Expansion Of Region Research Articles

Spring barley yield and potential northward expansion under climate change in Canada

AbstractSpring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), being a cold‐tolerant crop, may not benefit as much from a warmer climate and a lengthening of the growing season due to climate change though its suitable production area could expand further north. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of climate change on barley yields across Canada for both current production regions and potential northern crop expansion regions in the future. Three crop models (DeNitrification and DeComposition, Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer, and Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) and 18 climate scenarios (1981–2100) were used to simulate the effect of climate change on potential (non‐water and non‐nitrogen limited) and rainfed (non‐nitrogen limited) spring barley yields for 32 locations across Canada. For the currently planted spring barley regions characterized by a humid summer in Eastern Canada (growing season precipitation >500 mm), potential and rainfed yields were projected to slightly increase in the future (<+0.2 t ha−1). In western regions where precipitation amount is lower (growing season precipitation <500 mm), changes in the potential yield varied slightly (−0.1 to +0.2 t ha−1), while the rainfed yield was projected to increase (0.2–1.0 t ha−1) mainly due to a reduction in water stress under elevated CO2. Finally, in northern regions where future expansion may occur, projected yield increases were generally large (up to 2.8 t ha−1 for potential yield), but the risk of crop failure usually remained high. Our findings suggest that future climate change will present both opportunities and regionalized risks for spring barley producers with the potential to further expand barley production northward.

Generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell line (UEFi004-A) from a patient with progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 (EPM1)

Progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 (EPM1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cystatin B gene (CSTB). Affected individual’s manifest stimulus-sensitive and action myoclonus and tonic-clonic epileptic seizures. In this study, we have generated iPSCs from an EPM1 patient’s skin fibroblasts with Sendai virus mediated transgene delivery. The iPSCs retained the patient specific promoter region expansion mutation, expressed pluripotency markers, differentiated into all three germ layers, and presented a normal karyotype. The line can in future be used to develop an in-vitro model for EPM1 and may help in understanding disease mechanisms at cellular and molecular level.

Edge Information based Seed Placement Guidance to Single Seeded Region Growing Algorithm

The split of the picture into regions that represent various items or parts of an object has been referred to as image segmentation. An image is split with the objective of studying each object and getting some higher-level information. A wide range segmentation approaches are either region-based or edge-based. By using likeness criteria among candidate sets of pixels, the region-based division split an image into distinct regions of related pixels. The choice of the starting seed points is the primary challenge for this algorithm in order to achieve attractive image subdivision. The region expansion process is an extremely effective and trusted approach for segmenting images. In this paper, an autonomous method based on edge information is proposed to predict initial region development seed for single seeded region growing algorithm. Illumination invariant Log Gabor wavelet based phase congruency method is employed for edge detection. Line segment processing technique is utilized to determine region-growing seed for single seeded region growing algorithm.

Effect of shell thickness on mechanical behavior of Al/Ti core-shell nanowires during three-point bending and unloading

The molecular dynamics models of Al and Al/Ti core-shell nanowires (NWs) are established using the large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS) to simulate the loading and unloading of the three-point bending of NWs and to investigate the effect of Ti shell thickness on the mechanical behavior of core-shell NWs during loading and unloading. The results show that the Ti shell thickness considerably affects the mechanical properties of the NWs during the bending process. As the shell thickness of the NWs increases from 0 Å to 10 and 20 Å, their Young's moduli and yield strength first decreases and then increases; this is attributed to the unique evolution of the core-shell structure during the bending process. When the shell thickness is 0 Å, the yielding mechanism of the Al NWs involves the slip of the face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice plane to generate the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) stacking fault. During the subsequent plastic deformation, the FCC lattice plane continues to slip, resulting in the generation and annihilation of Shockley dislocations and HCP stacking faults. Finally, the Al NWs become completely amorphous at the cross section at the midpoint. The yielding mechanism of core-shell NWs involves the plastic deformation of the Ti shell at the bottom of the NW, followed by the continuous outward expansion of the plastic deformation region with increasing loading; this leads to the formation of a fan-shaped region at the bottom of the NW. Finally, the NWs are divided into different components according to their structure and atomic energy, and the driving force for each component during NW unloading is determined. Moreover, the strengthening effect of the shell thickness on the recovery performance of the NWs is investigated. The results show that Body Al provides the main driving force for the shape recovery of Al NW during the unloading process, and Surface Ti and Body Ti provide the main driving force for the shape recovery of the core-shell NWs. Larger the shell thickness, stronger the NW recovery performance during unloading. This study may facilitate the understanding of the unique mechanical behavior of the core-shell NWs.

