Bodily Experience Research Articles

Body ownership and kinaesthetic illusions: Dissociated bodily experiences for distinct levels of body consciousness?

Seeing an embodied humanoid avatar move its arms can induce in the observer the illusion that its own (static) arms are moving accordingly, the kinematic signals emanating from this avatar thus being considered like those from the biological body. Here, we investigated the causal relationship between these kinaesthetic illusions and the illusion of body ownership, manipulated through visuomotor synchronisation. The results of two experiments revealed that the sense of body ownership over an avatar seen from a first-person perspective was intimately linked to visuomotor synchrony. This was not the case for kinaesthetic illusions indicating that when superimposed on the biological body, the avatar is inevitably treated at the sensorimotor level as one’s own body, whether consciously considered as such or not. The question of whether these two bodily experiences (body ownership and kinaesthetic illusion) are underpinned by distinct representations, the body image, and the body schema, is discussed.

Architecture, performance, and scenography : exploring the body experience in the house – insights from Ensaios do corpo

This article presents an analysis of Natália Barros' book, titled Ensaios do corpo no lugar de morar (2021). The book deals with a theoretical, practical, and collaborative research within the realms of architecture, dance, scenography, performance design, and digital tools. Numerous artists from across the globe have come together, catalysing performative experiments that challenge conventional notions of dwelling. The aim of this article is to provoke reflections on the bodily experience within the home amid the global backdrop of the pandemic, based on a digital performative experiment that appears to blend an expanded conception of scenography with certain elements of domestic life.

Resolvendo a relação entre o desempenho do figurino e o corpo a partir da perspectiva da filosofia do corpo

Abstract: With the times’ progress and the growth of culture and art, the clothing industry has ushered in new development opportunities in the market. As its expansion and extension, clothing performance not only has high ornamental value, but also can exist independently as an art. However, in shaping the artistic image of clothing performance, the main focus is on the presentation of external images, lacking the expression of the rhythmic and connotative characteristics of body movements, which not only weakens the visual effect of the performance, but also has an impact on its integrity and continuity. Therefore, understanding the relationship between clothing performance and the body, and promoting their mutual integration and penetration are of great value and significance for the current development of visual art. Body philosophy is a philosophical discipline that explores the body and bodily experiences. It is concerned with the way the body perceives and exists. This can help performers and designers think about how clothing shapes and expresses personal and social identity, and how the diversity and change of identity can be explored through costume performance. In order to deeply study the relationship between clothing performance and body, and improve the effectiveness of clothing performance, this article explains the relationship between body and aesthetics based on the development history, function and value of clothing performance, combined with body philosophy theory. From the perspective of body philosophy, the body is an indispensable factor in costume performance, and costume performance can achieve artistic expression of the body, both of which interact and promote each other. In the development of aesthetic activities, the connection of the two closely has important value for achieving higher levels of visual representation.

Playing With Spatial Frames: Altering the Body Matrix Through Multisensory Egocentric and Allocentric Body Illusions

The multifaceted nature of body experience, encompassing affective, cognitive, and perceptual components, plays a critical role in the development and persistence of conditions such as anorexia nervosa (AN). Recent research attempted to address such disturbance to improve therapeutical effectiveness, using mirror exposure (ME) and body‐swapping (BS) techniques in immersive virtual reality (VR). Procedures from a third‐person perspective—as mirror‐like experiences—were primarily used to address bodily cognitive and affective components, whereas first‐person ones—as BS—were used to correct distorted body perception. This study investigated the effect of spatial reference frame on body self‐consciousness and body perception during BS. Data revealed two main findings: Even though embodiment was significantly enhanced when participants engaged with a virtual body from a first‐person viewpoint, both egocentric and allocentric perspectives influenced body size estimation (BSE), suggesting that both spatial perspectives critically form and sustain body self‐perception. We discussed predictive coding theory to explain spatial perspective influence on body experience, highlighting the potential therapeutic benefits of incorporating first and third‐person perspectives on body illusions (BIs) for more effective interventions targeting body‐related disturbances.

