Experiential Conditions Research Articles

Producing knowledge in a pandemic: Accounts from UK-based postdoctoral biomedical scientists of undertaking research during the COVID-19 pandemic

While far from the first pandemic to impact knowledge-production, the widely constructed singularity of the biosocial ramifications of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has produced a set of epistemic and social circumstances that are experienced by many as unique. In relation to biomedical research these include the reworking of the social, spatial, and temporal organisation of science through lab closures and social distancing requirements. Drawing on a small number of qualitative interviews rapidly conducted during a 2021 ‘lockdown’, this exploratory article reflects on how COVID-19 has shaped the research of postdoctoral UK-based biomedical scientists. We consider: (a) how challenges are constructed and negotiated, and (b) in relation to these, scientists’ account of why researchers might (not) ‘pivot’ towards COVID-19. Accordingly, this paper indicates how the experiential conditions stimulated by the pandemic interact with pre-existing professional discourses within biomedical science—e.g., in relation to funding and career strategy—to inform and delimit knowledge-production, and to substantiate particular practices. We suggest some of the ways in which future studies might develop our provisional findings to cast new light on the effects of the pandemic on biomedicine, as well as on the entangled social, economic, and epistemic dynamics of science more generally.

Blending the Subjective and Objective Realms of Sacred Architecture at the Pantheon: Creating a Comparative Framework for Evaluating Transformative Experiences in Ritual Contexts

This paper seeks to create a comparative framework for evaluating transformative experiences for different types of ritual contexts found in sacred architecture by bridging the gap between the phenomenology of human experience and architecture’s built conditions. The methodology creates a framework for statistical analysis, whereby evidence of people’s actual (i.e., real, lived) “subjective” experiences can be evaluated against the “objective” architectural conditions. The comparative framework is put to the test by comparing the experiential and environmental conditions found at the Pantheon in Rome. Experiential data for the Pantheon is extracted from Julio Bermudez’s large survey database (N = 2872) of “extraordinary architectural experiences” for this study. This data is compared against “objective” graphical architecture analysis using Lindsay Jones’ “morphology of ritual-architectural priorities” with a specific focus on ritual contexts. The quantitative and qualitative data reveals that the Pantheon produces transformative experiences for visitors that are related to the expected outcomes of specific design features. The percentages from the “objective” and “subjective” analysis both rank the priorities of theatre, contemplation, and sanctuary in the same order. This study concludes that built environments possessing a higher presence and quality of “ritual-architectural priorities” are more likely to be perceived as sacred and produce transformative experiences.

Reconceptualizing a model of demonstration effects: integrating rational, affective, and behavioral constructs

ABSTRACT Research question Research examining demonstration effects has been criticized for being atheoretical and lacking evidence of any behavioral effect. Drawing from dual-process decision-making models, the purpose of this study was to examine how rational and affective motivational mechanisms influence youths’ intention and participatory behavior after watching an elite sport event. Research methods Data were collected from 318 youth post-spectating an elite track cycling event. Post-event questionnaires measured rational and affective motivational antecedents of intention, while the behavior was measured through sport program participation within one year following the event. Results and findings Structural equation modeling revealed that rational (i.e. attitude toward the behavior, perceived behavioral control, descriptive norm) and affective (i.e. inspiration) motivational mechanisms significantly predicted intention, and intention, was a small but statistically significant predictor of participation. Implications Scholars should consider the integration of both rational (e.g. participation constraints) and affective-based (e.g. inspiration) motivational mechanisms when modeling sport participation behaviors. Practitioners should consider designing event leveraging strategies that expand youth’s social networks (e.g. youth activities during event intermissions) and create experiential conditions which induce a state of inspiration (e.g. having athletes speak to youth after the event).