Envisioning urban environments resilient to vector-borne diseases: a protocol to study dengue in Vietnam

Transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus), arboviral diseases pose a major global public health threat. Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are increasingly prevalent in Southeast Asia. Among other arboviruses, dengue and Zika are becoming more common in Central and South America. Given human encroachment into previously uninhabited, often deforested areas, to provide new housing in regions of population expansion, conceptualizing built urban environments in a novel way is urgently needed to safeguard against the growing climate change-driven threat of vector-borne diseases. By understanding the spread from a One Health perspective, enhanced control and prevention can be achieved. This is particularly important considering that climate change is likely to significantly impact the persistence of ponded water where mosquitoes breed due to increasing temperature and shifting rainfall patterns with regard to magnitude, duration, frequency, and season. Models can incorporate aquatic mosquito stages and adult spatial dynamics when habitats are heterogeneously available, thereby including dispersal and susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) epidemiology. Coupled with human population distribution (density, locations), atmospheric conditions (air temperature, precipitation), and hydrological conditions (soil moisture distribution, ponding persistence in topographic depressions), modeling has improved predictive ability for infection rates. However, it has not informed interventional approaches from an urban environment perspective which considers the role of ponds/lakes that support green spaces, the density of population that enables rapid spread of disease, and varying micro-habitats for various mosquito stages under climate change. Here, for an example of dengue in Vietnam, a preventive and predictive approach to design resilient urban environments is proposed, which uses data from rapidly expanding metropolitan communities to learn continually. This protocol deploys computational approaches including simulation and machine learning/artificial intelligence, underpinned by surveillance and medical data for validation and adaptive learning. Its application may best inform urban planning in low-middle income countries in tropical zones where arboviral pathogens are prevalent.

Sand subfractions by proximal and satellite sensing: Optimizing agricultural expansion in tropical sandy soils

Sandy soils, which expressly cover 7% of the Earth’s land surface, are known for their management complexity and their significant influence on the proportion of sand subfractions in terms of physical, chemical, and physical-hydric properties. Proximal and remote sensing techniques offer cost-effective ways to improve soil evaluation. To address this gap, this study evaluates the potential of different sensing techniques, including laboratory-based analysis using the FieldSpec 3 spectroradiometer equipment and satellite imagery, to characterize and estimate sandy soil texture fractions and subfractions. We first defined 216 samplings in Mato Grosso State, Brazil considering the pedology, geology, synthetic soil image (exposed soil), curvature and slope of the terrain. This sampling location include sandy soils with different proportions of sand subfractions and mineralogy within a region of agricultural expansion. The sensing data used in the study were composed of total element concentrations obtained by pXRF, Vis-NIR-SWIR, and MIR spectra. The satellite data were obtained from exposed soil images of Landsat 5 and Sentinel 2, and also from simulations of Landsat 5, Sentinel 2, and Terra (ASTER). The proximal and satellite data were descriptively analysed and used to estimate the levels of clay, total sand (TS), very coarse sand (VCS), coarse sand (CS), medium sand (MS), fine sand (FS) and very fine sand (VFS). It was observed, at both the proximal and the satellite levels, that the reflectance intensity of sandy soils is inversely proportional to the particle diameter of the predominant sand subfraction. Proximal level models were slightly more accurate in predicting the texture fractions of sandy soils compared to models based on satellite data (mean validation R2 0,45 and 0,40, respectively). In both models, SWIR and MIR stand out as key predictor variables. The results obtained in this study can be implemented to optimise the expansion of agricultural frontiers in sandy soils in other areas.