«Очень по-русски, скажут французы... Очень по-французски, скажут русские»: метаморфозы романа «Тело» Е. Бакуниной во французской и русской литературной критике

The article is devoted to the reception of the novel “The Body” (1933) by emigré writer E.V. Bakunina in French and Russian literary criticism in the early 1930s. A number of researchers have already analyzed the responses of Russian critics to the publication of the novel but have not paid enough attention to a cross-sectional view of the perception of the writer’s work. This question is of interest insofar as it allows us to identify weaknesses and strengths of Bakunina’s work and rethink the literary and cultural norms established in the early 20th century. One of the article’s crucial questions is critics’ reaction to the verbalization of the female character’s body experience. In France, the literary context of the 1920s and 1930s, the presence of progressive journals, and some trends in the history of French literature contributed to the fleeting but genuine interest of critics in the novel. At the same time, the focus on preserving the best traditions of Russian literature in exile, the historical “memory of culture,” and the requirement to observe the artistic measure led to a sharp rejection of body discourse among emigré critics. The conclusion focuses on the stereotypical perception of the novel by French and Russian literary criticism, and emphasizes the importance of studying the creative heritage of “minor” authors. If French literary criticism often perceived Bakunina’s novel through the prism of the distinctive features of the “Slavic soul,” then Russian criticism judged the writer’s novel through an established grid of artistic criteria (measure, taste, femininity).

An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of people with multimorbidity in low- and middle-income countries

People living with multimorbidity (PLWMM) have multiple needs and require long-term personalised care, which necessitates an integrated people-centred approach to healthcare. However, people-centred care may risk being a buzzword in...

Correlation of Liver Attenuation with Visceral Fat Area on Computed Tomography Scan: An Analytical Study

Introduction: In the modern world, owing to rapid urbanisation and changes in lifestyles and dietary habits, obesity has emerged as a leading problem. As a result, various morbid conditions have come into the picture which have severe effects on an individual’s life expectancy. Visceral fat plays an important role in causing fatty liver. Aim: To determine the relationship between visceral fat area and liver fat using Computed Tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analytical study was conducted at Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital, and Research Centre Pune, Maharashtra, India. The CT scans of 134 patients who underwent CT scans of the abdomen pelvis and CT KUB/CT IVU between January 2022 and June 2022 were assessed by two experienced body imaging medical doctors. Subjects aged between 18 and 75 years were included without any co-morbidities like diabetes or hypertension. Waist circumference, subcutaneous fat area, and visceral fat area were calculated at the umbilical level. The CT attenuation value was measured in the right hepatic lobe, devoid of focal lesions and vessels, using a standard ROI of approximately 200 mm2 . Similarly, as an internal control, splenic attenuation was also recorded. Statistical tests were employed to determine the significance of the obtained values, including Spearman’s coefficient and Cohen’s criteria. Results: The CT attenuation of the liver (fatty liver) showed a moderate correlation with visceral fat (Spearman’s coefficient: 0.329). The association was statistically significant (p-value=0.0001). The CT attenuation of the liver (fatty liver) showed a weak correlation with subcutaneous fat (Spearman’s coefficient: -0.269). The association was statistically significant (p-value=0.0016). The CT attenuation of the liver (fatty liver) demonstrated a weak-moderate correlation with waist circumference (Spearman’s coefficient: -0.305). The association was statistically significant (p-value=0.0003). Conclusion: Visceral fat area has a stronger correlation with fatty liver than waist circumference and subcutaneous fat. Visceral fat should be considered a risk factor in the development of fatty liver, which may further lead to metabolic syndrome, in order to reduce mortality and morbidity related to it.

Feasibility of calculating rocuronium dosage by skeletal muscle weight in patients with obesity.

This study aimed to investigate the dose-response relationship of rocuronium administered based on skeletal muscle weight and to assess the feasibility of calculating rocuronium dosage by skeletal muscle weight in short surgeries for patients with obesity. This single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial included 71 patients with obesity aged 28-70 years, with body fat percentages (PBF) >20% in men and > 28% in women, ASA status I-III, scheduled for tracheoscopy. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: skeletal muscle group (SM group) received rocuronium based on the skeletal muscle content (1.0 mg/kg, n = 31), and the conventional administration group (conventional group) received rocuronium based on total body weight (0.45 mg/kg, n = 30). General anesthesia was administered using the same protocol. Parameters recorded included patients' general condition, muscle relaxant usage, onset time of muscle relaxants, non-response time, clinical effect time, 75% recovery time, and recovery index. Additionally, occurrences of body movement, choking, and incomplete muscle relaxation during surgery were recorded. Compared to the conventional group, the SM group required significantly less rocuronium dosage, resulting in significantly lower non-response time, clinical effect time, 75% recovery time, and recovery index (p < 0.05), and the onset time is slightly longer. Neither group experienced body movement, choking, or incomplete muscle relaxation (p > 0.05). Utilizing skeletal muscle weight to calculate rocuronium dosage in short surgeries for patients with obesity can reduce dosage, shorten recovery time, and prevent residual muscle relaxation while achieving satisfactory muscle relaxation to meet surgical requirements.