My way is the highway: the role of plasticity in learning complex migration routes

For many species, learning is an important component in navigating complex landscapes during migration. Although much progress has been made in recent years in understanding the flexibility of selecting and navigating complex habitats, the importance of behavioural plasticity during migratory activity remains particularly unclear as empirical support is often difficult to acquire due to the difficulties of controlling, manipulating and tracking wild animals during migration. To directly address the possible role of behavioural plasticity in migratory navigation, we behaviourally manipulated eastern painted turtles, Chrysemys picta , which migrate long distances annually using the same precise, complex routes learnt during a juvenile critical period (prior to age 4 years). We conducted a series of field experiments under different seasonal, contextual and experiential conditions across ontogeny to test the hypotheses that adults use fixed spatial memory based on cognitive experiences that occur prior to age 4 years and that juveniles remain plastic until age 4 years. We found high plasticity in migration route use in juvenile turtles, with juvenile turtles able to follow any route with high precision, irrespective of the route, season or direction. Experienced adults, on the other hand, were only able to use their own route; they were unable to use routes with which they had no prior experience. This pattern was consistent across seasons and was independent of the direction of movement. Inexperienced, translocated adults were unable to navigate any route in any direction during any season. Together, these results are consistent with numerous studies of large-scale migration as well as patterns observed in other learning systems (e.g. song learning) where plasticity is restricted to a critical period. Future studies should examine the mechanisms behind this apparent migratory plasticity and their implications for understanding how animals respond to and navigate through complex environments. • We examined behavioural plasticity in migratory navigation of painted turtles, Chrysemys picta. • Juveniles (<4 years old) showed high plasticity in migration route use. • Adults successfully navigated only their own routes. • Translocated adults failed to navigate successfully under any set conditions. • Our results are consistent with plasticity being restricted to a critical period.

The Effect of a Vehicle Diversion Traffic Management Strategy on Spatio-Temporal Park Use: A Study in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA

Parks and Protected Areas (PPAs) across the Intermountain West region of the United States have observed an increasing trend in visitation in the past decade. Management of visitors’ vehicles as much as the visitors themselves has created a challenge for managers. Experiencing PPAs by personal vehicle is a popular recreation experience. However, as PPAs accommodate historic levels of visitation, the infrastructure to accommodate these vehicles is strained. In response to periods of especially high use in the summer months, Rocky Mountain National Park (ROMO) actively limits access to the Bear Lake Corridor (BLC), one of the most popular day use areas of the Park. Because of limited parking infrastructure and capacities to provide a safe and quality visitor experience, ROMO redirects (i.e., diverts) vehicles away from the BLC. In July 2017, to examine the effect of this management intervention on visitor spatial behavior, participants intending to enter the BLC were given a Geographic Positioning System (GPS) device to track their movement throughout their visit to the Park. We performed a Distributive Flow analysis with the GPS data to understand the diversion’s effect on traffic patterns of visitor vehicles diverted from the BLC. This study found that 21.2% of diverted visitor vehicles returned to the BLC after being redirected and 9% left the Park entirely, suggesting that there is a lack of substitutability for some visitors within the Park for the experience found along the BLC. During a period of redirection, Moraine Park, Endovalley, and Trail Ridge Road received increased levels of visitation as use was diffused across the Park, which may warrant increased monitoring of changes to the experiential and biophysical conditions in these locations. Diverted visitor vehicles made more stops, drove further distances and for a longer period of time than non-diverted visitor vehicles, but there was no significant difference in the length of time spent at points of interest within the Park. While the diversion was effective in temporarily reducing congestion in the BLC, its effect on visitors’ spatial behavior suggests that overall aggregate impacts to park resources and experiential conditions may be increasing as a result.

Binary Systems, Deeper Meanings, and “Correct” Pictures of Narratives: A Few Comments on Dan Shen's Analyses of Covert Progressions

Binary Systems, Deeper Meanings, and “Correct” Pictures of Narratives: A Few Comments on Dan Shen's Analyses of Covert Progressions

Norm Stability: Visitors’ Perceptions of Crowding at Cumberland Island National Seashore

Researchers and managers of parks and protected areas often employ normative theory or a normative approach when attempting to understand and manage visitor use and related impacts. Normative theory and associated approaches use indicators, thresholds, and evaluative dimensions to estimate visitor opinion about desired resource or experiential conditions. However, visitors’ desired conditions are often difficult to study longitudinally. Researchers used Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS) and its visitors to investigate the stability of crowding thresholds by comparing 2011 and 2018 visitor survey results. Daily maximum visitation levels remained constant between 2011 and 2018 as did visitors’ preferred conditions. However, the use levels that may lead to potential displacement and visitors’ acceptance of higher use both increased, suggesting visitors may expect conditions to remain the same but be increasingly tolerant of more visitors at specific attraction sites. Potential implications and further research related to normative theory and norm stability are discussed.

