Experimental Characterization Research Articles

Experimental characterization of littoral atmospheric acoustics: Concurrent meteorological and acoustic observations.

The aim of this work is to describe a rich set of acoustic transmission loss observations that were completed in a coastal environment. The data library, enumerated in detail and publicly posted, is comprised of pitch-catch acoustic transmission loss measurements along with concurrent high spatial resolution meteorological observations. The meteorological parameters include near-surface temperature profiles, vertical wind speed profiles in the acoustic propagation direction, and significant wave height estimates. The acoustic source is positioned on an anchored vessel such that the first several hundred meters of the acoustic range is over open water with one microphone array positioned at the shore. A second microphone array is placed several hundred meters inland along the same source-to-receiver heading. The path between the two acoustic arrays is uniform salt marsh vegetation. Observations were made during seven sessions, which represent a variety of atmospheric conditions. That variety of conditions allows for some experimental generalizations about transmission loss as a function of meteorological observations. These include (1) the relationship between vertical effective sound speed profile and transmission loss, and (2) the variability of acoustic pressure with turbulence over time and elevation.

Propagation of distinct CWD prion strains during peripheral and intracerebral challenges of gene-targeted mice

Since prion diseases result from infection and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system (CNS), experimental characterizations of prion strain properties customarily rely on the outcomes of intracerebral challenges. However, natural transmission of certain prions, including those causing chronic wasting disease (CWD) in elk and deer, depends on propagation in peripheral host compartments prior to CNS infection. Using gene-targeted GtE and GtQ mice, which accurately control cellular elk or deer PrP expression, we assessed the impact that peripheral or intracerebral exposures play on CWD prion strain propagation and resulting CNS abnormalities. Whereas oral and intraperitoneal transmissions produced identical neuropathological outcomes in GtE and GtQ mice and preserved the naturally convergent conformations of elk and deer CWD prions, intracerebral transmissions generated CNS prion strains with divergent biochemical properties in GtE and GtQ mice that were changed compared to their native counterparts. While CWD replication kinetics remained constant during iterative peripheral transmissions and brain titers reflected those found in native hosts, serial intracerebral transmissions produced 10-fold higher prion titers and accelerated incubation times. Our demonstration that peripherally and intracerebrally challenged Gt mice develop dissimilar CNS diseases which result from the propagation of distinct CWD prion strains points to the involvement of tissue-specific cofactors during strain selection in different host compartments. Since peripheral transmissions preserved the natural features of elk and deer prions, whereas intracerebral propagation produced divergent strains, our findings illustrate the importance of experimental characterizations using hosts that not only abrogate species barriers but also accurately recapitulate natural transmission routes of native strains.

Hydrogenation‐Rearrangement of Furfural over Cu‐based Catalysts with Abundant Lewis Acid Sites

Cyclopentanone (CPO) and cyclopentanol (CPL), derived from renewable biomass resource hemicellulose, are considered sustainable chemicals that can substitute fossil‐based products, which could be obtained through the hydrogenation‐rearrangement reaction of furfural (FFA). However, the inevitable condensation reactions of FFA and furfuryl alcohol (FA) in aqueous solutions generate humins and result in carbon loss, limiting the industrial application of this process. Herein, a series of Cu‐based catalysts were synthesized using the reverse co‐precipitation method with various metal promoters and applied in the FFA hydrogenation‐rearrangement reaction. The highest yield of 97.1% CPO/CPL achieved in a typical reaction condition at 200 °C, 4 MPa, in 20 wt% isopropanol‐water mixed solvent over CuZnZr catalyst and the recyclability test confirmed that the catalyst had excellent stability. Experimental studies and characterizations showed that the enhanced performance could be attributed to the adequate Lewis acid sites, regulated through the synergistic interaction between Cu, Zn, and Zr compounds. The simultaneous introduction of Zn and Zr promotes the Cu reduction, and results in more dispersed Cu0 and Cu+, providing an ample and reliable active site. This study outlines a viable method for the catalyst designing and valorizing biomass into high‐value‐added products.