Urban noise, a source of discomfort

Noise pollution interferes with most daily activities and, last but not least, disrupts rest, causing psychological, physiological and sometimes pathological reactions in certain situations, when exposure is extended and noise level is above the permitted limits. Sources generating urban noise are varied, randomly distributed in space and time, distinguished from the noise generated by industrial activity that generates occupational exposure of workers, who are permanently exposed to noise generated by industrial operations that are relatively well defined in space and time. As a result of exposure to noise pollution the human body experiences various effects of a physiological and/or psychological nature that affect its health and daily activities. The research was carried out over a period of 4 months in the main intersections in the Eastern area of Jiu Valley, where the level of noise pollution caused by road traffic and the discomfort created to residents in the vicinity of traffic arteries were analysed. Data gathered during the monitoring period show that noise pollution is also accentuated in small urban agglomerations (under 100,000 inhabitants) and it is necessary to monitor it and apply the best measures to reduce the negative impact on neighbourhoods.

Istraživanje odeće za hlađenje zasnovano na stimulaciji hladnoće akupunkturnih tačaka u okruženju visoke temperature

When the human body experiences heat stress beyond the normal range, it may affect health and work efficiency to a certain extent. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cold stimulation on Dazhui point (GV14), bilateral Xinshu points (B15), bilateral Danshu points (B19), and bilateral Quchi points (LI11) in the body to relieve heat strain in a high-temperature environment. The experiment results showed that the skin temperature (Tskin), tympanic temperature (Tty), heart rate (HR), the physiological strain index based on heart rate (PSIHR), thermal sensation (TS), and thermal comfort (TC) of the participants with acupoints cold stimulation were better than those without acupoints cold stimulation (p &lt; 0.05). Tskin decreased by an average of 0.04 ± 0.46Ԩ. Tty decreased by an average of 0.08 ± 0.21Ԩ. The study concluded that cold stimulation at acupoints could reduce the heat strain and improve the thermal comfort of the human body.

Visceral Life

This paper delves into the interplay between embodiment, environment, and affectivity in the context of posthumanist theories of the body, mainly the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, bridging the visceral with the existential. Centering on the philosophy of auto-hetero-affection, the paper challenges traditional notions of selfhood, advocating for an understanding of the self as fluid, continuously reshaped through interactions with alterity. A critical tension arises when juxtaposing the empirical methodologies employed in healthcare, which often reduce the body to mere biomedical mechanics, against the rich phenomenological experiences of the lived body. Through the narrative from Malin Kivelä and the theories of Francisco Varela, Natalie Depraz, and Catherine Malabou, the paper underscores the body's inherent vulnerabilities, urging a shift from masculinized medical discourses to a more holistic appreciation of human experiences. This exploration further interweaves themes from phenomenology, biomedicine, and bioethics to prompt multifaceted discussions on human existence, emphasizing the need to appreciate biological mechanisms and the narratives and vulnerabilities shaping our shared reality. The conclusion draws upon the sentiment of fragility during the global pandemic, encapsulating the delicate balance of our understanding and innate vulnerabilities. The discourse thus calls for a reimagined perspective on embodiment, health, and the human experience, foregrounding the intertwining of cognitive and affective realms.