Influence of road network expansion on the landscape ecological risk in the Yangtze River Delta region over the past two decades

One of China's regions with the finest foundations for urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), has experienced tremendous urbanization growth over the past 20 years. It is crucial to assess how the region's rapidly expanding road network may affect the landscape ecological risk (LER) by using landscape analysis, kernel density estimation and statistical analysis. The findings concluded that 1) The LER, which was significantly affected by the landscape pattern and topography was unevenly distributed throughout the YRD region, exhibiting obvious characteristics of high LER values in the north and low LER values in the south. From 2005 to 2020, the medium and sublow LER zones showed increasing trends, with increases of 7101 and 3186 km2, respectively. The decreased areas reached 5310, 2583, and 2394 km2 for the low, subhigh, and high LER zones, respectively. 2) There were obvious spatial differences in the impact of road networks on the LER’s geographical distribution in the YRD region. Significantly negative correlation areas were mainly distributed along and around the minimum spanning tree (MST) generated by the city centers of provinces, which had dense road networks. Significantly positive correlation areas were far away from the MST. 3) From 2005 to 2020, road network expansion in the YRD region impacted the interannual changes in both the LER index and each component index. As the road network expands, the fragmentation, splitting and disturbance indices of shrubs, grasslands and impervious land patches decrease, while those of croplands, forestlands, and water bodies increase. This study can serve as a scientific foundation and point of reference for planning the road network expansion and assessing the regional ecological risk in the YRD region.

Research on two-phase thermo-hydrodynamic lubrication performance considering bubble dynamics

Gas-liquid two-phase fluid in the lubrication gap exist in many important engineering tribo-pairs. Based on the Reynolds equation, the bubble dynamics equation, and the full energy equation for two-phase fluids, the thermo-hydrodynamic lubrication problem in the lubrication gap is investigated. The evolution of the fluid phase composition with operating time and its impact on the thermodynamic properties are studied using the developed model. The mechanisms by which sliding velocity, clearance, surface dilatational viscosity, surface tension, and initial gas volume fraction affect two-phase fluid lubrication behavior are evaluated. The results show that hydrodynamic pressure-driven bubbles eventually condense in the dispersion area and have a major impact on the temperature distribution. Velocity and clearance affect the gas-phase expansion region and initial formation location in the steady state, respectively. The pressure amplitude, bubble expansion, and horizontal and vertical gas phase expansion in the dispersion zone were affected differently by surface dilatational viscosity and surface tension. It becomes difficult to preserve the initial gas-phase composition inside the pressure convergence zone when bubble migration is taken into account, which may be crucial for establishing gas-liquid two-phase lubrication.

Statistical model of synchronized cooperative motion in glass-forming liquids

This paper presents a theoretical framework describing the tendency for synchronized positional rearrangements of any two structural species in a multicomponent glass-forming liquid. Such correlated motions are especially important as the glass-forming liquid approaches the glass transition. It is established that the expected cage-breaking probability of a structural unit is proportional to the dynamical propensity of the structural unit calculated via the isoconfigurational ensemble method. This theoretical framework supports the notion that spatial heterogeneities in composition result in dynamical heterogeneities, enabled by synchronized positional rearrangements. Using this model, an alkali borosilicate glass is investigated as an example, and results indicate that structural species with large differences in enthalpy might inhibit the expansion of cooperative rearranging regions and increase the number of such regions. The physical impact on relaxation time distribution and configurational entropy are also discussed.

Rock damage evolution in the production process of the enhanced geothermal systems considering thermal-hydrological-mechanical and damage (THM-D)

Hot dry rocks (HDRs) geothermal relies mainly on enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) for production. During production, the evolution of rock stress distribution will cause damage to the rock, especially near fractures. The application of damage mechanics in the geothermal field has mostly focused on the process of hydraulic fracturing, with limited reports on damage research related to long-term water injection development. According to previous experimental studies, the effect of rock damage is significant and cannot be ignored. Therefore, based on a thermal-hydrological-mechanical and damage (THM-D) coupling model, it studies the rock damage evolution features and its role in changes in rock physical properties. It also analyzed the effects of the initial temperature, injection flow, fracture curvature/number, and stress difference on damage evolution. Results indicate that the damage area and degree continue to increase with time, but the growth rate becomes slower. There are two methods of damage evolution: the new damage caused by the expansion of the low-temperature region is throughout the process, and the original damage is aggravated in the later stages. Damage will cause changes such as reduced Young's modulus (negative feedback) and increased permeability (positive feedback) of the rock matrix, which in turn affect the damage evolution. More, damage increases with the initial rock temperature, injection mass flow, and stress difference increase, and the impact of the fracture curvature is small. The damage of complex fracture reservoirs is more pronounced than that of single fracture reservoirs. This study provides a tool for analyzing the impact of damage on the production performance of HDRs. The investigation of relevant patterns is expected to offer guidance for production strategies.