Querying subjective data

Online users are constantly seeking experiences, such as a hotel with clean rooms and a lively bar, or a restaurant for a romantic rendezvous. However, e-commerce search engines only support queries involving objective attributes such as location, price, and cuisine, and any experiential data is relegated to text reviews. In order to support experiential queries, a database system needs to model subjective data. Users should be able to pose queries that specify subjective experiences using their own words, in addition to conditions on the usual objective attributes. This paper introduces OpineDB, a subjective database system that addresses these challenges. We introduce a data model for subjective databases. We describe how OpineDB translates subjective queries against the subjective database schema, which is done by matching the user query phrases to the underlying schema. We also show how the experiential conditions specified by the user can be combined and the results aggregated and ranked. We demonstrate that subjective databases satisfy user needs more effectively and accurately than alternative techniques through experiments with real data of hotel and restaurant reviews.

Inhibitory cell populations depend on age, sex, and prior experience across a neural network for Critical Period learning

In many ways, the complement of cell subtypes determines the information processing that a local brain circuit can perform. For example, the balance of excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) signaling within a brain region contributes to response magnitude and specificity in ways that influence the effectiveness of information processing. An extreme example of response changes to sensory information occur across Critical Periods (CPs). In primary mammalian visual cortex, GAD65 and parvalbumin inhibitory cell types in particular control experience-dependent responses during a CP. Here, we test how the density of GAD65- and parvalbumin-expressing cells may inform on a CP for complex behavioral learning. Juvenile male zebra finch songbirds (females cannot sing) learn to sing through coordinated sensory, sensorimotor, and motor learning processes distributed throughout a well-defined neural network. There is a CP for sensory learning, the process by which a young male forms a memory of his “tutor’s” song, which is then used to guide the young bird’s emerging song structure. We quantified the effect of sex and experience with a tutor on the cell densities of GAD65- and parvalbumin-expressing cells across major nodes of the song network, using ages that span the CP for tutor song memorization. As a resource, we also include whole-brain mapping data for both genes. Results indicate that inhibitory cell populations differ across sex, age, and experiential conditions, but not always in the ways we predicted.

Subjective databases

Online users are constantly seeking experiences, such as a hotel with clean rooms and a lively bar, or a restaurant for a romantic rendezvous. However, e-commerce search engines only support queries involving objective attributes such as location, price, and cuisine, and any experiential data is relegated to text reviews. In order to support experiential queries, a database system needs to model subjective data. Users should be able to pose queries that specify subjective experiences using their own words, in addition to conditions on the usual objective attributes. This paper introduces OpineDB, a subjective database system that addresses these challenges. We introduce a data model for subjective databases. We describe how OpineDB translates subjective queries against the subjective database schema, which is done by matching the user query phrases to the underlying schema. We also show how the experiential conditions specified by the user can be combined and the results aggregated and ranked. We demonstrate that subjective databases satisfy user needs more effectively and accurately than alternative techniques through experiments with real data of hotel and restaurant reviews.

The Birth of Theater from the Spirit of Philosophy: Nietzsche and the Modern Drama by David Kornhaber