ABSOLUTE EQUIVALENCE OF PHRASEOLOGISMS WITH THE COMPONENT EYE IN ITALIAN, SPANISH AND SERBIAN

This paper deals with a contrastive and conceptual analysis of somatic phraseologisms with the component eye in Italian, Spanish and Serbian, with the aim to find absolute cross-linguistic equivalents, i.e. those phraseologisms that will show a perfect symmetry on the semantic, formal and functional level, but also congruence in the concepts they express. A corpus of 102 phraseologisms was excerpted from the relevant general and phraseological dictionaries. The initial hypothesis is that, despite the fact that cases of absolute equivalents are rare, the analysed corpus will offer a significant number of such phraseologisms since somatic phraseology, due to the universality of bodily experience, reveals analogies between languages. The corpus was first subjected to a contrastive analysis in order to identify the cases of absolute equivalents. The corpus was also subjected to conceptual analysis, that aimed at determining the motivational mechanism underlying the phraseologisms, thanks to the postulated conceptual metaphors and metonymies, and then the phraseologisms were classified into semantic fields. The results confirmed the initial hypothesis. The phraseological corpus of the three contrasted languages offers a significant number of absolute translation equivalents among phraseologisms with the component eye. The largest number of absolute equivalents belongs to the semantic fields INSIGHT (6), followed by LOVE and ATTENTION/CAUTION (5). The first case can be explained by the fact that in almost all linguistic and cultural communities, eyes symbolise intellectual perception, and the second, that the semantic field of LOVE does not have precisely defined boundaries and implies different feelings ranging, from liking to lust. In the case of ATTENTION/CAUTION, the eyes, as the most important sense that perceives almost 90% of information serve, among other things, to monitor a situation and keep it under control. Some phraseologisms owe their absolute equivalence to the Bible, classical literature or mythology, and some to polygenesis and calques.

Psychogeography in Planning: A New Methodological Approach via Representations of ‘Body , ‘Urban Space and ‘Walking

Pattern of urban space penetrates the minds and bodies of citizens; this penetration results in a two-folded map: physical and psychogeographic maps. Mental representations enable (re)-reading the invisible components of physical organization through spatial practice. Re-mapping such an authentic spatial knowledge is a crucial but neglected field of enquiry within planning to grasp the gap between ‘what is conceived’ and ‘what is experienced’. ‘Psychogeography’ concentrates on how the environment influences individuals’ feelings and attitudes and therefore –at the intersection of geography and psychology– it presents an epistemological basis to examine such a gap and offers methodological inputs to cover the interrelation among top-down designs of urban space and bottom-up reproductions of ‘the soul’ of the city. Within this context, the main question of the study is “how the representations of walking experience can be used within planning with reference to the two-folded map assumption”. During this examination, theoretical and methodological readings on psychogeography led us to an epistemological baseline, as an initial step to construct a new spatial methodology of the ‘body’ and ‘walking experience’. The studyk is composed of three sub-sections. Firstly, the gap between ‘physical’ and ‘psychological’ maps is conceptualized. Secondly, the concept of psychogeography is defined as a source and method of spatial knowledge within its deficiencies and potentials. Lastly, the term, Dérive, implying ‘deviation’ and ‘resistance’, is discussed as a methodological path in grasping the gap between physical and psychological maps via the experience of body and conception of the designer.

AGROLANCE: REPRESENTATION OF GROWTH BALANCE OF TOMATO PLANTS IN DRY LAND IN THE CONTEXT OF A DANCE WORK

Agrolance dance work is representation of research results entitled " Combination of Bio-Organo- Minirel Fertilizers on Optimizing the Growth and Production of Tomatoes (Salanum Lycopersicum) In Dryland Environment " (2023) by Alfassabiq Khairi in the journal Agricultural Sciences which is research and concept ideas from this work. Through this creative study, the analogy that appears in each part of Agrolance's work is described to show the growth balance of tomato plants and fertilizer on dry land on the bodies of beginner dancers which is answered based on the experiences of the dancers' bodies through several weeks of experimentation to see the results of their bodies. This research also provides insight into interdisciplinary research in dance and science agriculture . These findings have important implications in today's arts and agriculture context, which faces challenges in creating inclusive spaces, scientific collaboration, and discovering experimental results. This research uses a case study method with a choreographic approach. Using a qualitative descriptive research method means getting data qualitatively, then writing it descriptively. The author, as the main instrument in this research, collected data by means of participant observation, unstructured interviews, and through dance work documents. In this work, the dancer is analogous to dry land, the movements produced by the dancer are the results of the tomato plant, organic fertilizer is consumption and daily activities carried out, and inorganic fertilizer is body exercise, taste exercise, bodily experience given by the choreographer to the dancer. The creation method in this work uses the exploration method as the initial part in developing the creativity of the creation process, improvisation to find movements by chance or spontaneously, composition to arrange the movements that have been obtained, as well as periodic corrective evaluation of the process.

