Experienced Person Research Articles

Participation in an Intensive Longitudinal Study with Weekly Web Surveys Over 2.5 Years.

BackgroundTechnological advances have made it easier for researchers to collect more frequent longitudinal data from survey respondents via personal computers, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Although technology has led to an increase in data-intensive longitudinal studies, little is known about attrition from such studies or the differences between respondents who complete frequently administered surveys in a timely manner, and respondents who do not.ObjectiveWe examined respondent characteristics and behaviors associated with continued and on-time participation in a population-based intensive longitudinal study, using weekly web-based survey interviews over an extended period.MethodsWe analyzed data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life study, an intensive longitudinal study that collected weekly web-based survey interviews for 2.5 years from 1003 18- and 19-year-olds to investigate factors shaping the dynamics of their sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and pregnancies.ResultsOrdinary least squares and logistic regression analyses showed background respondent characteristics measured at baseline were associated with the number of days respondents remained enrolled in the study, the number of interviews they completed, and the odds that they were late completing interviews. In addition, we found that changes in pregnancy-related behaviors reported in the weekly interviews were associated with late completion of interviews. Specifically, after controlling for sociodemographic, personality, contact information, and prior experience variables, we found that weekly reports such as starting to have sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.17, 95% CI 1.03-1.32, P=.01), getting a new partner (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.53-2.03, P<.001), stopping the use of contraception (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10-1.49, P=.001), and having a new pregnancy (OR 5.57, 95% CI 4.26-7.29, P<.001) were significantly associated with late survey completion. However, young women who reported changes in pregnancy-related behaviors also had lower levels of study attrition, and completed more interviews overall, than did their counterparts.ConclusionsWe found that measures of participation in a longitudinal study with weekly web surveys varied not only by respondent characteristics, but also by behaviors measured across the surveys. Our analyses suggest that respondents who experience the behaviors measured by the study may maintain higher participation levels than respondents who do not experience those behaviors.

Differences in risk and protective factors for workplace aggression between male and female clinical medical practitioners in Australia.

Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in prevalence, as well as risk and protective factors, for exposure to workplace aggression between male and female clinicians in Australian medical practice settings. Methods In a cross-sectional, self-report study in the third wave of the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life survey (2010-11), 16327 medical practitioners were sampled, with 9449 (57.9%) respondents working in clinical practice. Using backward stepwise elimination, parsimonious logistic regression models were developed for exposure to aggression from external (patients, patients' relatives or carers and others) and internal (co-workers) sources in the previous 12 months. Results Overall, greater proportions of female than male clinicians experienced aggression from external (P<0.001) and internal (P<0.01) sources in the previous 12 months. However, when stratified by doctor type, greater proportions of male than female general practitioners (GPs) and GP registrars experienced external aggression (P<0.05), whereas greater proportions of female than male specialists experienced external (P<0.01) and internal (P<0.01) aggression. In logistic regression models, differences were identified in relation to age for males and experience working in medicine for females with external and internal aggression; working in New South Wales (vs Victoria) and internal aggression for females; a poor medical support network and external aggression, and perceived unrealistic patient expectations with internal aggression for males; warning signs in reception and waiting areas with external aggression for males; and optimised patient waiting conditions with external and internal aggression for females. Conclusions Differences in risk and protective factors for exposure to workplace aggression between male and female clinicians, including in relation to state and rural location, need to be considered in the development and implementation of efforts to prevent and minimise workplace aggression in medical practice settings. What is known about the topic? Workplace aggression is prevalent in clinical medical settings, but there are conflicting reports about sex-based differences in the extent of exposure, and little evidence on differences in risk and protective factors for exposure to workplace aggression. What does this paper add? Differences in workplace aggression exposure rates between male and female clinicians are highlighted, including when stratified by doctor type. New evidence is reported on differences and similarities in key personal, professional and work-related factors associated with exposure to external and internal aggression. What are the implications for practitioners? In developing strategies for the prevention and minimisation of workplace aggression, consideration must be given to differences between male and female clinicians, including with regard to personality, age and professional experience, as well as work locations, conditions and settings, as risk or protective factors for exposure to aggression in medical work.