Reviewed by: The Birth of Theater from the Spirit of Philosophy: Nietzsche and the Modern Drama by David Kornhaber David Krasner THE BIRTH OF THEATER FROM THE SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHY: NIETZSCHE AND THE MODERN DRAMA. By David Kornhaber. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2016; pp. 256. Friedrich Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy is one of the most important philosophical texts on modernity and drama. Nietzsche's thesis shifts our understanding of Greek tragedy from a sanctified and rigid classicism and toward a dangerous thrill of mimesis (the untrammeled thrill that terrified Plato). Dismissing Aristotle's view of tragedy that highlights a drive toward rationality and systematic parts leading to catharsis, Nietzsche posits instead a Dionysian movement of epistemic and ontological instability, exposing a world only partially intelligible. Nietzsche, drawing on Schopenhauer, situates tragedy in a miasmic whirl of intoxicating lust, thwarted human agency, and Hamlet-like inertia. This interpretation of Nietzsche has been taken for granted, with little if any interest in his focus on theatre itself. David Kornhaber's significant book takes Nietzsche in a heretofore unexplored direction: Nietzsche as stage reformer, stewarding a modernism that eschewed Hegelian didactical positivism and melodramatic excesses not merely philosophically, but also theatrically—ensconcing his philosophy in the nuts-and-bolts of actual hands-on acting, directing, and theatricality. Nietzsche, according to Kornhaber, was an avid theatregoer throughout much of his life, but his interest in theatre has "never been brought into view" (5). Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy and other works demonstrated a significant and integral engagement with theatre practice, including dramaturgy, staging, performance, audience response, play reviews, and criticism. Kornhaber's aim is "to place theater back into the history of Nietzsche's thought and to place Nietzsche's thought back into the history of theater" (11). To accomplish this, Kornhaber's book is divided in half: the first three chapters analyzes Nietzsche's investment in theatre as practice, while the second three chapters examine three playwrights—Strindberg, Shaw, and O'Neill—who were deeply influenced by Nietzsche's belief that philosophy "can only take place in the moment and the space of performance itself" (14). Nietzsche carried forward the German theatrical tradition of Goethe, Shiller, Schlegel, and Lessing, focusing on the stage, specifically the sulfurous mixture of Greek tragedy as the paradigmatic cauldron where the Dionysian and Apollonian product of theatre produces "the undulating absorption and detachment that enables the aesthetic contemplation of terrible suffering" (34). Kornhaber maintains that "[l]ike the classical thinkers who came a century before him, Nietzsche's grand cultural postulations are grounded on an engagement with questions of the stage, specifically on a meditation about the structure and function of the orchestra—the section just in front of the stage platform used by the chorus in Greek theater—from which all his other insights derive" (21). However, Kornhaber argues, past philosophers "who engaged with tragedy have seemed too greatly invested in the interpretative and the theoretical, and too little invested in the actual experiential conditions of theatergoing or the subjective" (37). Nietzsche, by contrast, was concerned with theatrical reception as well as academic scholastics, and theatregoing as well as theatre-contemplating. Kornhaber unpacks Nietzsche's commitment to the theatrical, arguing that, according to Nietzsche, "the great German dramatic thinkers had ultimately betrayed the self-same theater they sought to revive by reducing it to the only thing a theorist ever truly understands: a vehicle of thought, a form of theorization by other means. In their theatrical practice and theory, they had for Nietzsche minimized German drama to only its language and its concepts, robbing it of all that might truly make it theatrical" (38). Theatre for Nietzsche contained an immediacy and urgency exploiting the visceral experience of the playgoer. "Theater is an art that happens in three dimensions," Kornhaber claims for Nietzsche, "with drama only its literary blueprint"; as a result, theatre is "an art that involves the whole bodies of its spectators and moves them to new affective states" of sensory totality (46). Nietzsche, Kornhaber maintains, stresses that "the power of performance lies in the unique, interminable, and ultimately irresolvable dynamic between" the immediacy of performance and the orientation of the dramatic...

Not ‘getting on the bandwagon’: When climate change is a matter of unconcern

Extensive research into public attitudes about climate change commonly portrays those who do not express concern about this issue as unwitting victims of their own or others’ biases. Characterised as apathy, ignorance, scepticism or denial, absence of concern about climate change has been presented as being rooted in an individual’s lack of considered engagement with scientific reasons for concern. This ‘concern deficit’ is framed as a problem to be addressed through policy, education and communication that seeks to maximise concern about climate change. In contrast, we conceptualise unconcern about climate change as an expression of focal life concerns that are incommensurable with dominant narratives of climate change. Originating in active cognitive, social and experiential processes, we regard unconcern about climate change as inseparable from the lived contexts in which it is expressed and irreducible to the attitudes or attributes of individuals. Using narrative analysis of repeat in-depth interviews with Australians who express unconcern about climate change, we find that this unconcern has multiple sources, takes diverse forms and is entangled in epistemological and normative engagements with other issues. It is constituted through social relationships, discursive processes, moral values and embodied experiences that are overlooked in much existing research. We argue that respectful attention to the experiential conditions in which concern about climate change is resisted can enable constructive re-negotiation of narratives of climate change. Such agonistic processes could lead to more reflexive, pluralist and dialogical forms of discourse that better articulate climate science and policy with a wider diversity of lived concerns.

Is There a Problem in the Laboratory?