Use of Satellite-based Leaf Area Index Data for Monitoring Green Gram Crop Growth in Ikombe-Katangi Area, Machakos County, Kenya

Monitoring the conditions under which crops grow and estimating their yield is essential to the process of economic development in any nation. The traditional approaches to crop monitoring are labor- and resource-intensive, as well as limited in their ability to cover expansive geographic regions. Since remote sensing data is integrated with ground measurements, it has been used as a potentially useful tool to extract biophysical variables such as leaf area index (LAI), biomass, and phenology. Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a key variable that bridges remote sensing observations to the quantification of agroecosystem processes such as yield. The potential of satellite-based LAI for monitoring crop growth was investigated and compared to field measurements. This was the objective of his study. High resolution leaf area index was retrieved from Landsat 8 OLI imageries, and ground leaf area index measurements were taken in Ikombe-Katangi Machakos in Machakos county. An equation based on regression was developed to estimate the leaf area index using the normalized difference vegetation index that was derived from Landsat-8 OLI (NDVI). According to the findings, the derived LAI exhibited strong linear relationships with the leaf area index that was measured on the ground for green gram crops, with RMSE values being 0.09846, and R2 values of 0.9249. The overall findings shed light on the viability of using multispectral data, in estimating leaf area index in a very fragmented agricultural landscape, such as that found in the Ikombe and Katangi areas of Machakos, Kenya. Therefore, accurate crop monitoring on a large scale can be accomplished through remote sensing data in conjunction with LAI measurements taken from the ground. The implementation of the leaf area index is subject to the environmental condition which requires to be investigated as the use of remote sensing data is advocated for. The advancement in the use of satellite data for extraction LAI data is key towards transforming crop production within Kenya ad Africa at large. Scarce resources for crop growth monitoring can now be augmented with open-source satellite datasets such as Landsat 8 in LAI estimation.

Forager-farmer transition at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia 4900 years ago

The southward expansion of East Asian farmers profoundly influenced the social evolution of Southeast Asia by introducing cereal agriculture. However, the timing and routes of cereal expansion in key regions are unclear due to limited empirical evidence. Here we report macrofossil, microfossil, multiple isotopic (C/N/Sr/O) and paleoproteomic data directly from radiocarbon-dated human samples, which were unearthed from a site in Xingyi in central Yunnan and which date between 7000 and 3300 a BP. Dietary isotopes reveal the earliest arrival of millet ca. 4900 a BP, and greater reliance on plant and animal agriculture was indicated between 3800 and 3300 a BP. The dietary differences between hunter-gatherer and agricultural groups are also evident in the metabolic and immune system proteins analysed from their skeletal remains. The results of paleoproteomic analysis indicate that humans had divergent biological adaptations, with and without farming. The combined application of isotopes, archaeobotanical data and proteomics provides a new approach to documenting dietary and health changes across major subsistence transitions.

Joining of metallic glasses in liquid via ultrasonic vibrations

Joining processes especially for metallic materials play critical roles in manufacturing industries and structural applications, therefore they are essential to human life. As a more complex technique, under-liquid joining has far-reaching implications for national defense, offshore mining. Furthermore, up-to-now, the effective joining of metals in extreme environments, such as the flammable organo-solvent or the arctic liquid nitrogen, is still uninvestigated. Therefore, an efficient under-liquid joining approach is urgently called for. Here we report a method to join different types of metallic glasses under water, seawater, alcohol and liquid-nitrogen. The dynamic heterogeneity and liquid-like region expansion induces fluid-like behavior under ultrasonic vibration to promote oxide layer dispersion and metal bonding, allowing metallic glasses to be successfully joined in heat-free conditions, while still exhibiting excellent tensile strength (1522 MPa), bending strength (2930 MPa) and improved corrosion properties. Our results provide a promising strategy for manufacturing under offshore, polar, oil-gas and space environments.

