a diseased tissue shows compared to a healthy group with a result of a histological observation. Histopathology has become an essential process in medical experimental research and medical experimental models. Scientists have developed medical experimental animal models for these reasons and have pioneered new drug research for many years. One of these experimental researches is experimental ulcer models. This model, which was initially a single method, has led to the emergence of new models with the discovery of physiological processes on ulcers by scientists. Nowadays, researchers have performed many new peptic ulcer models on experimental animals over the years. The main point in the creation of the ulcer model is the increase in the stomach acid level and the removal or corruption of the gastric mucus. When the experimental models were examined histopathologically, it was seen that the most severe models were those induced by pyloric ligation, acetic acid application, and indomethacin. In these models, ulcer foci that progressed to the submucosa were common, while the superficial damage spreading to the entire surface was striking in the ethanol model. While epithelial losses are shown on the surface of the mucosa, foci of necrotic apoptotic cell clusters extending to the submucosa are shown according to the weight of the model. In addition, evidence of inflammation has been shared in almost all studies. All these results show that ulcer models can be created by many different mechanisms. However, similar findings were observed in almost all experiments. Whether the experimental model caused severe or mild ulceration changed the histological findings.

Experimental research and fractional calculus constitutive model for a rock mass with nonpersistent joints

Experimental research and fractional calculus constitutive model for a rock mass with nonpersistent joints