Problem-solving research in the field of psychology has been closely linked to laboratory investigations throughout its development. However, there is a questionable conceptual assumption underlying this commitment to the laboratory, namely the assumption that one can reduce all problem-solving behavior to a cognitive mechanism. Upon validating this assumption from a phenomenological standpoint, doubts about its foundations emerge. For when we consider the experiential conditions that characterize a problematic situation, we come to determine several phenomenal aspects that are not taken into account in this approach. A phenomenologically revised notion of the problem therefore demands a modification of the scope of the empirical research. First, this paper investigates the configuration of the laboratory as an arena of experience based on Lewin’s field theory. This investigation indicates instructions as a key component of the laboratory. Second, a phenomenological description proposes a novel understanding of the problem. In this part it is shown that it is wrong to presume that problematic situations can be evoked arbitrarily by instructions. Finally, further contemplations help outlining the empirical requirements for exhaustive research. They call for novel paradigms in empirical psychology, such as live streaming, which are more faithful to the phenomenology of problems.

The Task of Walking Straight as an Interactive Serious Game for Blind Children

This paper describes Following the Cuckoo Sound'', a responsive floor system designed to train blind children in walking straight. Its characteristics and potentialities are evaluated in the framework of the guidelines of instruction and assistance to blind children defined by two government agencies. Veering data analysis confirm the validity of the game in correcting both the initial orientation error and the errors in the step direction and provide further insights about veering and its relationship with walking speed and participants' clinical or experiential conditions. Moreover the system provides an engaging sensorial experience which fits not only the orientation and mobility programs but also other areas of the curriculum for blind children such as sensory efficiency, recreation and leisure, and education in the use of technology.

Assessing the tourism-traffic paradox in mountain destinations. A stated preference survey on the Dolomites’ passes (Italy)

ABSTRACTIn ecologically sensitive but tourism-intensive areas, transport policy-makers face the paradox of understanding the need to minimize transport-related impacts, yet being practically unable to change the status quo. This occurs because the acknowledged negative impact of traffic on the tourism economy is perceived as less problematic than the potential effects of traffic management. This paper assesses this paradox by quantifying the effects of traffic management measures on tourist demand in the Dolomites UNESCO World Heritage Site (Italy) and proposing measures that minimize negative side-effects. The study is based on a stated preference survey to elicit visitor sensitivities to a series of management and experiential conditions, and subsequent simulations for estimating the outcomes of future traffic management. Results show that the above-mentioned paradox might be dealt with if a well-balanced mix of “carrot” and “stick” measures is introduced according to territorial needs. In the case of the Dolomites, this means that alternative transportation should be highly performing, i.e. cheap, frequent, integrated and running on an extended daily schedule, whereas restrictions on private mobility should be clear and unavoidable. Results of this study are part of a broader process of re-designing tourism and transportation systems as integrated domains.

Job Authority and Support for Income Redistributive Policy

Building on substantive yet neglected foundations provided by classical sociological theorists—theorists who emphasized the experiential conditions of work in structuring ideology—we examine in this article the impact of job authority tasks on levels of support for policy to redistribute income. Such a focus contributes to a broader sociological understanding of the links between status, ideology, and political action. With data drawn from the 2010 and 2012 National Election Studies, we find that workplace experiences and tasks involving sanctioning/organizational responsibility as well as the hierarchical patterning of interactions on one’s job help structure generalized views regarding inequality and policy orientations ultimately enacted outside of the workplace. In this regard, the number of authority tasks is inversely related to support for redistributive policy. Subsequent analyses, however, reveal this general pattern does not hold on the basis of race: less variation in policy support as well as greater levels of policy support is expressed by African Americans than Whites across all authority task levels. We conclude by discussing how our findings inform broader conceptions regarding the link between work, ideology, and politics, as well a deeper sociological sense of the attitudinal consequences of work and the underpinnings of tenets of American stratification ideology.