High-pressure Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction study of kaolinite, Al2Si2O5(OH)4

Kaolinite is formed by weathering of continental crustal rocks and is also found in marine sediments in the tropical region. Kaolinite and other layered hydrous silicate minerals are likely to play a vital role in transporting water into the Earth's interior via subducting slabs. Recent studies have experimentally documented the expansion of the interlayer region by intercalation of water molecules at high pressures i.e., pressure-induced hydration. This is counter-intuitive since the interlayer region in the layered silicates is quite compressible, so it is important to understand the underlying mechanism that causes intercalation and expansion of the interlayer region.To address this, we explore the high-pressure behavior of natural kaolinite from Keokuk, Iowa. This sample is free of anatase impurities and thus helps to examine both low-energy (0–1200 cm−1) and high-energy hydroxyl (3000–4000 cm−1) regions using Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction.Our results show that the pressure dependence of the hydroxyl modes exhibits discontinuities at ∼3 GPa and ∼ 6.5 GPa. This is related to the polytypic transformation of Kaolinite from K-1 to K-II and K-II to K-III phase. Several low-energy Raman modes' pressure dependence also exhibits similar discontinuous behavior. The synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction results also indicate discontinuous behavior in the pressure dependence of the unit-cell volume and lattice parameters. The analysis of the bulk and the linear compressibility reveals that kaolinite is extremely anisotropic and is likely to aid its geophysical detectability in subduction zone settings. The K-I to K-II polytypic transition is marked by the snapping of hydrogen bonds, thus at conditions relevant to the Earth's interior, water molecules intercalate in the interlayer region and stabilize the crystal structure and help form the super-hydrated kaolinite which can transport significantly more water into the Earth's interior.

From Centre to Suburbs: Investigating How Transit Maps Streamline Residents’ Spatial Representations

ABSTRACT Representations we hold of our cities are acquired not just through direct spatial experience, but also through maps, potentially including schematic maps like transit maps. Following Beck's pioneering work, transit maps include practical schematic modifications, with scale changes that usually result in an expansion of central regions while compressing the peripheries. But it is not yet clear whether such a distortion exists in the minds of residents, and whether it could be due to cognitive biases, or to the transit maps' influence. Here, after showing that the centre–periphery segmentation is stronger in Parisians' minds than in Londoners', we investigated reference and segmentation effects in the way residents placed landmarks on a blank background. Those effects indeed explained part of centre–periphery distortions that were found, but some angular and scale changes could still only be explained by transit maps, confirming they indeed streamline residents' spatial representations.

Estimation and Expansion of Vehicle Stability Region With Sums of Squares Programming

The vehicle stability region can be used to evaluate vehicle stability performance and lay the foundation for vehicle safety improvement. It can be obtained via the region of attraction (RoA) based on sums of squares (SOS) programming. However, it is usually conservative, and the computational burden is large. This article focuses on the above issues and proposes a well-developed method for RoA estimation, with application to the estimation and expansion of the vehicle stability region. For RoA estimation, an improved SOS program is formulated, and its optimization objective combined with the customized algorithm significantly reduces conservatism. In addition, the feasibility prejudgment strategy and the dynamic search range are proposed in the algorithm. As a result, the computational burden is greatly reduced, which also indirectly helps reduce conservatism. Then, a more accurate vehicle stability region is obtained with less time consumption, and a map-based controller is proposed to improve vehicle stability. Better stability performance and larger stability regions are guaranteed under different scenarios due to the adaptive adjustment of controller gains. Finally, simulations and hardware-in-the-loop experiments with an embedded vehicle controller are performed to verify the effectiveness of our method.