Work environment and employee motivation to lead

Purpose– A key challenge for organizations is identification of candidates for development as organizational leaders. While selection criteria may vary, one important consideration is the extent to which an employee is motivated to lead. Previous studies have restricted investigation of the antecedents of these motivations to individual differences such as personality, self-efficacy, and previous leadership experiences, suggesting that leadership capacity may depend largely on employee selection. However, employee assessments of numerous aspects of the work environment may also have a substantial role in determining an employee’s motivation to lead (MTL), suggesting that an organization’s leadership capacity may depend on many other human resource practices. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– In this study, the authors explored the role of employee assessments of work experiences as determinants of three types of MTL. This paper investigates the impact of a value-oriented organizational culture and the employee’s assessment of the work environment (pay satisfaction, promotion possibilities, recognition, job design, internal communication, and employee’s relationship with his/her current leader). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses.Findings– Based upon the results of 210 respondents the strength of relationship varies among the three alternative types of leadership motivation. The results suggest that besides individual differences, the perceived work environment may be a significant determinant of motivation to become an organizational leader. Employee assessments of pay, promotion opportunities, recognition, job design, quality of organizational communications, and workplace spirituality all play a role in determining employee MTL.Originality/value– This paper offers a number of implications for human resource management practices, hiring, and leadership development.

The Difference in Movement of Experienced and in Experienced Persons in Japanese Bowing

Greeting is the basis of omotenashi, and one of the ways to greet is to bow. We conducted an experiment on the difference in maneuver between an experienced and inexperienced person and measuring the positions and timing of the bowing motion. The bow of the experienced person had a stable angle, with the shoulder angle (θ1) being around 180 degrees all three times; in other words the head was straight and the angle of the waist (θ2) was at around 20 degrees all three times. The transitions from the onset of the bow till the head was lowered and from the head beginning to rise until the end of the bow were about equal speed, and the speed of the head was relatively slow at -100∼100 (pixel/s). There is a case where the θ1 and θ2 of the bow of the inexperienced persons both with the Japanese persons and Thai persons are synchronized, and the case where the neck is bent before the movement of bending the waist. With the Thai person, the θ2 was very deep and the movement speed was very fast. The difference in the experiences has more dispersion. Regardless of nationality, in the situation of no previous instruction, it is very difficult to express the gentel and slow motion of bowing.

Health-promoting factors in the freshman year of medical school: a longitudinal study.

The freshman year of medical school is a stressful period in the lives of future doctors. Resilience to this stress differs greatly, leading to different health outcomes. Less resilient students, whose health may deteriorate early in their education, are at greater risk for developing stress-related diseases. Early identification of individuals at risk and the provision of tailored health-promoting interventions might prevent this. This study was designed to investigate: (i) how the health of medical students develops over the freshman year, and (ii) whether certain protective factors can predict general and mental health status after 1year of medical education. A prospective, longitudinal, observational study was conducted at one medical school. Self-rated general and mental health status before and after the freshman year were used as outcomes. In addition to socio-demographic variables and leisure activities, personality and study-related behaviour and experience were surveyed as potential predictors. Both descriptive techniques and logistic regression analyses were employed to identify predictors for general and mental health separately. At baseline, 93% of medical students rated their general health and 88% rated their mental health as good. These frequencies declined over the first year to 76% and 84%, respectively. For general health, regular physical activity was the strongest predictor (odds ratio [OR] 4.58). Satisfaction with life (OR 1.18) and balance and mental stability (OR 1.20) emerged as positive predictors, and age (OR 0.85) and striving for perfection (OR 0.76) as negative predictors. Mental health status was predicted by emotional distancing (OR 1.25), experience of social support (OR 0.73), neuroticism (OR 0.89) and age (OR 0.85). Self-rated general and mental health declined throughout the first year of medical education. Physical activity proved to be a strong predictor for the maintenance of good general health. This finding may represent a starting point for health-promoting interventions, such as the provision of time slots for physical activity.

