Sad Experience Research Articles

Study of Blood Donor Deferral in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Northern India

Introduction: Blood donation programme is vital to any transfusion service. Deferral is a painful and sad experience both for the donor and the centre. Thus, every blood centre has to pivot between admissible quality and desired quantity. Aim: To find out incidence and pattern of donor deferral in a tertiary care hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of four years from January 2016 to December 2019 in a blood bank, Department of Pathology in a tertiary care hospital of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. Details of donors who were deferred either temporarily or permanently during the study period were collected from the deferral files. Data analysis was done by calculating the percentage for every cause of donor deferral. Results: Out of the 29,663 donors who registered for blood donation during the study period, 2,626 donors were deferred due to several reasons. Temporary reasons (2592) were like anaemia, medications, alcohol, allergy, low-weight, fever, tattooing and permanent causes (34) were like hypertension, cardiac disorders, diabetes, asthma and thyroid disorders. Anaemia was the most common cause for deferral and total deferral rate came out to be 8.85%. Conclusion: Studying and analysing the profile of blood donors helps to identify categories of population which could be targeted to increase pool of voluntary blood donors. Education, motivation and treatment of these deferred donors due to anaemia or other temporary causes is an important aspect in blood banking, so that these donors may be recruited again.

Samotność przemijania. Synteza biograficzna schyłku życia Elizy Orzeszkowej

The article is a study of the melancholic nature of Eliza Orzeszkowa, an attempt to notice Orzeszkowa not as a writer, but an unhappy woman. The main aim is to show the sorrow at different times in her life. Difficult events from her biography were recalled in the article. Paying attention to such issues allows us to better understand the creations of the heroes in her literary works — especially distanced, snippy mothers. Selected works, letters and the diary Dnie were analysed. Orzeszkowa spent almost all her life in the region of her origin. The first painful experiences for her were the remarriage of her mother and then the death of her sister. The arranged marriage with Piotr Orzeszko did not last long. Also, she did not find happiness in her long-term relationship with Stanisław Nahorski. She constantly missed love. Although Orzeszkowa was appreciated as a writer (she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twice), lifelong she felt inferior and sometimes even hated herself. From childhood she experienced states of melancholy. Her house in Grodno (where she was interned) was always full of guests — loved ones, friends, readers, pupils; however, her letters and the diary are the testimony of a deep solitude, and the experience of sadness is in almost all of her works.

Psychoreligio-Spiritual Dimension of and Cultural Misperception on Sadness: Implication for Mental Health Anti-Stigma Promotion

Introduction: Sadness is globally regarded as an undesirable emotion. Islamically speaking, there is a misperception where it is latently ingrained as a proscribed emotion. Ironically, it was purposely mentioned in the Qur’anic verse that narrated the historical moment right before the first humans in Islam: Adam and his wife, Eve (Ḥawwā’) were Ordained by Allah to descend on the Earth (Q2: 38). This study supports Islamically integrated psychotherapeutic mental health service to Muslims. It answers the call of underrepresented by academics of Islamic Studies in Islamicizing Psychology, as it is a social duty (farḍ al-kifāyah) to add up resource to Islamic psychotherapeutic practice. Methods: Since it is dealing with the Holy Qur’an, the Qur’anic Thematic Exegetical Analysis (al-Tafsīr al-Mawḍuᶜi) method was applied to verify whether it is proscribed as widely accepted. The selected keyword: ‘sadness’ (Ar. Al-ḥuzn) were searched throughout the Holy Qur’an. Methodically, the proscribed rulings usually originated from negating expression linguistically: the don’ts. So, only the Qur’anic verse with the word ‘lā’ were selected for analysis. Their English translation was from ‘The Qur’an: A New Translation - Oxford World’s Classic (2nd ed.)’ by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdel Saied Abdel Haleem, and exegesis was extracted from the Al-Qurtubi’s Exegesis (Tafsīr al-Qurtubī). Results: The analysis showed that there are two (2) categories of the negative expression: (1) denial: “you will not be continuously sad” and (2) negative imperative: “do not be sad!”. The first category does not proscribe rulings jurisprudentially, but the second category does fundamentally. But when adjusted with the style of language used (al-uslūb) and the context of each Qur’anic verse; there is no straightforward proscriptive ruling for being sad. Instead, every verse is persuasively comforting like in a counselling. Conclusion: Therefore, interwoven understanding should be bridged among the linguistics and translation of the Arabic language, Qur’anic revealed knowledge for Islamic preaching, healthcare practice and the laity’s common perception and experience of sadness in reality to eliminate the misperception of the negative imperative: ‘do not be sad!’. It should be straightened to prevent it being a source for negative religious coping because it is a strong predictor of negative health outcomes.