Experimental characterisation of the isosteric desorption energy of VeRCoRs concrete: Comparison of the isotherms and hygrometric methods

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is an effective tool for describing the effect of temperature on water vapour adsorption isotherms in cementitious materials. The key information is the isosteric energy. This can currently be characterised experimentally using two approaches: (1) the isotherms method, which involves experimentally acquiring the desorption isotherm for two (or more) different temperatures, and (2) the hygrometric method, which involves monitoring the increase in vapour pressure at equilibrium with a small sample subjected to increasing temperature steps. It turns out that although each method has a fairly high uncertainty, the results obtained are similar. Finally, the results seem to suggest that the isosteric energy of Portland-based cementitious materials could be considered unique.

Comparison and validation of stochastic microstructure characterization and reconstruction: Machine learning vs. deep learning methodologies

In the world of computational materials science, the knowledge of microstructure is vital in understanding the process-microstructure–property linkage across various length-scales. To circumvent costly experimental characterizations, typically, analyses on ensembles of 3D microstructures within a numerical framework are preferred. Utilizing a moment invariants-based physical descriptor, the current work quantifies the variations in the microstructural topology of 3D synthetic data of polycrystalline materials. For the first time, the validation of synthetic microstructures based on two unique AI-based reconstruction approaches was compared, providing valuable insights into the diverse characteristics of each methodology. Virtual 3D microstructure volumes of forged Ti-7Al and additively manufactured 316L stainless steel alloys were generated from 2D experimental data using two methods — Markov Random Field (MRF) and deep learning-based volumetric texture synthesis. Quantitative evaluation and validation of the reconstructed volumes were carried out with the aid of moment invariants by comparing local features associated with grain-level properties, such as grain size and shape. The normalized central moments previously employed to compare 2D grain topology were expanded to 3D. With the advent of various reconstruction algorithms, especially AI-based, the validation methodology outlined in this work can be adopted to evaluate the robustness of various 3D reconstruction frameworks as well as ensure spatial equivalency of the target microstructures.

Experimental design and characterization of dual-antibody-conjugated all-trans retinoic acid-loaded lipid nanoparticles as a potential cancer therapy

Antibody-targeted immunotherapy has emerged in cancer therapies regarding checkpoint inhibition with monoclonal antibodies, such as anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) either given alone or in combination. However, when given alone, it may fail to activate tumor-specific T cells. The combinational therapy of anti-PD-L1 with anti-4-1BB and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has come into prominence due to disease heterogeneity, resulting in the synergistic effects associated with greater T-cell responses. This study introduces anti-PD-L1 and anti-4-1BB-conjugated ATRA-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), where the Design-Expert Program was applied for the optimization. Accordingly, antibody–conjugated ATRA-loaded SLNs had uniform dispersions with mean diameters of 179.6 ± 12.6 nm. The formulations achieved the encapsulation efficiency (EE %) of ATRA at 21.2 ± 1.4 %, regarding the three-dimensional response surface graph. The binding efficiency of anti-4-1BB and anti-PD-L1 antibodies were determined as 85.59 ± 7.3 % and 90.02 ± 5.4 %, respectively. The release profile of formulations indicated the biphasic release of ATRA (ie., 76 ± 4.4 %) from SLNs within 24 h via the Higuchi model. Particle size distributions of SLNs displayed a 7 % increase (i.e., 190.5 ± 7.63 nm) at 4 °C over 2 months. The experimental design of anti-PD-L1- and anti-4-1BB-conjugated- ATRA-loaded SLNs highlighted the promising strategy for the development of alternative formulations and the potential approach for further cancer therapies.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of toluene on surface C- and CN-modified TiO2 microspheres