Explaining emotional exhaustion and work engagement: The role of job demands-resources and Type D personality.

The aim of the current study was to show that Type D personality—a personality trait characterized by high levels of negative affectivity and high levels of social inhibition—can explain a significant amount of variance in emotional exhaustion and work engagement above and beyond the variance explained by job demands and job resources. An Internet survey was conducted in a large, representative sample of the Dutch working population. In line with our hypotheses, results showed that when controlling for the effects of job demands and job resources, employees with a Type D personality experience more emotional exhaustion and less work engagement than employees without a Type D personality. The main effects of job demands and job resources were in line with our hypotheses, except for the relation between job demands and work engagement; job demands appeared to enhance work engagement. This study contributes to knowledge in several ways. First, this study shows the importance of Type D personality in the development of emotional exhaustion and work engagement next to job demands and job resources. Second, our results add to a growing body of evidence showing that job demands, job resources, and personality should be incorporated in 1 model in order to predict emotional exhaustion and work engagement in an optimal way.

Patient education as a status passage in life – An ethnographic study exploring participation in a Danish group based patient education programme

In this paper, we apply the theory of status passage to the empirical field of group-based patient education. On the basis of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in the context of a local Danish patient education programme aimed at people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, we illustrate how participation in the programme for the recently diagnosed is a regularised status passage symbolising a transition in life from a novice to a more experienced person with chronic illness. We demonstrate how central properties of status passage are at play and how they are shaped by interactions among the different agents: participants, lay experts and health professionals. We highlight how the unique biographical situation of the individual and the individual timing of participation is an important factor affecting whether the patient education programme succeeds in regularising the status passage. We highlight the ambiguity of the role of the health professionals in directing the status passage of the recently diagnosed. On one hand, health professionals empowered the participants by giving them access to professional knowledge and guidance and thereby supporting the status passage. On the other hand, the effort to direct responsibility back to the participants did not consider individual biographical situations, and thereby risked leaving the participants frustrated and unable to pass. Further, we point to the special significance of the socialising process between the participants, with the recently diagnosed being the novices asking questions and seeking guidance and the lay experts and the experienced participants taking the role of coaches, guiding the recently diagnosed managing the status passage into chronic illness.

A study of trainee teachers’ image of practising teachers and their ICT expectations

Digital illiteracy is one of the great challenges of education. In our information society, an adequate level of digital proficiency is an important requirement and teachers’ skills, personality, competence and professional experience are important factors in determining the efficiency of the teaching-learning process. This research has two goals. First, we tried to find out what characteristics a “good” and a “bad” teacher would have based on the trainee teachers’ own experience as secondary school students. We also wanted to know what they think about the social roles of teachers; about the importance of native language in education; what expectations they have regarding the computer skills and competences of secondary school teachers; and what experience they have regarding the use of ICT equipment in the education process. The answers to the open questions about teachers were grouped into four categories: professional expectations, preparedness, teaching skills, personality traits and behaviour. We developed four statistically relevant factors to determine the level of teachers’ computer skills and we used a set of questions containing 10 items to examine the experience of trainee teachers regarding the use of ICT in education. Our study reveals the situation of Hungarian vocational training from Romania, which is a key factor for high-quality teacher training.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: teacher image, computer skills and competences, trainee-teachers