ЭНЕРГЕТИКА ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОГО ЗАРЯДА И ЕЕ СЛЕДСТВИЯ

It is believed that an electric charge moving along a circular path, i.e. with centripetal acceleration, it is necessary to emit electromagnetic waves. This applies, inter alia, to cyclotron radiation. The purpose of the work is to establish the conditions for the radiation of an electric charge, based on the significant differences between its tangential and centripetal accelerations. The relevance of the work is determined by the widespread use of devices that generate electromagnetic radiation due to the acceleration of electric charges, including X-ray units and magnetrons. The starting point is a credible statement. A number of mathematically correct transformations are performed with it. Therefore, the result is necessarily reliable. Sad experience shows that this logic is not available for many specialists. In the event that such a necessary reliable result contradicts the existing paradigm, preference is almost always given to the paradigm, regardless of the persuasiveness of the evidence. This circumstance is an almost insurmountable obstacle to obtaining new knowledge. After all, if it does not contradict the paradigm, then it is not new and does not represent any value. Electromagnetic radiation carries away energy. It follows from this that the energy of the radiating system changes during radiation. Associated with this is the well-known rule: the change in energy is equal to the perfect work. Four theorems are proved. Theorem 1. A tangentially accelerated charge emits electromagnetic waves. Theorem 2. A normally accelerated charge does not emit electromagnetic waves. Theorem 2 formalizes a circumstance well-known in mechanics that the centripetal force does not perform work (since the scalar product of orthogonal vectors must be zero). Theorem 3. Electric charge satisfies Newton's second law. When a hydrogen-like atom passes from one stationary state to another, the orbital angular momentum changes. The difference is attributed to a photon and is called the photon's spin. Theorem 4. The spin of a photon is zero. The defect in the angular momentum of an atom during radiation can easily be attributed to the nucleus of an atom and even to an electron.

Long‐term health‐related quality of life in young childhood cancer survivors and their parents

Few studies have investigated the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of young childhood cancer survivors and their parents. This study describes parent and child cancer survivor HRQoL compared to population norms and identifies factors influencing child and parent HRQoL. We recruited parents of survivors who were currently <16years, and >5years postdiagnosis. Parents reported on their child's HRQoL (Kidscreen-10), and their own HRQoL (EQ-5D-5L). Parents rated their resilience and fear of cancer recurrence and listed their child's cancer-related late effects. One hundred eighty-two parents of survivors (mean age=12.4years old and 9.7years postdiagnosis) participated. Parent-reported child HRQoL was significantly lower than population norms (48.4 vs. 50.7, p<.009). Parents most commonly reported that their child experienced sadness and loneliness (18.1%). Experiencing more late effects and receiving treatments other than surgery were associated with worse child HRQoL. Parents' average HRQoL was high (0.90) and no different to population norms. However 38.5% of parents reported HRQoL that was clinically meaningfully different from perfect health, and parents experienced more problems with anxiety/depression (43.4%) than population norms (24.7%, p<.0001). Worse child HRQoL, lower parent resilience, and higher fear of recurrence was associated with worse parent HRQoL. Parents report that young survivors experience small but significant ongoing reductions in HRQoL. While overall mean levels of HRQoL were no different to population norms, a subset of parents reported HRQoL that was clinically meaningfully different from perfect health. Managing young survivors' late effects and improving parents' resilience through survivorship may improve HRQoL in long-term survivorship.