Embodied Transnational Belonging

This article, based on a collection of 53 interviews with people who migrated from Poland to Norway, discusses how transnational sentiments, nostalgia, and attachments to places and people materialize through the bodily experiences of the mobile subjects. It conceptualizes the notion of embodied transnational belonging, understood as a dynamic, bodily felt materialization of social, cultural, political, economic, and affective processes that assist the emplacement of mobile people in new localities, and that span the borders of nation-states. Theoretically, the article builds on the premises of the sensory turn in social sciences and utilizes the concepts from anthropology, health studies and migration and mobility studies interdisciplinarily. Methodologically, it employs photo elicitation interviews. It discusses how the concept of embodied transnational belonging can be used to extend the understanding of migrant persons’ transnationality. By doing so, it addresses a knowledge gap in transnational studies, attempting to theoretically open the conceptualization of transnational belonging to the bodily dimension. The article suggests that transnationalism is exercised on a level of a bodily experience of the migrant persons, and hence transnationality is not a solely mental/rational phenomenon, but also a bodily/physical one.

Смыслообразование в танцевальном перформансе

The article is dedicated to the process of meaning-making in contemporary dance performance as an art form. The author examines the role of the body and movements in conveying emotions, ideas, and messages, as well as the interaction between choreographers, performers, and audiences. Special attention is given to the internal bodily sensations and experiences of the performer, which manifest through a unique plastic language. The significance of contextual aspects such as cultural, historical, and social factors in shaping meaning in dance performance is also noted. The article emphasizes that dance performance is not only a form of artistic expression but also a means of communication capable of transmitting diverse emotions and ideas. It analyzes the plastic language, including movement techniques, symbolic gestures, and compositional methods. The interaction with space and objects is explored, contributing to the expansion of emotional and visual meanings. The article underscores the importance of audience interpretation and emotional response, which play a significant role in the creation and perception of meaning in dance performance. The author highlights that dance performance serves as a platform for investigating and experimenting with various semantic structures and their impact on spectators, ultimately revealing the depth and diversity of the human experience through the language of the body and movements.

A Map to Locate COLD HEART of Chinese and English

The “physical heart” of people around the world is very similar, and this would result in the universality of metaphorical thinking, but the conceptualization of a “mental heart” can differ cross-culturally. This study contributes to the issue of universality vs. intercultural variability of conceptualizations regarding abstract concepts within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). Cold heart-related metaphors were analyzed via qualitative and quantitative analysis of data collected from two authoritative corpora—Center for Chinese Linguistics (CCL) and Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Results reveal that the universal bodily experience accounts for the shared source domain for a cold heart metaphor. However, the shared metaphor heart is temperature displays variations in detail. To construe cold heart-related metaphors in Chinese, we should mainly take a “patient view” to investigate the response from others which indicates the passiveness and less pronounced ego-centrality, while an “agent view” is generally adopted to study “cold heart” in English that focuses on the apathy to others which means that a human’s own initiated mind or attitude is the locus. These findings suggest that cultural variance in individualism vs. collectivism motivates different conceptualizations of cold heart.

Alongside: Exploring the Meaningfulness of Significant Moments in Others' Lives Through Observation and Interview.

How do we explore the meaningfulness of others' experiences? What means do we have to access their experiencing of the world? How do we express our understandings of others' experiences of body and place without reducing them to objectification? In this methodological paper, we reflect on how we can gain valuable insights into the lived experiences of others through research activities that are conducted 'alongside' participants. Phenomenological concepts of intentionality and embodiment are considered as we draw on an empirical example of exploring the experiences of hospitalized patients with neurological diseases through observations and interviews. The aim is to unfold alongside as an epistemological stance to explore the meaning of another's lifeworld. We strive to show that personal presence and engagement within this approach contains relational, existential, and aesthetic dimensions worth considering.

