Experience-related Factors Research Articles

The Intention to Use the APPs of Smartphone: An Integration of Individual Differences and Browsing Experiences Perspective

It is critical for developers to learn how to keep mobile APPlication users using that APPlication. On the other hand, in this age of the experience economy, consumers focus on experience interactions or subjective perceptions from experiences. Previous studies write little of the influences of individual differences and experience factors on continued use of a mobile APPlication. Thus, this study includes individual differences and experience-related factors to examine the determinants of a specific consumer behavior: continued use of APPlications. This study examined a sample of 170 valid questionnaires, after excluding 33 invalid responses to evaluate this research model. The results show that individual difference factors including mobile self-efficacy, innovative personality, following public opinion, and platform service quality factors including interface design and aesthetics influenced consumers' browsing experiences. Of these, consumers' browsing experiences is the key factor influencing consumers' adherence to the APPlication and public praise for the APPlication.

VFR Into IMC: Using Simulation to Improve Weather-Related Decision-Making

Safety-related training policies restrict pilots from encountering challenging weather during flight training. This potentially inhibits the development of critical decision-making skills. To identify gaps in weather-related flight training, high-fidelity weather-simulation was developed to re-create historical weather events. Sixteen visual-only pilots and 16 instrument-rated pilots flew a simulated cross-country flight under visual flight rules in marginally visual weather that encountered instrument conditions. Procedural performance and experience-related demographic factors were analyzed to identify key flight skills and experience that contributed to safe weather-related decisions. Previous experience with actual instrument weather was found to be the only statistically significant demographic predictor of safe performance. Pilots who performed more safely were more likely to use in-cockpit weather information during the flight to detect and avoid instrument weather. Implications of this study and opportunities for future research are discussed.

Femoral Crossover in Peripheral Vascular Interventions Initiated via a Transradial Approach: Incidence and Outcomes

Purpose Transradial access (TRA) has been shown to lower morbidity and bleeding complications compared to transfemoral access (TFA) in percutaneous coronary interventions. Transfemoral crossover has been used to describe instances where interventions are initiated via the radial artery but require a secondary access site for completion. In this study, we evaluate the incidence and outcomes of transfemoral crossover in peripheral vascular interventions. Material and Methods A retrospective review was performed for all peripheral interventions for which the initial attempt at vascular access was the radial artery and either ipsilateral or contralateral femoral artery access was obtained prior to completion. A Barbeau test was first performed in all cases. Following this, access to the left radial artery was attempted under ultrasound guidance using a micropuncture with placement of a hydrophilic-coated sheath (5, 6 Fr). Following sheath placement, a standard solution of heparin (3000 units), verapamil (2.5 mg), and nitroglycerin (200 mcg) was administered intra-arterially. Upon completion, a TR-band (Terumo, Somerset, New Jersey) was used for hemostasis. Incidence of femoral crossover, reason for femoral crossover, secondary access site used, and major and minor adverse events were recorded. Results From April 2012 to July 2014, a total of 960 procedures were performed in 633 patients for which the radial artery was intended as the primary access site. Of these, there were 18 procedures in 18 patients (66 ± 13 years, 10 female, 8 male) completed with femoral access yielding an overall femoral crossover rate of 1.9%. Procedures performed were peripheral embolization (n = 7), radioembolization (n = 5), chemoembolization (n = 3), and peripheral vascular stent placement (n = 3). Causes of femoral crossover included vessel spasm/small vessel diameter (n=7; 38%), radial loops (n=5; 28%), proximal occlusion (n=3; 17%), and catheter length limitations (n=3; 17%). There were no complications in 14 of the 18 procedures. Other outcomes in transfemoral crossover cases that occurred in 1 patient each included Grade 2 hematoma in an endoleak repair performed at the contralateral site due to vessel spasm, bruising in a radioembolization performed at the ipsilateral site due to radial loop and bruising in another patient in a renal stent performed at the contralateral site due to vessel spasm, and radial spasm in a radioembolization performed at the ipsilateral site due to vessel spasm. Conclusions In our experience, incidence of transfemoral crossover in peripheral vascular interventions initiated via a transradial approach is extremely low. Recognizing anatomical and experience-related factors contributing to femoral crossover may be helpful in lowering access site complications while analysis of technical limitations may contribute to future product development.

A robust estimation model for surgery durations with temporal, operational, and surgery team effects.