Miserable Communions: Sentimentality in Claudia Rankine’s Don’t Let Me Be Lonely: An American Lyric

This essay draws on the discourse of sentimentality to define the political work of address in Claudia Rankine’s Don’t Let Me Be Lonely (2004). Rankine’s sentimentality takes the form of an affective state that I call the miserable communion, in which readers develop an ability to communicate about the historical and social causes of what is typically regarded as the private emotional experience of sadness. The politics of the miserable communion rest in what it renders possible to articulate.

Good or Bad for Ambivalent Emotion on Creativity? A Moderated Mediation Model

Ambivalent situations trigger ambivalent emotions, such as the simultaneous experience of happiness and sadness, which is a pervasive phenomenon in organizations, such as a CEO feels optismic for launching a new project but at same time feels worried because the new project needs invest too much money, which may hurt the old projects. Do ambivalent emotions facilitate or hinder creativity? Informational theories of emotion (Forgas, 2000) deems ambivalent emotions stimulate more information which facilitates creativity. Another perspective thinks ambivalence is a stressful situation that hinders creativity, which demands more psychological resources to identify and solve problems in a new way. By integrating conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989), theory about emotion regulation strategy (Koole, 2009) and bifurcation model of affect (Li, Ashkanasy, & Ahlstrom, 2010), we developed a moderated mediation model, where creative process engagement mediates the relationship between ambivalent emotions and creativity, where ambivalent emotion decreases the creative process engagement so that results in decreased creativity. And one dimension of a new construct of emotional stability (ES, emotional threshold) moderated the mediation effect of idea generation engagement such that the relationship is stronger when the emotional threshold is high. We also find that another dimension of the new ES (emotional recovery) is positively related to creativity. 316 employees from 50 work groups in China participated in the study.

Religious-Secular Reality of Individual Consciousness In The Context of COVID-19

The question of the secularity of society still remains open, since scientists have proposed only cautious speculative answers, while every scientist understands that in the social sciences it is a sad experience of predictions, that history is random and therefore unpredictable and the future always remains fundamentally open. The process of transformation of postmodern society, the development of which is actively influenced by the current pandemy of COVID-19, entailed the revival of religious values ​​and the formation of a qualitatively new religious consciousness. In connection with the rise in the social status of religious consciousness and the widespread dissemination of religious ideas, primarily at the everyday level, the analysis of individual religious consciousness as one of the ways to comprehend the world is of particular importance. The social nature of religious consciousness is manifested not only in the fact that religious values ​​are perceived as a kind of khanism of social regulation, but also in the fact that they serve as epistemological guidelines and often compete with scientific values. This determines the growing philosophical interest in the analysis of the epistemological functions of religion and secular reality, as well as the cognitive capabilities of religious consciousness, which is impossible without a consistent study of the methodological basis of religious knowledge.

Development of internalizing symptoms during adolescence in three countries: the role of temperament and parenting behaviors

This longitudinal study examined the unique and joint effects of early adolescent temperament and parenting in predicting the development of adolescent internalizing symptoms in a cross-cultural sample. Participants were 544 early adolescents (T1: Mage = 12.58; 49.5% female) and their mothers (n = 530) from Medellín, Colombia (n = 88), Naples, Italy (n = 90), Rome, Italy (n = 100) and Durham, North Carolina, United States (African Americans n = 92, European Americans n = 97, and Latinx n = 77). Early adolescent negative emotionality (i.e., anger and sadness experience), self-regulation (i.e., effortful control), and parent monitoring and psychological control were measured at T1. Adolescent internalizing symptoms were measured at three time points. Latent Growth Curve Modeling (LGCM) without covariates or predictors indicated a slight linear increase in internalizing symptoms from ages 13–16 years across nearly all cultural groups. Multi-group LGCMs demonstrated several paths were consistently invariant across groups when examining how well temperament and parenting predicted intercept and slope factors. Higher initial levels of internalizing symptoms were significantly predicted by higher adolescent negative emotionality and parental psychological control as well as lower adolescent effortful control and parental monitoring measured one year earlier. Overall, adolescent effortful control appeared to protect against the emergence of internalizing symptoms in all cultures, but this effect faded over time. This study advances knowledge of the normative development of internalizing symptoms during adolescence across cultures while highlighting the predictive value of early adolescent temperament and parenting.