Athletic Training Students' Perceptions of Mentorship in Clinical Education

Context: Mentorship is a developmental process whereby a novice individual, as he/she becomes inducted into his/her area of expertise, is guided by a more experienced person. Speculation exists that years of experience can impact this relationship.Objective: To determine the impact mentoring can have on athletic training student development and evaluate if experience as a preceptor is viewed as influential on the mentor experience.Design: Mixed-methods study.Setting: Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education accredited programs.Patients or Other Participants: We recruited 17 (14 females, 3 males) athletic training students to participate in our study. On average, our participants were 21 ± 1 years old and represented varying levels of academic standing (1 sophomore, 9 juniors, 7 seniors). All participants indicated they currently had a mentor when asked directly.Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants responded to the Athletic Training Perceptions of Effective Mentoring survey and 14 open-ended interview questions regarding their perceptions of mentoring. An inductive approach was used to identify themes and supporting categories. Trustworthiness was established by using multiple-analyst triangulation, peer review and piloting of the instruments, and triangulation of data using a mixed-methods approach.Results: Athletic training students perceive their mentoring experiences as those that provide support and understanding, advance their clinical practice, and allow for the development of career goals. Age and experience did not appear to impact the overall experience of the student but rather facilitates the type of mentoring relationship developed.Conclusions: Mentoring was perceived to be an advantageous aspect of the socialization process for the athletic training student. It provided support and understanding during times of increased stress, allowed for the development of clinical skills, and provided the chance to cultivate a professional identity.

Shared Responsibilities for Full Participation in Society: Planning Further Integration of the ICF Into AAC

The World Health Organization's (WHO's) 2001 International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) has as one of its central tenets the full inclusion of persons with disabilities in society. It acknowledges the need for medical and rehabilitation intervention in its biopscychosocial framework. However, the WHO realizes that society must do its part to facilitate this full participation and empowerment. Persons with complex communication needs (PWCCN) often need augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in order to express themselves. However, in order to access and successfully use AAC, PWCCN need access to the necessary AAC devices and services, as well as a willing society to interact with them as full contributing members of society. The factors outside of a person's specific physical and/or cognitive functional limitations are addressed in the ICF via the Personal and Environmental Factors. Personal Factors include the individual's personality traits, lifestyle, experiences, social/educational/professional background, race, gender, and age. Environmental Factors include community support systems, social service agencies, governments, social networks, and those persons that interact with the PWCCN. This article addresses the sociopolitical influences on PWCCN and their functioning from a human rights perspective. The necessary introspective role of speech-language pathologists in this process is explored.

Neighbourhood immigrant concentration effects on migrant and native youth's educational commitments, an enquiry into personality differences.

In the literature examining neighbourhood effects on educational outcomes, the socialisation mechanism is usually investigated by looking at the association between neighbourhood characteristics and educational attainment. The step in between, that adolescents actually internalise educational norms held by residents, is often assumed. We attempt to fill this gap by looking at how the internalisation of educational norms (commitments) is influenced by neighbourhoods’ immigrant concentration. We investigate this process for both migrant and native youth, as both groups might be influenced differently by immigrant concentrations. To test our hypothesis we used longitudinal panel data with five waves (N = 4255), combined with between-within models which control for a large portion of potential selection bias. These models have an advantage over naïve OLS models in that they predict the effect of change in neighbourhood characteristics on change in educational commitment, and therefore offer a more dynamic approach to modelling neighbourhood effects. Our results show that living in neighbourhoods with higher proportions of immigrants increases the educational commitments of migrant youth compared to living in neighbourhoods with lower proportions. Besides, we find that adolescents with a resilient personality experience less influence of the neighbourhood context on educational commitments than do adolescents with non-resilient personalities.

Abbas E. Kitabchi, PhD, MD: An Exemplary Mentor and Clinical Researcher.