For effective operating room (OR) planning, surgery duration estimation is critical. Overestimation leads to underutilization of expensive hospital resources (e.g., OR time) whereas underestimation leads to overtime and high waiting times for the patients. In this paper, we consider a particular estimation method currently in use and using additional temporal, operational, and staff-related factors provide a statistical model to adjust these estimates for higher accuracy.The results show that our method increases the accuracy of the estimates, in particular by reducing large errors. For the 8093 cases we have in our data, our model decreases the mean absolute deviation of the currently used scheduled duration (42.65 ± 0.59 minutes) by 1.98 ± 0.28 minutes. For the cases with large negative errors, however, the decrease in the mean absolute deviation is 20.35 ± 0.74 minutes (with a respective increase of 0.89 ± 0.66 minutes in large positive errors). We find that not only operational and temporal factors, but also medical staff and team experience related factors (such as number of nurses and the frequency of the medical team working together) could be used to improve the currently used estimates. Finally, we conclude that one could further improve these predictions by combining our model with other good prediction models proposed in the literature. Specifically, one could decrease the mean absolute deviation of 39.98 ± 0.58 minutes obtained via the method of Dexter et al (Anesth Analg 117(1):204-209, 2013) by 1.02 ± 0.21 minutes by combining our method with theirs.

The three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience: Toward understanding adaptation to early-life adversity outcome

Stressful experiences during early-life can modulate the genetic programming of specific brain circuits underlying emotional and cognitive aspects of behavioral adaptation to stressful experiences later in life. Although this programming effect exerted by experience-related factors is an important determinant of mental health, its outcome depends on cognitive inputs and hence the valence an individual assigns to a given environmental context. From this perspective we will highlight, with studies in rodents, non-human primates and humans, the three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience to stress-related mental disorders, which is based on gene-environment interactions during critical phases of perinatal and juvenile brain development. The three-hit (i.e., hit-1: genetic predisposition, hit-2: early-life environment, and hit-3: later-life environment) concept accommodates the cumulative stress hypothesis stating that in a given context vulnerability is enhanced when failure to cope with adversity accumulates. Alternatively, the concept also points to the individual's predictive adaptive capacity, which underlies the stress inoculation and match/mismatch hypotheses. The latter hypotheses propose that the experience of relatively mild early-life adversity prepares for the future and promotes resilience to similar challenges in later-life; when a mismatch occurs between early and later-life experience, coping is compromised and vulnerability is enhanced. The three-hit concept is fundamental for understanding how individuals can either be prepared for coping with life to come and remain resilient or are unable to do so and succumb to a stress-related mental disorder, under seemingly identical circumstances.

Art and science: how musical training shapes the brain

What makes a musician? In this review, we discuss innate and experience-dependent factors that mold the musician brain in addition to presenting new data in children that indicate that some neural enhancements in musicians unfold with continued training over development. We begin by addressing effects of training on musical expertise, presenting neural, perceptual, and cognitive evidence to support the claim that musicians are shaped by their musical training regimes. For example, many musician-advantages in the neural encoding of sound, auditory perception, and auditory-cognitive skills correlate with their extent of musical training, are not observed in young children just initiating musical training, and differ based on the type of training pursued. Even amidst innate characteristics that contribute to the biological building blocks that make up the musician, musicians demonstrate further training-related enhancements through extensive education and practice. We conclude by reviewing evidence from neurobiological and epigenetic approaches to frame biological markers of musicianship in the context of interactions between genetic and experience-related factors.

What drives contract design in alliances? Taking stock and how to proceed

We collect and assess prior empirical evidence on contract design in alliances that has been published since Parkhe’s (1993) seminal study on inter-firm contracts. We elaborate on the effects of transaction-related factors, experience gained from prior relationships, and deliberate learning efforts on contracts. Our paper offers three contributions. First, we systematically review the existing literature on alliance contracts and summarize our findings. Second, while prior research has traditionally focused on contractual complexity, we place the content of contracts center stage and identify three contractual functions. While existing studies on contractual functions predominantly refer to safeguarding as a response to appropriation concerns, we also consider coordination and contingency adaptability as outcomes of adaptation concerns. Third, we disentangle the differential influences of previous experiences on distinct contractual functions and show that experience gained from prior relationships has different effects on safeguarding and contingency adaptability than on coordination. Overall, we add to the systematization of the current debate on alliance contract design and trace promising avenues for future research on the impact of transaction- and experience-related factors on the complexity and content of alliance contracts.