Looking through the Arts: Examining Childrenandrsquo;s Feelings Expressed in Drawings Made while under Home Quarantine

Art activities like drawings serve as a mode of response, especially among children and can provide rich data around interests, fantasies, and socio-emotional experiences of children. This study attempted to examine the children’s feelings expressed in the drawings made while they were strictly under home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. It further, ascertained if there are significant differences in the feelings expressed in the drawings of children in terms of age and sex and assessed the impact of drawings on their emotional well-being. The null hypothesis that there is no significance difference in the feelings expressed through the drawings of children in terms of sex and age was tested. The Participatory Action Research (PAR), which is a qualitative approach, was employed in the study. Participation of 174 children from a suburb community was made possible through the assistance of their respective parents who served as co-facilitators of the researchers. These children were provided with drawing materials, written instructions for drawing activities and food packs through the help of their parents. Facilitation of drawing activities and gathering of outputs took about 6 weeks. Qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis while numerical data was analyzed through the use of chi-square. Findings revealed that the top 5 most common feelings expressed in the drawings of the children are desire and longing (223 or 20.4%); happiness, joy and excitement (100 or 9.13%); followed by the feelings of appreciation and gratitude (74 or 6.76%); love (50 or 4.57%) and fear and nervousness as well as boredom (which both got a frequency of 37 or 3.38%). It was further revealed that there is no significant difference in the feelings expressed in the drawings of children in terms of sex (chi- square=.165 .00). Both the parents and children-participants confirmed the positive impact of drawing activities on emotional wellbeing of the children. The parents rated the activity as Excellent in all aspects of evaluation: in terms of relevance during this pandemic period (WM=4.70), in terms of the benefits it brought to the participants (WM=4.83) and in terms of the time allotted to it (WM=4.65). Likewise, the children- participants manifested significant increase in positive feelings and notable decrease in negative feelings as they participated in the drawing activities. Before joining the drawing activities, majority of the children, 145 (83.33%) experienced sadness. However, this significantly dropped down to 4 (2.3%) when drawing activities started and almost 100% lost as the activities continued (1 or 0.57%). On the other hand, there was an increase in percentage of children experiencing happiness, from 14 or 8.05% (before participating in the drawing activities) to 167 or 95.98% (when it started) and more enjoyment during the period of art activities (173 or 99.43%). It was then concluded that drawings can be used as a barometer of children’s emotional wellbeing because the children’s drawings revealed their feelings, thoughts, and inner experiences. It was further concluded that drawing activities can improve the emotional wellbeing of children. Several recommendations were forwarded to concerned entities to promote the children’s wellbeing.

A Practical and Contemporary Model of Depression for Our Times—A Timeless Existential Clinician’s Perspective

Problem: Depression is spreading rapidly worldwide. It has been forecasted to become the leading cause of disability worldwide by 2030, despite significant efforts and investments made to treat it. This menace has been exacerbated by the current COVID-19 pandemic which has triggered psychological distress and a surge in experiences of emptiness, sadness, and loss of meaning in life. Meaninglessness is one of the biggest threats of our times and is associated with depression and suicide. Gap: Existential psychotherapy has been neglected by researchers and remains misunderstood by the new generation of clinicians as an integrative approach to the prevention and treatment of depression, despite being one of the longest-established forms of psychotherapy. Objective: To address the above gap, recommendations, and emerging risks. Methodology: Review of theoretical and empirical findings, and autoethnography taking a scientist-practitioner stance. Results: A comprehensive, practical, integrated, flexible, and evidence-based model for the prevention and treatment of depression, and other internalizing disorders. Utility: This model will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, students of psychology, and the wider public. Conclusion/Recommendations: The model can be used to promote preventative factors in youth development, develop protective factors in high-risk populations with vulnerability to depression, and treat individuals experiencing depression or other internalizing disorders.