The word “mentor” was first used in Homer’s epic poem The Odyssey . When Odysseus, the king of Ithaca, went to fight the Trojan War, he asked Mentor to serve as a teacher and overseer to his son Telemachus. Mentor failed in his duties, and it was Athena, goddess of war and patroness of the arts and industry, who assumed the form of Mentor and served as Telemachus’ wise and trusted adviser and counselor. The first recorded modern usage of the term can be traced to the 18th century book entitled Les Aventures de Telemaque , by the French writer Fenelon. Since then, the word “mentor” has evolved to mean trusted adviser, a wise and responsible tutor who shares knowledge with and inspires, challenges, and serves as a role model to a less experienced person. Dr. Abbas E. Kitabchi exemplifies all the attributes of a great mentor, as can be attested by the large number of health care professionals that have benefited from his mentoring during the past four decades. Abbas E. Kitabchi at the Clinical Research Unit, UTHSC, Memphis, TN Dr. Kitabchi, or Abbie as his friends and relatives call him, was born in Teheran, Iran, in 1933. He was the third among seven siblings and the first in his family to receive a high school education. His father, Hossein Eqbal Kitabchi, was a publisher and his mother was a housewife. After completing high school, he immigrated to the U.S. at 17 years of age to attend Cornell College in Mount Vernon, IA, to follow his father’s dream for Abbie to become a heart surgeon. He remembers:As a young immigrant with almost no ability to speak English and only $600 in my pocket, it was indeed uncomfortable and challenging at first. I was scared and lonely living in …

Patients’ preferences for selective versus complete excavation: A mixed-methods study

ObjectivesDespite increasing evidence supporting selective caries tissue removal, the technique is not adopted by most dentists, one possible reason being that patients might reject it. We aimed to assess patients’ preferences for selective versus complete excavation, and to identify predictors of this preference. MethodsA sequential mixed-methods approach was taken. First, semi-structured focus group discussions on two convenience samples were performed. Verbatim transcripts were evaluated using content-analysis to inform quantitative study design. The subsequent survey employed convenience, snow-ball and deviant-case sampling, yielding 150 respondents. The relevance of treatment attributes (risks of nerve damage, root-canal treatment, recurrent caries, restorative complications, treatment costs, aesthetic consequences) on patients' treatment preferences was measured using case-vignettes. Dental experience and anxiety as well as patients' personality and socio-demographic details were recorded. Association of predictor variables (age, gender, education, partnership status, personality items, dental experience, anxiety) with treatment preference was assessed using regression analysis. ResultsFocus group participants perceived complete excavation as reliable, but feared endodontic treatment. The vast majority of survey respondents (82.7%) preferred complete over selective excavation. The preference for selective excavation was significantly increased in patients with an emotionally stable personality (p<0.001), university entrance degree (p<0.001), none or little dental anxiety (p=0.044), few dentist changes in the past (p=0.025), and who accepted that sealed lesions could progress (p<0.002). ConclusionTreatment attributes, socio-demographic characteristics, personality and dental experiences shape patients’ preference towards caries excavation. Clinical significanceClinical decision-making regarding carious tissue removal might be affected by dentists on both an informative and an empathic level.

Applications thérapeutiques de l’ocytocine dans l’autisme : premiers résultats et pistes de recherche

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) is an evolutionary highly conserved molecule that plays a part in the regulation of complex social cognition and behaviours. From a pathophysiological point of view, several studies have evidenced dysfunctions of the oxytocinergic system in autism spectrum disorders (ASD): a lowering of plasma OT and genetic or epigenetic anomalies of the OT receptor. Therefore, some authors have hypothesized that an abnormality in the OT neurotransmission may account for several features of autism and that a treatment restoring a normal OT pathway functioning could improve social abilities. OT administration has thus been used in clinical trials, especially in groups of subjects suffering from autism. Some studies found that OT decreased repetitive behaviours, enhanced emotional understanding of speech intonation, improved performance of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and reinforced cooperation. Nevertheless, the findings of the OT administration studies on clinical samples show great diversity. The context, the personality and childhood experiences of the subject could be moderators influencing the effect of exogenous OT. Besides, three mechanisms could play a part in the action of OT on ASD social symptoms: anxiety reduction (with a lowering in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness and in the amygdale reactivity to social stimuli), increased affiliative motivation (involving the dopaminergic pathway and several regions of the social brain) and enhanced perceptual selectivity and social stimuli salience. To conclude, OT could be a promising molecule used as a treatment to promote social behaviours, helping individuals with ASD to develop new relationships. OT could be administered during a cognitive-behavioural therapy to reinforce the efficacy of such procedures. More studies are needed, on larger samples, to investigate the safety and efficacy of OT administration and to specify optimal dosages and characteristics of patients who may benefit from this treatment.