Computational Analysis of Subcooled Flow Boiling in a Vertical Minichannel with Two Different Shapes under Various Mass Fluxes

In the current research project, two-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the effects of geometrical configuration on flow structures and the thermal performances of subcooled flow boiling. The CFD simulations are carried out in two different configurations (straight and periodic constriction expansion) in a minichannel mounted vertically at four mass fluxes (500 kg/m2s; 836.64 kg/m2s; 1170 kg/m2s; and 2535 kg/m2s). The present predicted results exhibit excellent accordance with the previous experiments, with mean errors of 6.39% and 9.78%, demonstrating the efficiency of the present numerical study. The simulation results show that the periodic constriction expansion design provides good mixing between the layers, leading to a 43.11% mean enhancement of the thermal transfer, which is more important than the slight pressure drop penalty of 4.32 for a mass flux of 500 kg/m2s due to the combined pressure drop along the minichannel that resulted from the periodic constriction and expansion regions. Furthermore, the visualization of flow patterns shows that the bubbly flow is the dominant flow regime in the periodic constriction-expansion configuration.

Identification of the parametric array loudspeaker system using differential Volterra filter

The self-demodulation property of a parametric array loudspeaker (PAL) system can peel off audible sound modulated on ultrasonic wave and deliver it with high directivity, but also introduces nonlinear distortion. The PAL system can be modeled by the Volterra series expansion in any acoustic field region. However, measurements of Volterra kernel using simple frequency sweep excitation signals may not provide adequate information about the nonlinear system, and the use of wideband signals such as speech signals makes convergence difficult. Based on the Westervelt model, we propose a PAL system identification method utilizing the differential Volterra kernel. The results demonstrate superior fitting performance for real swept frequency output data and speech signal output data compared to the existing one-dimensional Volterra filter (ODVF). Additionally, the proposed method exhibits fewer parameters and faster convergence speed than the traditional volterra kernel.

Failure-Averse Active Learning for Physics-Constrained Systems

Active learning is a subfield of machine learning that is devised for design and modeling of systems with highly expensive sampling costs. Industrial and engineering systems are generally subject to physics constraints that may induce fatal failures when they are violated, while such constraints are frequently underestimated in active learning. In this paper, we develop a novel active learning method that avoids failures considering implicit physics constraints that govern the system. The proposed approach is driven by two tasks: the safe variance reduction explores the safe region to reduce the variance of the target model, and the safe region expansion aims to extend the explorable region exploiting the probabilistic model of constraints. The global acquisition function is devised to judiciously optimize acquisition functions of two tasks, and its theoretical properties are provided. The proposed method is applied to the composite fuselage assembly process with consideration of material failure using the Tsai-wu criterion, and it is able to achieve zero-failure without the knowledge of explicit failure regions.

The biophysical effects of potential changes in irrigated crops on diurnal land surface temperature in Northeast China

Irrigated crops have experienced a significant global expansion. The biophysical response of climate change to irrigated crop expansion in different regions, particularly in terms of monitoring the influence mechanism of nighttime land surface temperature (LST) change, however, remains insufficiently explored. Taking the three northeastern provinces of China as our study area, we apply window analysis, partial correlation analysis, and geographical detector to quantitatively characterize the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of daytime and nighttime LST (diurnal LST) and biophysical parameters, and the main driving mechanism of diurnal LST change. The results showed that irrigated crop expansion led to asymmetric changes in daytime (−2.11 ± 0.2°C, 97.4%) and nighttime (0.64 ± 0.2°C, 79.9%) LST. ΔLSTDT had a negative correlation with ΔLE (63%), but a positive correlation with ΔSSR and ΔH (91% and 77%). This revealed that the cooling effect caused by the superposition of the output latent heat flux and the absorbed solar shortwave radiation was greater than its heating effect. ΔLSTNT and ΔLE had a positive connection across 69% of the region. ΔLSTNT demonstrated a negative correlation with ΔSSR and ΔH in 82% and 75% of the regions, respectively. At this time, the superposition of latent heat flux and heating potential term produces a greater heating effect. The explanatory power of the single factor (the mean of q<0.50) of biophysical parameters for diurnal LST variation was significantly smaller than that of the interaction factor (the mean of q>0.50, p<0.01). This study shows more detailed dynamic information of diurnal LST and biophysical parameters from 8day scale. The findings highlighted the critical role of asymmetric changes in the diurnal surface thermal environment caused by irrigated crop expansion in the global climate from a land surface hydrothermal energy balance perspective.