Laboratory Experimental Method Research Articles

Cream Formulation Of Methanol Extract Of Tapak Kuda Leaves (Ipomoea Pes Caprae (L.) R. Br.) As Anti-Inflammatory in Male White Mice (Mus Musculus)

The study entitled “Cream Formulation of Methanol Extract of Tapak Kuda (Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.) Leaves) As an anti-inflammatory in male white mice (Mus musculus)” using laboratory experimental methods with posttest control group design, data analysis using SPSS 25.0 with One Way ANOVA test and Duncan test. The percentage of extract yield obtained was 3.12%, phytochemical screening test showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids. Cream preparation of methanol extract of Tapak Kuda leaves at concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% showed anti-inflammatory activity and the maximum dose to reduce edema diameter was 10% concentration with a percentage inhibition of 87.97%. Data analysis with One Way ANOVA test with a significance value ≤ 0.05 which indicates the presence of anti-inflammatory activity in Ipomoea pes-caprae tread leaf methanol extract cream.

Physicochemical Quality of Reduced Fat Mayonnaise with Aloe vera Powder as a Natural Antioxidant

Aims: This research aims at determining the effect of different percentages (2%, 4%, and 6%) of Aloe vera powder (AVP) on antioxidant activity, fiber, protein, and color analysis (L a* b*). Study Design: The research was designed as laboratory experimental method. Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted at the Animal Product Technology Laboratory, Egg Processing Division, Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University. The study was conducted over a period of one month (July-August). Methodology: The research used a laboratory experimental method with a CRD (Completely Randomized Design), using four treatments and six replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, and any significant or highly significant differences were further tested using DMRT. Results: The result of this study shows that the addition of Aloe vera powder can enhance antioxidant activity (3.28%-30.52%), crude fiber (0.89%-1.24%), protein (13.80%-15.37%, reducing fat content (41.49%-72.84%), and improve the color quality of reduced fat mayonnaise (RFM). Conclusion: The addition of AVP to RFM can increase the antioxidant activity, crude fiber, and protein content, while reducing the fat content. The addition of AVP also affects the color of the mayonnaise, making it brighter and more appealing. The addition of 6% AVP can improve the physicochemical quality of RFM.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Sodium Alginat Terhadap Boba Kulit Buah Naga (Hylocereus Polyhizus) Menggunakan Teknik Spherifikasi Dasar

Usually, dragon fruit is only used for the flesh while the skin is discarded and considered waste. Dragon fruit peel contains vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin A, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, thiamine niacin, pyridoxine, cobalamin, phenolics, carotene and phytoalbumin. 30-35% of dragon fruit is the skin of the fruit but it is often just thrown away as trash. Dragon fruit skin contains quite a lot of the natural dye anthocyanin. This research aims to determine the effect of pH, water content, vitamin C, and organoleptics on the of dragon fruit skin boba using the basic spherificatiom technique. This research used laboratory experimental methods using a completely randomized design (CRD) with varying concentrations of sodium alginate (1gr,1,1gr,1,2gr,1,3gr, dan 1,4gr) calcium lactate (5 grams) for each treatment. This was repeated 3 times, the analyzes tested in this study were pH, viscosity and organoleptic tests. The parametric data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using statistical product and service solution (SPSS) version 23 data and for non-parametric data using Kruskal Wallis.

Determination of Diastase Enzyme Activity and Water Content of Honey Forest of Sula Island, North Maluku Using Spectrophotometry Uv-Vis

The experiment that has been carried out aims to determine the quality of forest honey originating from the Sula Islands, North Maluku based on the parameters set by the Indonesian National Standards Agency (SNI) 8864:2018, which includes organoleptic parameters (odour and taste), water content and Diastase Number. These parameters can indicate the originality of a forest honey product. The research was conducted at the Forensic Laboratory Center of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Republic of Indonesia Police, using the laboratory experiment method, using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry instrument, forest honey originating from the Sula Islands district, North Maluku Province was used as material in this experiment. Organoleptic tests including odour and taste were carried out using the sense of smell and taste, water content testing using an oven drying technique, and DN value determination using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry instrument. The experiment results showed that some parameters met the requirements and did not meet the criteria. Tests on Sula Islands forest honey's taste and water content parameters did not meet the criteria, but the odour and DN parameters met the requirements.