Surface modified TiO2 materials are widely used in photocatalytic environmental purification processes. The employment of solution might exert a discernible influence on the catalyst. In this study, we incorporated tetrahydrofuran (THF) and pyrrolidine (PY) during the hydrolysis of titanium butoxide (TBOT) to modify the surface of TiO2, successfully synthesizing surface C-modified TiO2 (THF-TiO2) and surface CN-modified TiO2 (PY-TiO2) catalysts. The assistance of THF and PY not only reduced agglomeration, but also increased the specific surface area of both catalysts, leading to the exposure of more active sites in TiO2 during the photocatalytic degradation of toluene. When compared to the unsatisfactory degradation of toluene (80%) and CO2 mineralization efficiencies (40–45 %) observed using unmodified TiO2, the synthesized THF-50-TiO2 and PY-1-TiO2 microspheres demonstrated enhanced toluene degradation efficiency to 100 % and 99.8 %, respectively, and improved mineralization efficiencies to 76 % and 80 % after 120 min of ultraviolet irradiation. The experimental data and characterization results indicate that the surface-modified carbon species in THF-50-TiO2 facilitate the acceleration of electron-hole pair separation and suppress recombination. In contrast, partial nitrogen species introduced into the surface lattice of PY-1-TiO2 narrow its band gap and induce a visible light response. Overall, this study provides two methods to modify the surface of TiO2, which can be applied to prepare outstanding photocatalysts for possible application in the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the air. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that solution have a significant impact on the catalyst.

Selective recovery of noble metals from electronic waste leachates via coral-like adsorbents

Coral-like adsorbents (BCTC@PEI) with polyethyleneimine backbones and a crosslinked network are engineered to selectively recover gold, palladium, and platinum, from synthetic E-waste leachates. These adsorbents exhibit high maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) according to the Langmuir isotherm: 2405, 1084, and 1153 mg/g for Au, Pd, and Pt, respectively (at 25 °C). The adsorption processes fit well with the pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 > 0.99), with rapid equilibrium (te) achieved within 5 and 10 min for Au and Pd, respectively. The coral-like morphologies and macroporous structure facilitate intraparticle diffusion, resulting in a bulk diffusion-controlled kinetics. By combining experimental design and systematic characterizations, the adsorption mechanism is confirmed to involve synergetic forces, including electrostatic, chelation, and redox interactions (excluding redox interactions for Pd recovery). Furthermore, a significant separation factor (103–106) is realized among noble metals and competing metals, with effective adsorption (>89 % recovery) maintained over eight regeneration/reuse cycles. Over 90 % of Au recovery is also realized with real E-waste leachates. With their high adsorption capacity, rapid kinetics, high selectivity, and robust stability, these coral-like adsorbents hold great potential for selectively recovering noble metals from E-waste leachates.

Tailoring Phage Nanosomes for Enhanced Theranostic Properties of Near Infrared Dyes.

Near-infrared (NIR) phototherapies offer noninvasive, cost-effective solutions for treating tumors and microbial infections. However, organic NIR dyes commonly used suffer from solubility and stability issues requiring frequent dosing. We address this challenge by exploring the bacteriophage-mediated enhancement of NIR dye properties. Upon encapsulation within phage nanosomes, IR780 and Indocyanine green (ICG), with similar optical properties but distinct water solubility and exhibit enhanced UV-vis absorbance and photothermal transduction efficacy compared to liposomes. Experimental characterization corroborated with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations imprints the nanoscale structure, solubility, dynamics, and binding of these NIR dye molecules to the membrane and protein molecules present in Phage capsid. These NIR dye-loaded phage nanosomes, coencapsulated with mitoxantrone, demonstrate enhanced anticancer activity, and when combined with amphotericin B, these dye molecules exhibit superior photothermal effects against fungal infections. Our findings present a simple and efficient approach for tuning the photothermal performance of existing NIR dyes through a rational design for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

Assessing the performance of infrared thermography and PIV methods to identify and characterize the air inlets and outlets in wall assemblies

Building airtightness is crucial for reducing energy demand in the building sector and preventing moisture damage and indoor environment quality issues. Mandatory airtightness tests are now commonly performed in many countries to quantify the total envelope leakage rate of real buildings. For a more precise diagnosis, air leakages are usually identified by infrared thermography or visualized by smoke. However, a finer analysis is also needed to characterize precisely the air flow through specific leaks. Numerical models have been developed for this purpose but experimental data are necessary to validate them. In this paper, two experimental approaches are tested on simple light-wall assembly configurations to address this need: infrared thermography (IRT) and the innovative use of particle image velocimetry (PIV) with a specific experimental set-up and protocol developed. The results are compared with each other as well as with numerical simulations. Results showed that both techniques can be applied for the experimental characterization of the air inlet/outlet of a wall assembly with different advantages and drawbacks. IRT is easy to implement, non-intrusive, possible for in-situ investigations, but the correlation between the thermographs and the air dispersion at the outlet is not straight forward due to thermal inertia and heat conduction issues. PIV gives direct results on the velocity field and enables quantitative analysis of air flow rates for various configurations, with some limitations: a difficult implementation; restrictions on the possible infiltration velocity range and difficulties to visualize the flow exactly at the interface with the wall assembly.