Assessing child bilingualism in plurilingual families. A case study

This article focuses on the assessment of the level of bilingualism of a Britain-born Polishspeaking girl, as well as to explore ways of expressing emotions by her. The study participant was a 13-year-old bilingual (Polish-English) girl who lived with her parents in the UK from birth. We have assessed her language proficiency in the Polish language, situations in which there is code-switching and code-mixing, and situations in which each of the two languages becomes dominant when expressing emotions. The results showed that the dominant language in everyday situations is English, while Polish is used mainly at home, in the company of the closest family. What’s more, the frequency count of code-switching, and code-mixing showed that these two phenomena are largely dependent on the interlocutor, the topic of conversation, language skills in a given language and emotions being expressed. When it comes to emotions, it has been demonstrated that positive emotions are expressed mainly in English because of the joy and willingness to share pleasant experiences with others, while expressing negative emotions and sad experiences the dominant language becomes Polish because of the sense of belonging to a Polish family and a sense of trust and security among its members.

Постэтническая идентичность шотландских мусульман как фактор трансформации социокультурных оснований политического процесса в современной Шотландии

The article considers the post-ethnic identity of Scottish Muslims in the context of understanding the problem of the influence of socio-cultural factors on socio-political processes in modern Scotland. The authors interpret the characteristics of the post-ethnic identity of Scottish Muslims in a political perspective, which allowed them to show reasonably the role of the socio-cultural factor in the analysis of socio-political processes in a specific spatial and temporal context. At the same time, the authors assume that the features, content and nature of the course of socio-political processes depend to a very significant extent on the value orientations and worldviews in the public consciousness, as well as on the specifics of the social environment. The authors note that in modern conditions, the socio-cultural component of the development of the Scottish state has become more complex, and Scotland today is increasingly acquiring the features of a border civilization. This is primarily due to the active influence of the Islamic factor in the social and political life of Scotland. The article proves that Scottish Muslims resort to multiple, hybrid identities in order to fit into different political and socio-cultural environments of Scottish society. The authors conclude that Muslims occupy an exceptionally favorable position in Scottish society, demonstrating a strong sense of belonging to Scotland. The display of national, ethnic and religious identities has given rise to Islamic tartanism&nbsp;–&nbsp;a way of life that can reconcile the Scottish socio-cultural paradigm with Islamic principles of life. Thus, the article proves the idea that in Scotland, pragmatic considerations have united two actors who were historically been socially, culturally and politically oppressed: on the one hand, they are Scots who have a sad experience of being oppressed by the English, and, on the other hand, Muslims who have traditionally felt humiliated by the imperialist west. This pragmatic trans-civilizational alliance led to the emergence of a post-ethnic identity among Scottish Muslims, which becomes one of the essential factors in the transformation of the socio-cultural foundations of the political process in modern Scotland.

The Agony of The Slaves as Described in Frances Ellen Watkins Harper’s The Slave Auction

Black people were treated badly and cruelty by white people since the first time they were brought to America in between 1619 – 1865. In America most of them worked in huge plantation as slaves. Black people were considered as the second class citizens, and under the system of slavery. White people had the right to own, to buy and to sell them. The purpose of this paper is describe the sad and bitter experiences from the slaves when they were selling through the auction. The writer used tone and the historical background theories to understand the deep meaning of the poem and to feel the painful of the slaves’ conditions, as reflected in Harper’s The Slave Auction. The results from the discussion show us the really terrible condition of the slave when the auction was going on, and hopefully that the cruel thing done by people to other people will not be occurred any longer now and ever after.

The study of the relationship between the emotional component of family’s informational environment and adolescents’ disadaptive behaviour

Topicality of the study of the connection between the emotional component of family’s informational environment and the propensity for disadaptive behaviour of adolescents is determined by the tendency to increase the role of the information environment in society, in particular in the family. The study of the emotional component of the informational family environment and its connection with disadaptive behaviour of adolescents involved 70 people, representing 35 teen-parent dyads. The authors' method "Information environment of the family" and the method of determining the propensity to deviate behaviour of El'vira Leus were used. In 40% of cases, the family information environment is represented by the unity in the experience of adolescents and parents of interest and excitement while using gadgets. Their experience of joy, surprise and sadness reveals their individual differences in interaction with the family information environment. The tendency to deviant behaviour was considered to be the main indicator of the socio-psychological disadaptation of adolescents. All the 35 adolescents showed varying degrees of disadaptation. A connection was found in the experience of joy on the Internet with a tendency to addictive, aggressive and unlawful behaviour. The results can be used in the work of the school psychological service, as well as in psychotherapy of adolescents and families.