Analysis of Volumetric Characteristics of Cold Emulsion Asphalt Mixtures on Closed and Open Gradation with Cement and Lime Filler Variations

Cold Emulsion Asphalt Mixture (CAED) uses unheated emulsified asphalt, thus reducing gas emissions and health risks for workers. Volumetric characteristics and aggregate gradation are very important to assess the quality of CAED. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the volumetric characteristics of CAED, namely Void in Mix (VIM), Void in Mineral Aggregate (VMA), and Void Filled with Bitumen (VFB), with variations in filler (cement, lime) and aggregate gradation (dense, open). The study used a laboratory experimental method, including material preparation, sample preparation with five variations of filler, testing VIM, VMA, and VFB values, and data analysis. This study shows that the volumetric characteristics of CAED with closed and open gradations meet the VMA and VFB specifications, but the VIM value is only met in the closed gradation of CAED with a variation of 50% cement:50%. Better aggregate interlocking in closed gradations results in smaller air voids. Closed gradations are recommended for heavy traffic, while open gradations are suitable for well-drained roads and light traffic

Proporsi Tape Singkong (Manihot esculenta) dan Ekstrak Pakcoy (Brassica rapa) yang Berbeda Terhadap Mutu Kimia dan Organoleptik Jus

Avocado juice is one of the most popular preparations in the community, but avocado fruit is seasonal so that when it is not in season it becomes difficult to obtain or even unavailable, so it is necessary to seek alternative juices with flavors similar to avocado juice. One alternative is juice made from a mixture of cassava tape and pakcoy leaves. This study aims to determine how the proportion of cassava tape and pakcoy affects the chemical and organoleptic quality of the resulting product, and to determine the most optimal proportion to produce the best juice product similar to avocado juice. This study used a quantitative experimental laboratory method with a research design using a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and three repetitions. Chemical test parameters include reducing sugar reduction with luff-schrool test method, crude fiber with gravimetric test method, vitamin C with iodimetry test. The organoleptic test (taste, aroma, and color) using 25 panelists. Data analysis used Duncan test for lab test results and Kruskal Wallis for organoleptic test. The results showed that (1) the proportion of cassava and pakcoy tape had a significant effect on reducing sugar content, fiber content, and vitamin C content. (2) Reducing sugar content, fiber content, and vitamin C content in cassava and pakcoy tape juice were higher than avocado juice. (3) Organoleptic test showed the best value in treatment J3 in the aspects of taste and color, and treatment J0 in the aspect of aroma. (4) The effectiveness test showed that treatment J3 had the highest value which was the best treatment of this study.

Formulation of a Mixture of Nutmeg Shell Waste with Coarse Aggregate for Optimal Compressive Strength Values in Lightweight Concrete

Nutmeg shell waste (CP) has light and hard characteristics which can be used as a replacement material for coarse aggregate for lightweight concrete. The aim of the research is to determine the influence of aggregate characteristics after being mixed with nutmeg shells as a constituent material for concrete and determine the compressive strength value of the concrete. The method used is a laboratory experimental method with CP waste percentages of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of the sand volume. The results of the research show the effect of using nutmeg shells in the concrete mixture, where the compressive strength value of the concrete increases along with the increase in CP waste used. The compressive strength values of nutmeg shell concrete (CP) at compositions of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% were obtained at 234.26, 263.56 kg/cm2, kg/cm2 and 280.14, increasing at 28 days.