The Body Represented

This research proposes the body as a privileged stage for creating possible worlds and the school as a metaphor for its territory. The guiding question is: How do students represent their bodies and the relationships that stem from them? In this way, the study explores the body in the classroom as a site of interaction with the lifeworld, aiming to uncover the invisible learning experiences of students as objects of communication research.&#x0D; The work attempts to understand the body as indivisible between its parts and the environment, as a contemporary axis of the notion of humanity, rooted in the core of social and human sciences. The body is seen as substance and action, the metaphor of all metaphors, cutting across various fields of knowledge.&#x0D; Currently, the body seems to be reduced to social capital, an object open to commodification. It's a body dedicated to consumption, improvement, fitness, shaving, and stretching, while time contracts it—an advertising subject, a form of advertisement in itself.&#x0D; The study seeks answers regarding young people's conceptions and interactions with their bodies by understanding the questions that arise from and about the body and the variations and processes of self-awareness that many young people undergo. This research is pursued through fieldwork on two continents, aiming to understand how these relationships can vary according to the cultural context.&#x0D; Based on this background, a questionnaire is constructed. Its primary purpose is to comprehend how students perceive their relationships with their bodies, associating them with feelings, shapes, emotions, beauty, words, and other elements. Additionally, the study attempts to grasp the order in which the body is conceived: as a whole, composed of parts, or as parts? The questionnaire proposes the idea of the multidimensionality of the body, suggesting that the body is more than just its physical form—it traverses, travels, and transforms across different dimensions.&#x0D; The questionnaire was administered to university students majoring in communication-related fields. A group of 200 students participated, with 100 from Universidad Sergio Arboleda in Bogotá, Colombia, and 100 from Universidad Complutense de Madrid in Spain. These universities were chosen to diversify the study's participants, encompassing private and public education, ensuring a broader spectrum of responses.&#x0D; Studying the body as an object leads to cognition, communication, and information insights. Within its totality and in each of its parts, there is a complex web of cognitive processes intertwined with practices of self-organization, self-affirmation, reproduction, and complexity.&#x0D; I have argued that cognitive science is beginning to realize that perception is not about recovering a pre-established world, but rather it is perceptually guided action in a world inseparable from our sensorimotor abilities, and that higher cognitive structures also arise from recurrent patterns of perceptually guided action. Therefore, cognition is not about representations but embodied action. (Varela, 1996, p. 9)&#x0D; This exercise encourages students to reflect on bodily experiences, exploring their imaginations and ways of representing the body using focus group methodology. It aims to consider experiences in the educational setting as performances and recognize their potential to transform students' communication skills.

Common mental disorders in Gestalt therapy treatment: a multiple case study comparing patients with moderate and low integrated personality structures.

Empowerment is central to self-development and growth in Gestalt therapy. The self evolves through interactions with others, forming self- and object-relations, and ego-functions. Underlying structural functions build the ability to regulate, differentiate, and integrate experiences, leading to self-, and emotion-regulation. Our study examined the self-development of seven clients with prevalent mental health issues and structural challenges, all of whom underwent 30 sessions of Gestalt therapy in a real-world individual therapy context. Using a multiple case study approach, we contrasted two client groups: those with moderately integrated and those with low-integrated personality structures, as defined by the operationalised psychodynamic diagnostic manual. Our exploration centered on specific factors of empowerment, therapy processes, and interventions. The study's mixed-method design encompassed quantitative outcome measures (empowerment, wellbeing, psychosocial health, and severity of personality functioning), therapy diaries from both clients and therapists, and semi-structured client interviews about empowering factors in therapy. Both groups showed positive therapy outcomes on wellbeing, psychosocial health, and empowerment. Specific empowerment-related factors included promoting experiences, relationships, and self-efficacy in the low-integrated group. Support of self-regulation was reported to be essential for successful outcomes in the moderately integrated group. While the therapy processes proceeded similarly in both groups, we observed a strong focus on body awareness-oriented interventions and promotion of verbalisation in the low-integrated group and a relationship-oriented emphasis in the moderately integrated group. Emotional experience linked to positive experience was limited in the low-integrated group, suggesting an impairment of emotional processing, including bodily felt feelings. No change was reported in the level of personality functioning after 30 sessions in both groups. These results underscore the need for tailored therapeutic approaches based on the client's level of personality integration. Future research should probe the long-term effects of therapy and delve deeper into shifts in personality functioning, especially concerning emotional and bodily experiences. In practical terms, therapists should prioritize linking bodily sensations with emotions for clients with low-integrated personalities. For those with moderate integration, the emphasis should be on fostering exploration, awareness, and bolstering self-regulation.