Early rearing interacts with temperament and housing to influence the risk for motor stereotypy in rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta)

Laboratory and zoo housed non-human primates sometimes exhibit abnormal behaviors that are thought to reflect reduced well-being. Previous research attempted to identify risk factors to aid in the prevention and treatment of these behaviors, and focused on demographic (e.g. sex or age) and experience-related (e.g. single housing or nursery rearing) factors. However, not all animals that display abnormal behavior possess these risk factors and some individuals that possess a risk factor do not show behavioral abnormalities. We hypothesized that other aspects of early experience and individual characteristics might identify animals that were more likely to display one specific abnormal behavior, motor stereotypy (MS). Using logistic regression we explored the influence of early rearing (involving four different types of rearing conditions), and variation in temperament, on likelihood of displaying MS while controlling for previously identified risk factors. Analyses indicated that having a greater proportion of life lived indoors, a greater proportion of life-indoors singly housed, and a greater number of anesthesias and blood draws significantly increased the risk of displaying MS ( P < 0.001). Rearing condition failed to independently predict the display of MS; however significant interactions indicated that single housing had a greater impact on risk for indoor-reared animals versus outdoor-reared animals, and for indoor mother-reared animals versus nursery-reared animals. There were no main effects of temperament, although interactions with rearing were evident: scoring high on Gentle or Nervous was a risk factor for indoor-reared animals but not outdoor-reared animals. The final model accounted for approximately 69.3% of the variance in the display of MS, and correctly classified 90.6% of animals. These results indicate that previously identified risk factors may impact animals differently depending on the individual's early rearing condition. These results are also the first in non-human primates to demonstrate that individual difference factors, like temperament, could be additional tools to identify animals at highest risk for motor stereotypy.

Real-time processing of gender-marked articles by native and non-native Spanish speakers

Three experiments using online-processing measures explored whether native and non-native Spanish-speaking adults use gender-marked articles to identify referents of target nouns more rapidly, as shown previously with 3-year-old children learning Spanish as L1 ( Lew-Williams & Fernald, 2007). In Experiment 1, participants viewed familiar objects with names of either the same or different grammatical gender while listening to Spanish sentences referring to one object. L1 adults, like L1 children, oriented to the target more rapidly on different-gender trials, when the article was informative about noun identity; however, L2 adults did not. Experiments 2 and 3 controlled for frequency of exposure to article–noun pairs by using novel nouns. L2 adults could not exploit gender information when different article–noun pairs were used in teaching and testing. Experience-related factors may influence how L1 adults and children and L2 adults—who learned Spanish at different ages and in different settings—use grammatical gender in real-time processing.

You Can Teach Old Dogs New Tricks: The Factors That Affect Changes over Time in Digital Literacy

The expansion of digital technologies and the rapid changes they undergo through time face users with new cognitive, social, and ergonomic challenges that they need to master in order to perform effectively. In recent years, following empirical reports on performance differences between different age-groups, there is a debate in the research literature concerning the nature of these differences: whether they reflect age-related cognitive abilities of the users, or that they are related to the usability and experience of users with the technologies. This study attempts to establish whether changes in digital literacy, through a period of five years, are age-dependent or the result of experience with technology. The study is based on empirical findings from two independent studies of Eshet-Alkalai & Amichai-Hamburger (2004), which investigated digital literacy skills among different age groups, and of Eshet-Alkalai and Chajut (2009), which investigated changes over time in these digital literacy skills among the same participants five years later. In order to distinguish between the age-related and the experiencerelated factors, the present study reports on findings from control groups of a similar age and demographic background, which were tested with tasks similar to Eshet-Alkalai & Chajut (2009). Results show two major patterns of change over time: (1) closing the gap between younger and older participants in tasks that emphasize experience and technical control (photo-visual and branching tasks); (2) widening the gap between younger and older participants in tasks that emphasize creativity and critical thinking (reproduction and information tasks). Based on the results from the control groups, we suggest that experience with technology, and not age-dependent cognitive development, accounts for the observed life-long changes in digital literacy skills. Results, especially the sharp decrease in information skills, suggest that the ability to find information or use digital environments does not guarantee an educated or smart use of digital environments.

EEG-MEG evidence for early differential repetition effects for fearful, happy and neutral faces

To determine how emotional information modulates subsequent traces for repeated stimuli, we combined simultaneous electro-encephalography (EEG) and magneto-encephalography (MEG) measures during long-lag incidental repetition of fearful, happy, and neutral faces. Repetition effects were modulated by facial expression in three different time windows, starting as early as 40–50 ms in both EEG and MEG, then arising at the time of the N170/M170, and finally between 280–320 ms in MEG only. The very early repetition effect, observed at 40–50 ms over occipito-temporo-parietal regions, showed a different MEG topography according to the facial expression. This differential response to fearful, happy and neutral faces suggests the existence of very early discriminative visual processing of expressive faces, possibly based on the low-level physical features typical of different emotions. The N170 and M170 face-selective components both showed repetition enhancement selective to neutral faces, with greater amplitude for emotional than neutral faces on the first but not the second presentation. These differential repetition effects may reflect valence acquisition for the neutral faces due to repetition, and suggest a combined influence of emotion- and experience-related factors on the early stage of face encoding. Finally, later repetition effects consisted in enhanced M300 (MEG) between 280 and 320 ms for fearful relative to happy and neutral faces that occurred on the first presentation, but levelled out on the second presentation. This effect may correspond to the higher arousing value of fearful stimuli that might habituate with repetition. Our results reveal that multiple stages of face processing are affected by the repetition of emotional information.