Effect of Lime Solution Soaking on Physicochemical Characteristics of Catfish Bone Powder (Arius thalassinus)

Fish bone powder is one of the fisheries by product processing that has a high nutritional content, especially calcium and phosphorus content. In the processing of fish bone powder, the fishy odor is still detected due to organic compound such as protein and lipid which produce volatile compounds yielded unpleasant odor. The use of lime can eliminate fishy odors, improve color, shape, taste, texture, and extend shelf life. This study aimed to determine the difference of lime solution concentration on the physicochemical characteristics of catfish bone powder and to determine the best lime concentration used on the volatile compound content of catfish bone powder. The method carried out in this study was a laboratory experimental method and used a Complete Random Design (CRD) with 4 treatments (0%, 15%, 20%, 25%) and carried out in triplicate. Data analysis from physical and chemical tests were analyzed using ANOVA, while hedonic tests were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that soaking lime solution had a significant effect (P<5%) on moisture content, protein content, fat content, ash content, calcium content and color. Catfish bone powder with the best treatment of soaking in lime solution of 20% contained a calcium of 25.17%.The results of the hedonic test showed that the best treatment (20%) had a confidence interval of 3.95 < μ < 4.19 from 5 scale. The volatile compound of 4-[4-(dimethylamine) Benzaldehyde associated with fishy odor was detected in fish bone powder without lime solution, but it could not be detected in sample soaked in 20% lime solution showing the capability of lime solution to reduce fishy odor in fishbone powder.

Formulasi Sediaan Nutrasetikal Powder Drink Kulit Bawang Merah Brebes (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum)

Indonesia, known for its rich biodiversity, boasts many medicinal plants with significant development potential. One such plant is shallots (Allium cepa L.), a valuable vegetable commodity that plays an important role in society due to its economic and nutritional value. Shallots are rich in various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, essential oils, kaempferol, flavonglycosides, phloroglucin, dihydroaliin, cycloaliin, metiallin, quercetin, and polyphenols, with sulfur also present in the tubers. This research aims to formulate shallot skin into a nutraceutical powder drink. Using experimental laboratory methods, we formulated the shallot skin powder drink and conducted physical tests on the preparation. The results indicated that while the formulations met the criteria for ash content, pH, dissolution time, flow time, and compressibility, not all formulas satisfied the requirements. Specifically, the shallot skin powder drink did not meet the standards for water content and angle of repose.

The Effect of the Ratio of Fly Ash to Alkaline Activator and the Molarity of NaOH on the Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash-Based Aggregates

The global demand for aggregates has escalated, leading to a decline in the availability of quality natural aggregates. In response, the cold bond pelletization (CBP) process emerged in the early 2000s as a novel approach to artificial aggregate production, utilizing dry powdered fly ash. This method involves agglomerating fly ash particles at room temperature in an inclined rotating pan to form pellets. However, the abstract lacks clarity in elucidating the significance of this approach. Our study investigates the mechanical properties of aggregates produced through the CBP method via experimental laboratory methods, focusing on variations in the ratio of fly ash to alkaline activator (FA/AA) and the molarity of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Notably, we found that an effective molarity of 15 resulted in the lowest Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) percentage, indicating improved mechanical properties. Furthermore, we observed fluctuations in AIV values across different FA/AA ratios and NaOH molarities, suggesting nuanced effects on aggregate quality. Our findings underscore the importance of optimizing parameters in the CBP process for enhanced aggregate performance.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SACHA INCHI OIL LIP BALM PREPARATIONS WITH CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS OF CERA ALBA AND LANOLIN AS LIP BALM

Lip balm is used on lips that require protection, such as when humidity is low, to prevent the evaporation of water and epithelial cells on the lip mucosa. The active substance used in making this lip balm is Sancha inchi oil, which is a cold-pressed oil from the seeds of Plukenetia volubilista. This oil contains omega 3 (40–50%) and omega 6 (30–40%), as well as lower oleic acid (10%) than olive oil. Natural antioxidants, including tocopherols and polyphenols, have also been found in Sacha Inchi oil. Sacha inchi oil has a fatty acid ratio and phytochemical composition, it can be used as a cosmetic ingredient as an emollient and skin protector. An experimental laboratory method was used for this study. The research was carried out by preparing lip balm from various ingredients containing the active ingredient Sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L) at a concentration of 15%, as well as varying concentrations of cera alba (range 5-25%) and lanolin (range 2-10%) as bases and additional ingredients for preparations, whose optimization had been determined using the simplex lattice design method. The aim of this study was to identify the lip balm formulation from Sacha inchi oil and identify the effect of changes in the concentration of cera alba and lanolin based on the results of the preparation evaluation. The results of this test show that sacha inchi oil can be used as an active lip-moisturizing agent in lip balm preparations ...