Cultural ecosystem services and economic development: World Heritage and early efforts at tourism in Albania

Albania actively promotes its World Heritage sites and other attributes of its cultural heritage, including local food and beverages, dance, tapestries and even its communist era, in its marketing efforts. Better information about the emergent tourism sector, particularly with regard to Albania׳s abundant potential in nurturing and capturing the value of its cultural ecosystem services, could help the country to better manage toward its economic development objectives. In this paper, results of a survey of international visitors to Mother Theresa International Airport, highlighting their expenditure patterns, activities, their assessment of their visit with a particular focus on natural and cultural tourism are reported. For example, the average additional willingness to pay to travel to Albania under current experiential conditions is €410. On average, respondents were willing to pay an additional €95 to the Albanian government to invest in Albanian natural and cultural ecosystem services. This potentially translates into an estimated €95 million per year to invest in Albania׳s cultural and natural heritage, or €42 million for culture and €53 million for nature. The results point to the very young stage of tourism development and may illuminate strategies to introduce international audiences to Albania through conferences or other business oriented travel.

Assessing the effects of access policies on travel mode choices in an Alpine tourist destination

Alternative Transportation Systems (ATS) can contribute to an overall reduction of visitation-related impacts in natural areas if their design and management are informed by a clear understanding of the factors influencing visitors’ mode choice. This is particularly relevant in areas served by multiple alternative transportation options at different locations because mode choices in this case can largely modify visitation patterns. This study investigated mode choices in a popular hiking area of the Dolomites (Italian Alps) that is reachable by car, bus, and lifts (i.e. cable car and chairlift). A stated preference survey was used to elicit visitor sensitivities to a series of management and experiential conditions, while simulation was applied to predict mode choice as a consequence of various access policies. While indicating lift as the most preferred transportation option, results suggest the existence of two main kinds of visitor: one preferring road-accessible trailheads and another preferring lift-accessible trailheads. These two kinds seem to reflect a traditional view (i.e., very sensitive to fares, road closures, and overcrowding) and a more modern one (i.e., moderately sensitive to lift fares, relatively insensitive to crowding), respectively. Simulations performed for both groups led to four management principles: road traffic is not reduced significantly without disincentives for car use; overly cheap lift fares are counterproductive; fare-frequency trade-off is key to ensure adequate bus ridership within both groups; and road closures may be comprehensively more effective than road tolls. The findings of this study may support managers and administrators in setting up access policies that better preserve natural resources and visitors’ recreational experience.

Research Ethics and the Moral Enterprise of Ethnography: Conjunctions and Contradictions

This paper explores the perceptions and experiences of four doctoral researchers to examine how research ethics committee (REC) processes have shaped and influenced specific health-based ethnographic studies. This paper considers how a universal tightening of ethical REC scrutiny at university level, as well as those governing the health and social care sector in the United Kingdom, impacts upon social research involving the inclusion of participants from certain groups. Increased restrictions in ethics scrutiny is justified as protecting vulnerable people from intrusive research and is embedded in legislation, specifically the UK Mental Capacity Act 2005. The general international trend towards greater ethical scrutiny is heralded as an uncontested social good, yet this unquestioned assumption is tested in relation to qualitative social research methodologies that seek to explore the experiences of ‘vulnerable’ individuals. It is consequently argued that ethics review restrictions are in danger of disenfranchising sectors of the community, excluding them from engaging in social research activities that would serve to highlight their experiential and lived conditions. The enhanced bureaucratic control of the doctoral process in conjunction with the REC is also discussed as inhibiting proposed studies.

Behavioral and Experiential Self-Regulations in Psychological Well-Being under Proximal and Distal Goal Conditions

This study examined the relationship of goal-related components of cybernetic, behavioral, and experiential self-regulations to psychological well-being under two types of conditions, the pursuit of intrinsic goals in general and specific intrinsic goals for the academic term. In an online survey, undergraduates (N = 186) completed global measures of psychological well-being, behavioral and experiential self-regulations, and rated themselves on goal-related self-regulatory components. Correlations indicated that most of the cybernetic, behavioral and experiential self-regulatory variables were associated with each other and with well-being. In terms of the goal-related self-regulatory components, when pursuing intrinsic goals more generally, the experiential self-regulatory component of enjoyment of the activity predicted well-being. However, when pursuing intrinsic term goals, the cybernetic self-regulatory component of perceived goal progress and the behavioral self-regulatory component of self-reinforcement for goal progress predicted well-being. The findings extend theoretical conceptualizations of psychological well-being by integrating compatibilities between cybernetic, behavioral, experiential self-regulatory processes and motivational conditions.