Exploring Intercultural Interaction Model for Literacy of Underprivileged Learners of EFL

ABSTRACT This study examines the effectiveness of the Intercultural Interaction Zone (IIZ) instructional model in transforming traumatic or sad experiences instigated by war and migration into inspirational ones in the English-as-a Foreign Language (EFL) literacy classrooms. We propose the IIZ model consisting of literature circles and citizenship authentic materials as a socio-critical zone of proximal development that would promote intercultural citizenship competence. The participants were six instructors (n = 6) and 124 (n = 124) EFL learners. The syncretic testimonials of the Syrian learners (n = 36) and their teachers were narratively analysed. Results revealed that the IIZ intervention was effective in improving the literacy outcomes and in transforming learners’ trauma resulting from displacement and war experiences into mediums for success and optimism.

Promoting the image of Africa through media: the role of African leaders (case study of Nigeria)

Media is the mirror through which people see the outside world. Media is information and information, they say, is power. The role of media in the obnoxious depiction of Africa and its people, which is mainly business-oriented, cannot be overemphasized. Innumerable negative reports and exaggerated stories have been intellectually presented, discussed and debated on both local and international media platforms with very wide or large audiences. This has affected Africans, especially how they are perceived and treated in the outside world and this has in turn caused emotional and psychological distress for Africans. What worsen the situation is the nonchalance of African leaders in taking adequate measures to put a stop to this stereotypical and Afro-pessimistic media exposure. This is why this study after examining the role of the Western media in stereotyping Africa through the Agenda-setting theory, and the sad experiences of Nigerians and other Africans in the diaspora gathered through interview, suggested roles that her leaders can play in promoting and rebranding the image of Africa and Nigeria in particular, in order to restore her glory before it descends into new lows. This paper therefore, presents the extent of this unfortunate portrayal of Africa to the rest of the world, how deep this has affected Africa and Africans negatively, the reasons for this negative connotations with Africa, and why the time is now not only for Africa to show to the world its profound histories and beautiful stories impeccably but also to strategically control the access and activities of researchers/ tourists/ media outlets in sensitive places within the continent. Also, how the African leaders can regain its image positively by promoting the real Africa to the world through Media.

Pedagogical conditions for the formation of eco-values of future teachers of natural sciences: a methodological approach

The urgency of forming an eco-focused type of understanding nature among modern people has a philosophical and theoretical justification and practical confirmation, related to the sad experience of environmental problems. In turn, this actualizes the task of introducing into the educational process pedagogical conditions, which would stimulate the formation of environmental values of specialists in the specialty 014.15 General Education (Natural Sciences) of the first (bachelor's) level of higher education. These specialists can be potential adherents of the eco-focused type of understanding nature. This task is even more relevant, considering the fact that the axiological component in modern educational programs of the relevant profile is not enough represented little, and the formation of environmental value competencies is not their goal.The purpose of this study is to clarify the content of the methodological approach regarding verifying the effectiveness of the implementation of certain pedagogical conditions in order to obtain the desired educational result – the formation of environmental values in future teachers of natural sciences.The research has generalized and systematized scientific methods, which allow determining the effectiveness of pedagogical conditions for the formation of environmental values through the implementation of the author’s course “Axiological Pedagogy” and training course “Ensuring the adoption and translation of professional values.” The paper presents for the first time a methodological research system that is justified for the analysis of the first systematized and substantiated environmental values as the desired results of the educational process. The article defines peculiarities of application of methods for diagnosing the formation of ecological values in future teachers of natural sciences.The pilot test of the described methodological research system has proved its validity in pedagogical practice, in particular, to assess the results of the implementation of pedagogical conditions for the formation of environmental values of specialists in specialty 014.15 Secondary education (Natural Sciences) of the first (bachelor’s) level of higher education