Optimization of Complete Blood Count Results with Variations in Specimen Handling and Whole Blood Secondary Homogenization Techniques

Specimen homogenization and the addition of anticoagulants are pre-analytical steps that influence the accuracy of the test results. Complete blood count (CBC) is a screening test that supports disease diagnosis and aids in determining the appropriate therapy for patients. Inadequate specimens are inappropriate for subsequent testing, as they can lead to inaccurate results in the CBC examination. This study aims to determine the optimization of complete blood count results with variations in specimen handling and secondary homogenization techniques for whole blood. The type of research used is quantitative analysis using laboratory experimental methods. The study was conducted in May 2024 in the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of the Diploma-4 Medical Laboratory Technology Study Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo, using 48 blood samples. The results of the MANOVA test indicate that the type of anticoagulant has a significant effect on the erythrocyte count (p=0.041) but does not have a significant impact on the leukocyte count (p=0.844) and platelet count (p=0.920). Meanwhile, the homogenization technique does not significantly affect the erythrocyte count (p=0.959), leukocyte count (p=0.991), or platelet count (p=0.867). This study concludes that the secondary homogenization technique has no significant effect. In contrast, the type of anticoagulant significantly impacts the results of the Complete Blood Count (CBC) test. This research suggests collecting whole blood specimens using Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA) vacutainers as the anticoagulant and applying a secondary homogenization technique before performing the CBC analysis.

Test the Effectiveness of Mulberry Leaf Extract (Morus Nigra) Against the Inhibitory Power of Pseudomonas Sp.

Introductions : Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the impacts caused by the use of IUDs, namely IUDs. The cause of UTI itself is dominated by the presence of microorganisms that infect the urinary tract. Pseudomonas is one of the bacteria that causes the third largest UTI after E. Coli and Enterococcus. Pseudomonas is capable of infecting the urinary tract when it is inserted, besides that the bacteria can also enter due to improper cleaning techniques. Mulberry leaves are believed to have antibacterial properties such as flavonids, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids, which can inhibit the growth of bacteria. Methods : The method used in this study uses laboratory experimental methods, by measuring the cause and effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Using a post-test only control group design approach. Result : The results showed that there was an inhibition zone formed at the smallest concentration of 60% with the medium category of 8,4 mm and the widest inhibition zone was found at a concentration of 100% with the strong category of 12, 6 mm. The results of the analysis test using One Way Anova proved that there was a significant effect of giving mulberry leaf extract on the inhibition of Pseudomonas with a P value of 0.000. Pos Hoc’s test results showed the most influential concentration in each treatment, namely 100%. Conclusions : From the research results, it was found that concentrations of 100% were the most effective concentrations in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas bacteria.

Antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed Extracts from Central Mawasangka Waters

Eucheuma cottonii is one type of seaweed that has the potential to be an antioxidant. This seaweed grows and is distributed in various waters of Indonesia, especially in Southeast Sulawesi. However, information regarding the antioxidant activity and the compound content of E. cottonii in this area is still limited. Therefore, this research aims to determine the compound and antioxidant activity profile in E. cottonii. The study used laboratory experimental methods. The research stages were preparation (seaweed sampling), extraction, qualitative phytochemical screening, and antioxidant assay. The initial identification of compounds using qualitative phytochemical screening methods with three extraction solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Meanwhile, the antioxidant test employed the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results of qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that the seaweed extract of E. cottonii contains saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. The antioxidant assay using the DPPH method indicated that among the three extraction solvents used, ethanol extract exhibited a very strong antioxidant activity (with an IC50 of 30,036 ppm), compared to ethyl acetate extract (IC50 of 182,179 ppm) and n-hexane extract (IC50 of 641,454 ppm). This study concluded that E. cottonii seaweed has the potential to be developed as a source of natural antioxidants or raw material for the discovery of antioxidant medicines in the future.