Alder-Ene Reaction-Mediated Suppression of Tin(II) Oxidation for Efficient Tin-Lead Perovskite Solar Cells.

Despite numerous studies have reported the inhibition of tin (II) oxidation in mixed tin-lead halide perovskite, there remains a dearth of mechanistic information regarding how tin (II) undergoes oxidation in the precursor solution, particularly in terms of the involvement of DMSO. We here take advantage of density functional theory (DFT) to uncover that SnI2 can coordinate with DMSO and react with singlet oxygen, resulting in the generation of Sn (IV). Moreover, our DFT simulations reveal that benzaldehyde oxime (BZHO) competes with SnI2 in reacting with oxygen through the Alder-ene reaction, hence effectively restraining the oxidation of tin (II), which is further verified by several experimental characterizations. Besides, the introduction of BZHO has also regulated the crystallization of the perovskite film and modified the electronic structure of the perovskite surface. As a result, the perovskite solar cells with the addition of BZHO demonstrate superior performance and operational stability, retaining 82% of the initial PCE under continuous 1-sun illumination for 800 hours. Furthermore, the efficiency of all-perovskite tandem solar cells treated with BZHO reached 26.76%. Therefore, this work presents a promising strategy for designing high-performance and stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

Preparation and properties of phosphorus-containing thermotropic liquid crystal copolyester fibers with excellent flame retardance and mechanical property

In order to acquire polymeric fibers have both excellent flame retardance and mechanical properties, high molecular weight phosphorus-containing liquid crystal copolyesters derived from 6-hydroxy-2-naphthenic acid (HNA), terephthalic acid (TA) and 10-(2,5-dihydroxypheny)-10-hydro-9-oxa-10-phospha phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-HQ) were synthesized via “one-pot” melt polymerization, and then the fibers were obtained by melt spinning method. The structure and property of the copolyesters were studied elaborately by experimental characterization technique and molecular simulation method. Shear shinning behavior was observed from rheology measurement, indicating that the copolyesters had excellent melt fluidity and spinnability. The rigidity of molecular chain was efficiently improved by the phosphorus-containing monomer DOPO-HQ and naphthalene HNA units which could be reflected by the molecular simulation results as well as high Tg values. The flame retardant mechanism of the phosphorus-containing flame retardant copolyester was systematically studied via limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) test, cone calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the copolyesters exhibit synergistic flame retardant mechanism of gas phase and condensed phase. Meanwhile, mechanical property of the as-spun fibers could be significantly improved by increasing the spinneret draw ratio (SDR) attributed to high molecular chain orientation. The maximum tensile strength of the as-spun fiber was 0.77 GPa observed for P-HNA60P20 at a relatively low SDR of 29. It was shown the unique combination of good thermal stability, spinnability as well as mechanical and flame retardant properties of the copolyesters would make them could be used as high-performance flame retardant materials.

Computational and experimental characterisation of a new (R)-camphor-Thiazolidinone derivative: A combined approach for structure optimisation and activity prediction