تداعیات تجربة الحزن فى شعر العتبی ت228ه (( الموقف والأداة ))

الملخص يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة تداعيات تجربة الحزن فى شعر العتبي، واستکناه بواعثها ومظاهرها والأسباب المؤدية إليها، فضلا عن معرفة الآليات التى اتکأ عليها العتبي للتعبير عن تجربته الحزينة. وقد اعتمدت فى البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، مع عدم إغفال دور المنهج النفسي من أجل بيان مواضع الحزن فى شعر العتبي، وإيضاح البواعث التى جعلته يحزن ويتألم من خلال النصوص الشعرية عنده. وجاء تقسيم البحث تلبية لخطته وأهدافه، حيث تضمن مقدمة، وتمهيدا، فصلين رئيسين، تليهما خاتمة، تجمل نتائجه. أما الفصل الأول وعنوانه: بواعث الحزن ومظاهره فى شعر العتبي. وقد تضمن خمسة مباحث، الأول: الموت باعثا للحزن عند العتبي. والثاني: رثاء النفس باعثا للحزن عند العتبي. والثالث: بکاء الشيب والشباب باعثا للحزن عن العتبي. والرابع : الشکوى من الأصدقاء باعثا للحزن عند العتبي. والخامس: الإخفاق فى الحب باعثا للحزن عند العتبي. أما الفصل الثاني وعنوانه: آليات التعبير عن الحزن فى شعر العتبي. وقد تضمن ثلاثة مباحث. الأول: لغة الحزن فى شعر العتبي. والثاني : التشکيل الإيقاعي وأثره فى تجربة الحزن عند العتبي . والثالث : فنيات التصوير فى شعر الحزن عند العتبي.This research aims to study the repercussions of the experience of sadness in Al-Utbi's poetry, and we deduced its causes, manifestations and the reasons leading to it, as well as knowing the mechanisms that Al-Atabi relied on to express his sad experience. In the research, it relied on the descriptive analytical approach, without neglecting the role of the psychological approach in order to explain the places of sadness in Al-Atabi poetry, and to clarify the motives that made him sad and suffer through his poetic texts. The research division came in response to his plan and objectives, as it included an introduction and a preliminary two chapters, followed by a conclusion, summarizing its results. As for the first chapter and its title: Emitters of sadness and its manifestations in Al-Utbi's poetry. It included five topics, the first: death, a cause for grief at Al-Atabi. The second: Self lamentation is a source of sadness at Al-Atabi. And the third: crying gray hair and young people is a source of sadness for Al-Atabi. The fourth: the complaint from friends was a source of sadness at Al-Atabi. And the fifth: failure to love is a source of sadness at Al-Atabi. The second chapter, entitled: Mechanisms for Expressing Sadness in Al-Utbi's Poetry It included three sections. The first: the language of sadness in Al-Utbi's poetry. The second: the rhythmic formation and its effect on the experience of sadness at Al-Atabi. And the third: photography techniques in the poetry of sadness at Al-Atabi

Unique personality profiles predict when and why sad music is enjoyed

The experience of sadness is largely unpleasant, but when expressed through music, it can be pleasurable. Previous research has shown that an attraction to sad music is correlated with personality traits like empathy, Absorption, and rumination. However, the intricacies of the relationship between personality, situational factors, and reasons for engaging with sad music have yet to be fully explored. To address this, participants ( N = 431) reported the situations in which they would listen to sad music and their motivations for doing so. Regularized regression models were employed to assess correlations between personality, situational, and motivational factors. Mediation models were used to determine if emotional responses mediated these associations. People who scored higher on Absorption, the Fantasy component of empathy, and rumination reported enjoying sad music. Absorption and Fantasy were associated with liking sad music because of its ability to regulate/enhance positive emotions. Rumination was associated with liking sad music in tense situations because it both strengthens positive and releases negative emotions. Our results further our understanding of reward responses to negative stimuli by highlighting the role of personality and situational factors. Such findings have implications for the development of interventions for mood disorders, in which music could be used as a tool to regulate emotions and re-engage the reward system.