Sherborn's Index Animalium: New names, systematic errors and availability of names in the light of modern nomenclature.

This study is aimed to shed light on the reliability of Sherborn’s Index Animalium in terms of modern usage. The AnimalBase project spent several years’ worth of teamwork dedicated to extracting new names from original sources in the period ranging from 1757 to the mid-1790s. This allowed us to closely analyse Sherborn’s work and verify the completeness and correctness of his record. We found the reliability of Sherborn’s resource generally very high, but in some special situations the reliability was reduced due to systematic errors or incompleteness in source material. Index Animalium is commonly used by taxonomists today who rely strongly on Sherborn’s record; our study is directed most pointedly at those users. We recommend paying special attention to the situations where we found that Sherborn’s data should be read with caution.In addition to some categories of systematic errors and mistakes that were Sherborn’s own responsibility, readers should also take into account that nomenclatural rules have been changed or refined in the past 100 years, and that Sherborn’s resource could eventually present outdated information. One of our main conclusions is that error rates in nomenclatoral compilations tend to be lower if one single and highly experienced person such as Sherborn carries out the work, than if a team is trying to do the task. Based on our experience with extracting names from original sources we came to the conclusion that error rates in such a manual work on names in a list are difficult to reduce below 2–4%. We suggest this is a natural limit and a point of diminishing returns for projects of this nature.

Смысловые аспекты телесного опыта хронического соматического заболевания

The article presents the results of studying inner body experience in people with chronic somatic diseases, and the correlation between body experience and semantic sphere of personality based on models of health and chronic somatic disease. Body experience of a chronic somatic disease correlates with value-semantic variations that manifests in dominant negative evaluation of the past, present and future, de-emphasis of life goal-setting. The presence of morbid specific symptoms accompanied with physical sensations influences the integration of a new body experience into self-concept creating a specific perception of the body. The factors of person's maladaptive reactions on a disease such as reflexivity, locus of control are marked out. Maladaptive correlation between body experience and semantic component of personality is conditioned by blocking reflexive processes and increaseing externalization of control locus level.

Assessment of child behavior in dental operatory in relation to sociodemographic factors, general anxiety, body mass index and role of multi media distraction.

Children and adolescents comprise a group of individuals representing a large variation in size, competence, maturity, personality, temperament and emotions experience, oral health, family background, culture, etc. Furthermore, a growing child is in a constant state of flux as he grows up and actively interacts with the environment. Many factors contribute to the dental behavior of the child. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sociodemographic factors, general anxiety, body mass index (BMI), and role of multimedia on the child behavior (CB) in the dental operatory. Three hundred and one children aged 3-14 years and their parents participated in the study. In the first visit, the questionnaire was filled by the parent and general examination was done. During the second visit, the required dental procedure was rendered, and the behavior was recorded by a single examiner. Among sociodemographic factors, increasing age is directly related to child's positive behavior, whereas other factors such as gender and socioeconomic status (SES) are not significantly related. General anxiety significantly affects the child's behavior. BMI of the child is not related to child's behavior in dental operatory. Multimedia was not found to be significantly affecting the behavior of the child in dental operatory. Interpretations and Conclusion: The principle conclusion of this study is that there is a significant association of age and treatment procedure rendered with the CB in the dental operatory whereas gender, SES, general anxiety, BMI, and multimedia do not show any significant association with the CB in the dental operatory.