This study describes the synthesis, characterisation, in-silico exploration, and theoretical investigation of a novel 5-Methyl-2-(((1S,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylidene)hydrazono)thiazolidin-4-one 3. The structure of the synthesised derivative was successfully confirmed using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In addition, a concise theoretical study was employed to elucidate the experimentally observed stability of the compound. On the computational level, this investigation utilised DFT, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations for the (R)-camphor-thiazolidinone derivative. The optimised structure of compound 3 was predicted with the DFT/B3LYP method with the 6–311++G(d,p) basis set. The theoretical vibrational modes were assigned and found to be consistent with the observed FT-IR spectrum. The simulated NMR values exhibited good agreement with the experimental NMR chemical shifts, with the deviations of 0.5113 and 3.816 ppm for the 1H and 13C, respectively. The UV–vis spectra indicated the n → π* and π → π* transitions in compound 3, with confirmation of intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) from the FMOs and NBO analyses. The MEP surface, Mulliken, and NPA analyses confirm the presence of reactive sites within compound 3. NCI-RDG studies revealed the presence of van der Waals (vdW) interactions and the absence of hydrogen bonding within the studied molecule. The molecular docking analysis indicates that compound 3 exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on the targeted protein 6HQO, which, in turn, is associated with breast cancer. The molecular dynamics analysis validates the accuracy of the docking results.

Design solutions and characterization of a small scale and very high concentration solar furnace using a Fresnel lens

The use of Fresnel lenses for solar energy concentration technology dates back to the 1950 s. These lenses feature a plano-convex optical design with a series of discontinuous convex grooves. Typically made from materials like polymethyl methacrylate, Fresnel lenses are lightweight, resistant to sunlight, thermally stable, and cost-effective.This study presents a novel Fresnel lens-based solar furnace configuration installed at the Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Science in Madrid, Spain. The novelty of this work lies in the exceptional performance and operability of the facility. Experimental characterization revealed a record peak irradiance over 7 MW m−2 for an incident target power exceeding 800 W. Comparison with ray tracing simulations shows good agreement with experimental results. This setup enables high temperature experiments up to 2000 °C with rapid execution times. A fixed receiver, a shutter system and a closed-loop heliostat tracking control system allow for flexible operation up to 5000 suns and straightforward maintenance. The concentrator element costs less than 300 USD (2022) m−2, offering an economical solution to solar-powered high concentration and temperature applications. This innovative design overcomes previous operational challenges, providing a robust and economical method for high-temperature material processing and other industrial applications.

Experimental hot-wire characterisation of the turbulent jet produced by a sweeping jet actuator in a quiescent environment

The present work presents the design and the characterisation of a sweeping jet, a fluidic actuator that has been shown to be able to enhance the aerodynamic performance of flow applications as transportation vehicles. The principles and operation of this type of actuator are detailed here. An experimental apparatus with hot-wire anemometry was installed to describe the flow topology produced by the sweeping jet. Basic analysis shows that the jet generates a flow with an average velocity of 60<Umean<100ms−1, a flow rate between 1.3 and 3 gs−1, and an oscillating frequency up to 2200Hz. The produced jet geometry is also analysed and shows interesting behaviour. The evolution of geometrical parameters is influenced by a transonic transition inside the actuator. To analyse the turbulent properties of the external flow, spectral triple decomposition is developed and used on the experimental data. A strong impact of the transition from a subsonic to a transonic regime on the produced flow is highlighted. The analysis of the turbulence produced by the sweeping jet shows a separation of the flow in three different zones detailed in the article. The study highlights promising results for future flow control implementations.

Versatile Underwater Pressure Sensitive Adhesive: UV Curing Synthesis and Substrate-Independent Adhesion.

The demand for underwater pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) is rapidly increasing in fields such as underwater engineering and biomedicine. However, the achievement of underwater adhesion of PSAs remains a challenge because of the hydration layer that hinders the interaction between the adhesive and the substrate. Herein, a new type of underwater PSA was synthesized by the copolymerization of hydrophobic unsaturated poly(1,2-butylene oxide) (UPBO) and hydrophilic itaconic acid monomers using solvent-free ultraviolet curing. The PSA has demonstrated substrate-independent underwater adhesion strengths ranging from 108 to 141 kPa on both hydrophilic (glass, wood, steel) and hydrophobic (PET, PMMA, PTFE) substrates. The underwater adhesion performance of PSA remains stable during 30 adhesion-detachment cycles and incubation in water for 20 days. Notably, PSA shows cytocompatibility, antimicrobial, and degradable properties and can be used for rapid hemostasis of skin wounds. Experimental characterizations confirm that the process of underwater adhesion is achieved by hydrophobic alkyl side chains of the PBO chain segments, which repel water at the adhesive-substrate interface. This study should provide both practical and facile design strategies for multifunctional underwater PSAs that can be used in a variety of applications.