Acute Toxicity Test Against Mice (Mus Musculus) On The Lempuyang Gajah Extract (Zingiber Zerumbet (L.) Roscoe Ex Sm.) With Sgot Sgpt Parameters

Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm) is a medicinal plant that has many benefits in the medicinal industry. Useful as a tonic, external medicine, anti-seizure and appetite enhancer. This study aims to determine the toxicity of the lempuyang gajah. This research uses laboratory experimental methods. The lempuyang gajah plant was obtained in the village of Terungkulon, Krian. The initial stage was the administration of lempuyang gajah extract with various doses of 4000, 5000 and 6000 mg/kg BB orally, consisting of 5 treatment groups. Parameters observed, changes in toxic symptoms, macroscopic examination and parameters of SGOT, SGPT. The results were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test. The results of the study after giving the extract did not cause death so it was included in the non-toxic category, there were several symptoms such as weakness and seizures. The levels of SGOT, SGPT showed normal average results, statistically there was no effect (p > 0.05). Macroscopic results showed no changes or abnormalities in the liver. So that the ethanol extract of lempuyang gajah can be said to be safe for humans.

Effect of Saga Leaf Extract (Abrus precatorius Linn) in Inhibiting Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria Growth as an Alternative Root Canal Irrigation Material

Abstract Objective This study aims to examine the antibacterial effect of saga leaf extract on Enterococcus faecalis bacteria, which causes root canal treatment failure. Materials and Methods This research was conducted using a laboratory experimental method with saga leaf extract at 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% concentrations. Two percent chlorhexidine acts as the positive control, and 100% dimethyl sulfoxide as the negative control. The diameter of the inhibition zones was measured using the well diffusion test method. Statistical Analysis Data from the measurement of inhibition zone diameter were obtained and tested statistically using the normality test (Shapiro–Wilk), homogeneity test (Levene), parametric test (one-way analysis of variance), and further test (post hoc test). Results The largest inhibition zone diameter observed in this study was 9.46 mm at 100% concentration; however, it was not bigger than the positive control, which was measured at 16.55 mm. The research data were analyzed based on the classification of Davis and Stout inhibition zones. Conclusion This study concludes that saga leaf extract has an antibacterial effect on the growth of E. faecalis bacteria.

The effect of nano propolis on surface color changes of nanohybrid composite resins

Background: Nanohybrid composite resins have many advantages, but one disadvantage is their absorbent nature which can lead to discoloration. Phenols and flavonoids in nano propolis cause diffusion and affect the matrix and pigments of nanohybrid composite resins. The accumulation of reduction-oxidation reactions causes new compounds of nanohybrid composite resins to occur so that they have different colors. Objective: The study was conducted to determine the changes in surface color of nanohybrid composite resin after immersion in nano propolis at 5% concentration. Methods: Research experimental laboratory method with pre and post test design was applied to 25 nanohybrid composite resin fruit samples of size (5x5x1.5) mm embedded in bovine incisive, then immersed in 5% nano propolis and 25 ml of distilled water at 37oC for five days. The color change (ΔE) was measured with a DSLR camera and processed with Adobe Lightroom Classic software in CIE L*a*b* format. Results: The anova test on ΔE in the data showed the p-value of sphericity assumed was smaller than 0.05. There is a difference in the average measurement results on the first day to the fifth day in the treatment group. Independent t-test of control and treatment data showed a significant difference in measurement results. The results of the post hoc test with the Tukey method showed that the treatment groups at 4x24 hours and 5x24 hours did not have significant differences. P-value at 4x24 hours and 5x24 hours was 0.957. Conclusion: There was a change in the surface color of the nanohybrid composite resin after being immersed in a nano-solution of propolis with a concentration of 5%.