LEVEL OF SUBJEСT EXPERIENCE OF STUDENTS IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITY

The article considers the problem of diagnostics of subject experience in educational activity. It is noted that the subject experience of personality is a factor that influence the efficiency of educational activity. Therefore, the problem of diagnostics of subject experience is important. There are no efficient ways and methods of diagnostics of subject experience in scientific researches. The author analysis methods and ways of diagnostics of subject experience, describes and reveals the level of subject experience of students. The results of the study show a low level of subject experience and some problems of students in educational activity; therefore, it is necessary to form subject experience in educational activity.

Assessment of Cardiac Autonomic Functions in Medical Students With Type D Personality.

Type D personality experiences joint occurrence of Negative Affectivity and Social Inhibition. It is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with prevalence being 18-53% among cardiac patients. Type D personality people have exaggerated cardiovascular activity mediated by increased sympathetic drive and decreased vagal control of the heart which leads to enhanced risk of hypertension and is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. To compare the cardiac autonomic function of Type D and non-Type D students. To compare cardiac autonomic functions among male and female students and students with and without family history of hypertension and coronary artery disease among Type D. To find the most affected test among Type D students. Thirty Type D and 30 non- Type D medical students were identified by DS14. The Parasympathetic cardiac autonomic tests done assessed Heart Rate response to valsalva manoeuvre, immediate heart rate response to standing and heart rate variation during deep breathing. Sympathetic tests assessed BP response to standing and Sustained Hand Grip. The heart rate and R-R interval measurement were got from lead II of ECG recordings on Polyrite D. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Unpaired student's t-test was used and p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Type D students showed slightly decreased parasympathetic activity and increased sympathetic activity when compared to non-Type D students even though there was no statistically significant difference between them. There is a statistically significant decrease in valsalva ratio among females (p<0.01) when compared to males. There is a statistically significant decrease in 30:15 ratio and BP response to handgrip (p<0.05) among students with family history of hypertension and coronary artery disease when compared with students with no family history of coronary artery disease. Valsalva ratio is the most affected test in Type D students. Cardiac autonomic functions of Type D personality persons without cardiovascular disease is not different from that of non-Type D. Regular follow up studies over years are required to find if Type D personality is associated with cardiovascular risk in healthy individuals.

자기주도학습 기반 창의성․인성 함양과 진로탐색 체험의 장,『플레잉스쿨』시스템 모형 개발

본 연구의 목적은 최근 교육현장에서 지향하고 있는 교과교육과 놀이, 활동과 정신적 건강, 감성과 체험, 자연과 하이테크가 조화된 자기주도학습의 장인『플레잉스쿨(Playing School』시스템 모형을 개발하는 것이다. 이를 위해 선행연구 및 사례분석을 통해 시스템 모형을 제시하고, 이를 현장에서 운영하기 위한 실행 방안을 구안하였다. 그리고 이 시스템의 현장 적용가능성과 효용성을 알아보기 위해 대도시의 교육지원청 산하 28개 학교를 대상으로 한 블렌디드러닝을 실시하고 설문조사와 면담을 실시하였다. 그리고, 또 다른 대도시의 현직교사를 대상으로 설문을 실시하였으며, 교사와 더불어 추가로 교육부 실무담당자, 학부모를 대상으로 심층면담을 통하여 실행방안의 타당성과 효용성을 분석하였다. 연구결과 개발된 모형은 자기주도학습 능력을 계발하고 향상시키는 전략을 제공하는 SMMIS 모형(최성우, 김판수, 2010)과 직업탐색 및 체험학습을 위한 학습과정, 학습공간, 학습형태, 학습방법, 학습내용을 중심(Singh & Reed, 2001)으로 한 블렌디드러닝 기반 시스템 모형이다. 이 시스템 모형은 동기부여 촉진을 위한 온라인 사전학습과, 학습내용 체화 및 실천을 위한 오프라인 기반 스마트(smart)환경의 체험학습, 그리고 학습내용의 평가 및 성찰을 위한 온라인 사후학습으로 구성되어 있다.