A review of the formability of woven fabrics for composite materials

AbstractTextile composites are advanced materials composed of preforms combined with matrix materials. The fiber structure in the preform has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the composite. Precise control over preform dimensions and internal fiber structural uniformity, termed ‘accurate shape control’, is essential to ensure reliable and stable composite component mechanical properties. This paper reviews current research progress on fabric deformation mechanisms, focusing on experimental characterization and numerical simulation. Experimental methods for fabric deformation include tensile, compression, bending, and shear deformation, whereas numerical methods encompass macroscopic continuum, discrete, and semi‐discrete models. The insights offered in this paper will aid a greater understanding of fabric deformation mechanisms, enabling an accurate prediction of complex shape molding and effective process parameter design, ultimately facilitating the structural design and engineering applications of textile composites.Highlights Recent trends and challenges in the study of fabric deformation mechanisms are presented. The experimental methods for fabric deformation were summarized and evaluated. Representative numerical modeling techniques and simulation methods are discussed. Some recommendations on potential future research directions are detailed.

Correction to: Experimental strength characterisation of thin chemically pre-stressed glass based on laser-induced flaws

Correction to: Experimental strength characterisation of thin chemically pre-stressed glass based on laser-induced flaws

Ultrafast Fenton-like reaction using a peroxymonosulfate-mediated confined-Fe0 catalyst for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole

Herein, a nanoconfinement strategy was employed to encapsulate nano zero-valent iron (confined-Fe0) for the rapid degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) through a peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-mediated Fenton-like reaction. The confined-Fe0 catalyst was synthesized in situ using a liquid-phase reduction method, incorporating nitrilotriacetic acid (NA) modified carboxylated carbon nanotube (FOC-N-6). Comprehensive experimental analyses and characterizations demonstrated the FOC-N-6 catalyst facilitated rapid electron transfer through the carbon framework and the surface PMS reactive complex (FOC-N-6-PMS*). This process accelerated the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox cycle and promoted the formation of surface Fe(II) active sites (Fe0-OCNT-COOFe(II)-), which served as dominant adsorption sites for PMS. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the confined-Fe0 structure can decrease the adsorption energy (Eads) of PMS on the FOC-N-6 surface. And the FOC-N-6-PMS* facilitated the rapid degradation of SMX through both non-radical and radical pathways. This confined-Fe0 catalytic strategy holds promise as a viable method for controlling emerging contaminants.

The Action Mechanism of Rolling Texture on the Anisotropic Behavior of a Pure Titanium Plate

This work combined theoretical calculation with experimental characterization to methodically study the anisotropy mechanism and evolution of the plastic behavior of pure titanium. Initially, a constant-strain uniaxial tensile test was used to measure the anisotropy of the yield behavior along the rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD). Subsequently, the information of crystal orientation both before and after deformation was statistically characterized using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Ultimately, the main deformation mechanism was determined by combining Schmid law with an analysis of the variation of SF values of each deformation mode with the angular relationship between the loading axis and the grain’s c-axis. The findings demonstrate that, for each slip system, the variation trend and value of the SF are influenced by the angle formed by the loading axis and the grain’s c- and a-axes. The primary result of dislocation slip activation is the change of the tilt angle of the grain c-axis from ND to TD, but this has little effect on the tilt angle of the grain c-axis from ND to RD. Prismatic &lt;a&gt; slip dominates the tensile deformation along the RD. Pyramidal &lt;a&gt; slip and pyramidal &lt;c+a&gt; slip will be activated during the subsequent hardening, whereas basal &lt;a&gt; slip is difficult to activate. The prismatic &lt;a&gt; slip in the soft-oriented grain will be preferentially activated during the tensile deformation along the TD, and the prismatic &lt;a&gt; slip and pyramidal &lt;a&gt; slip will become the dominant deformation modes during the subsequent hardening. Some soft-oriented grains could activate basal &lt;a&gt; slip and pyramidal &lt;c+a&gt; slip, but dislocation slip is restricted and coordinated by {10-12}ET.