Performance of The White-Rumped Shama (Copysychus malabaricus) Reproduction by Providing Eurycoma longifolia at The Captivity

This research aims to determine the reproductive capacity of the White-Rumped Shama provided by Eurycoma longifolia in terms of duration of couple introduction or adjustment period, duration of mating period until laying eggs, number of eggs, number of hatched eggs, and number of survived baby animals until 5 days of living. The laboratory experimental method is performed in the White-Rumped Shama captivity in Bogor. Before the treatment, the birds are matched in each bird cage. The White-Rumped Shamas are divided randomly into 2 groups, each of which consists of 5 pairs (5 repetitions). The first group (K1) as a control, male magpie parents were given the treatment of drinking distilled water after fasting for one hour every morning, Group 2 (K2) as the Eurycoma longifolia treatment group, male White-Rumped Shama parents were given the optimal dose of Eurycoma longifolia, 9 mg/100 of the body weight every morning for 5 days which was converted from the results of research on the treatment of giving Eurycoma longifolia to white rats. Statistical analysis of two tailed T test, Levene's test on data between the control group (K1) and the Eurycoma longifolia group (K2) showed that; Behavior: Jumping, flying, perching on the perchs, approaching the female, chirping, singing, crouching while near to the female while making a distinctive chirp, eating and drinking, duration of time until laying eggs in the mating cage (days), number of eggs in the nest (items ). The number of hatched eggs from those hatched (grains), the number of offspring that survived to the age of 5 days (tails), there were no significant differences between the control group (K1) and the Eurycoma longifolia treatment group (K2).

Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Lidah Buaya (Aloe barbadensis miller) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) contains antibacterial compounds such as tannins and saponins, which have the potential to combat Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria responsible for acne. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effect of aloe vera extract on P. acnes through a laboratory experimental method. The extract was obtained through maceration using various concentrations: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Testing was conducted in triplicate, with clindamycin as the positive control and distilled water as the negative control. The well diffusion method was used for testing, followed by analysis with a One-Way ANOVA test. Results showed p = 0.000, indicating that aloe vera extract significantly inhibits P. acnes. Post hoc LSD analysis revealed significant differences between concentrations, except between clindamycin and the 100% concentration (p > 0.05). The highest mean inhibition zone was found at the 100% concentration (16.6 mm) and the lowest at 20% (9.3 mm). This study suggests that aloe vera extract has potential as a natural antibacterial agent for acne treatment, providing an alternative to reduce synthetic antibiotic use and the risk of bacterial resistance.

Effect of kopyor coconut water on early-onset preeclampsia-like impairments in rats induced by L-nitro-arginine methyl ester

Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe pregnancy disorder posing significant health risks to both the mother and the fetus without available preventive measures or treatments. More specifically, the main pathological feature of early-onset PE (EO-PE) is the incomplete transformation of the spiral artery. Meanwhile, aspirin has proven effective for the treatment and prevention of PE. Previous studies indicated a relationship between the phytochemical compound of kopyor coconut water (KCW) and nutritional treatment for PE. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of KCW as a potential preventive treatment for PE. An experimental laboratory method was used with pre-test and post-test control group designs. The samples comprised 35 pregnant Wistar rats, divided into five groups with seven members each. Rats were then randomized into control and groups exposed to L-NAME, L-NAME and aspirin, L-NAME and KCW 2 ml/200 gBW, as well as L-Name and KCW 2 ml/200 gBW for GD4 to 19. The results showed that after administering L-NAME to induce EO-PE, mean arterial pressure (MAP), proteinuria, placental hypoxia, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction decreased due to KCW nutritional treatment. Specifically, KCW nutrition prevented the uterine spiral artery from expanding and reduced the number of neutrophils. The decreased survival rate caused by L-NAME-induced PE was reversed by providing KCW nutrition. Moreover, results indicated that KCW was a potential alternative for the prevention and treatment of EO-PE even at doses of 2 or 3 ml/200 gBW, offering insights for the community and clinical practitioners in treating PE as a therapeutic option.