Hormones and the stressed brain.

The stress system orchestrates brain and body responses to the environment. Cortisol (in humans) or corticosterone (in rodents) are important mediators of the stress system. Their action-in concert-is crucial for individual differences in coping with other individuals, which in turn depend on genetic- and experience-related factors. The actions exerted by cortisol and corticosterone have an enormous diversity. They include the regulation of rapid molecular aggregations, membrane processes, and gene transcription. In the latter transcriptional regulation, the corticosteroid hormones have two modes of operation. One mode is mediated by high-affinity mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), which control gene networks underlying stabilization of neuronal activity as determinant for the sensitivity to trigger immediate responses to stress organized by corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-1 receptor. Whereas disturbance of homeostasis is prevented by MR-mediated processes, its recovery is facilitated via the low-affinity glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) that require stress levels of cortisol. GRs promote in coordination with CRH-2 receptors and the parasympathetic system behavioral adaptation and enhances storage of energy and information in preparation for future events. The balance in the two stress system modes is thought to be essential for cell homeostasis, mental performance, and health. Imbalance induced by genetic modification or stressors changes specific neural signaling pathways underlying cognition and emotion. This yin-yang concept in stress regulation is fundamental for genomic strategies to understand the mechanistic underpinning of corticosteroid-induced stress-related disorders such as severe forms of depression.

The safety value of driver education an training

Background: New drivers, especially young ones, have extremely high crash rates. Formal instruction, which includes in-class education and in-vehicle training, has been used as a means to address this problem....

Predicting Preservice Teacher Perceived Computer Use under Differential Access to Resources

This study examined the effectiveness of experience-related and value-related factors in predicting preservice teachers' perceived computer use with a class under differential access to four resources: computers, programs, a computer-knowledgeable individual, and an individual to initially teach students how to use a computer. The three experience-related factors were: number of computer courses taken, perceived past computer experience, and success of past experience. The six value-related factors used were the value of computers for preservice teachers': own needs, career, spouse, children, future students, and society in general. The sample consisted of 222 Primary/Junior (junior kindergarten through grade six) preservice teachers who completed a questionnaire. Results indicate that the value of computers for preservice teachers' career and future students were the best predictors of perceived computer use under differential access to the first three resources while value for own needs and, again, value for future students were the best predictors for perceived computer use associated with the fourth resource. None of the experience-related factors, nor the value of computers for spouse, children, or society were significant.

S.24.05 - Studies in nonhuman primates provide insights into the dysregulation of emotional responses and psychopathology

Laboratory and zoo housed non-human primates sometimes exhibit abnormal behaviors that are thought to reflect reduced well-being. Previous research attempted to identify risk factors to aid in the prevention and treatment of these behaviors, and focused on demographic (e.g. sex or age) and experience-related (e.g. single housing or nursery rearing) factors. However, not all animals that display abnormal behavior possess these risk factors and some individuals that possess a risk factor do not show behavioral abnormalities. We hypothesized that other aspects of early experience and individual characteristics might identify animals that were more likely to display one specific abnormal behavior, motor stereotypy (MS). Using logistic regression we explored the influence of early rearing (involving four different types of rearing conditions), and variation in temperament, on likelihood of displaying MS while controlling for previously identified risk factors. Analyses indicated that having a greater proportion of life lived indoors, a greater proportion of life-indoors singly housed, and a greater number of anesthesias and blood draws significantly increased the risk of displaying MS (P < 0.001). Rearing condition failed to independently predict the display of MS; however significant interactions indicated that single housing had a greater impact on risk for indoor-reared animals versus outdoor-reared animals, and for indoor mother-reared animals versus nursery-reared animals. There were no main effects of temperament, although interactions with rearing were evident: scoring high on Gentle or Nervous was a risk factor for indoor-reared animals but not outdoor-reared animals. The final model accounted for approximately 69.3% of the variance in the display of MS, and correctly classified 90.6% of animals. These results indicate that previously identified risk factors may impact animals differently depending on the individual's early rearing condition. These results are also the first in non-human primates to demonstrate that individual difference factors, like temperament, could be additional tools to identify animals at highest risk for motor stereotypy.