Expansion Of Foreign Trade Research Articles

Concept of economic crimes in legal doctrine and legislation, their differentiation

Ukraine’s transition to a market economy, the development of entrepreneurship, the promotion of competition, and the expansion of foreign trade contributed to the creation of new opportunities for criminal activity in the economic sphere. At the same time, the low probability of detection and the high profits associated with economic crime make the economic sphere very attractive to criminals. In turn, the huge losses associated with economic crime undermine social protection systems and destabilize economic systems, thus clearly indicating a failure of self-regulation. The legislator, having in mind economic crimes, operates with the concept of “CRIMINAL OFFENSES IN THE SPHERE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY” (Chapter VII of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and is limited only to their list. According to the legislative approach, an economic crime can be defined only as a socially dangerous culpable act (action or inaction) committed by the subject of the criminal offense provided for by the Criminal Code of Ukraine and provided for by the provisions of Chapter VII of the Special Part of the Criminal Code. At the same time, on the basis of the generalized data of the legislative and doctrinal approach, it is proposed to define an economic crime as a socially dangerous culpable act (action or inaction) committed by the subject of a criminal offense, which consists in the implementation of illegal economic activity (economic processes, relations, operations) or violation of requirements for legal economic activity to satisfy the selfish interests of a person or a group of persons, encroaches on the sphere of economic relations and poses a threat to the economic security of the state, leads to an imbalance of the state’s economic system. At the same time, the so-called economic crimes (Chapter VII of the Criminal Code of Ukraine - criminal offenses in the sphere of economic activity) should be separated from crimes due to which law enforcement agencies can interfere in the sphere of economic relations. Economic crimes can be differentiated according to various criteria: according to the spheres of social relations that regulate one or another type of economic activity; according to the content of the committed crime; by immediate main and additional objects; by subject characteristics; by criminal law characteristics.

Research on the Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Core of Intelligent Translation Systems

With the development of the world economy and the expansion of foreign trade, the status of English as a global language in English teaching is increasingly elevated, and language translation is an indispensable link. In the new intelligent translation and reading system based on language models, its translation part includes at least one dictionary used for translation. The system includes: reading and writing database, loading module, editing module, label module, trigger module, annotation module, and word addition module. Among them, the read-write database is used to store literature; The loading module is used to load article materials as reading documents. It adopts natural language processing technology to save system translation and reading time and improve system efficiency. In order to test the advantages of the system used in this article, 200 vocabulary words were input into the system and compared with the traditional system for translation accuracy. The translation accuracy of the system in this article was 94.64%, while the translation accuracy of the traditional system was 83.34%. The system in this article helps to improve translation efficiency and enhance reading experience.

Collaborative Governance and Environmental Regulation Measures for Pollution Reduction and Carbon Reduction in the Yangtze River Basin under the “Double Carbon” Goal

The Yangtze River Basin occupies an important position in the overall layout of China’s economic development. However, due to the increasing water pollution, the environment of the Yangtze River Basin continues to deteriorate, which hinders the long-term development and sustainable development goals of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Therefore, this study started from the perspective of the reduction of coordinated pollution carbon. Then, through empirical analysis, the impact of environmental regulation measures in the Yangtze River Basin on industrial pollution control was studied. At the same time, the spatial eigenvector mapping (SEVM) method was used to explore the spatial impact of environmental regulation on carbon emissions. The results showed that the increase in the intensity of environmental regulation would lead to the expansion of the hidden economy, which would lead to the effect of environmental regulation weakening. There was an inverted “U” relationship between per capita real gross domestic product (GDP) and environmental pollution indicators. In addition, the expansion of foreign trade in the Yangtze River Economic Belt hada less inhibitory effect on ecological environmental protection than a promotional one. At the same time, command-type environmental regulation had a “green paradox” effect on carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Basin. The carbon emission reduction effect of implicit environmental regulation was different under different levels of incentive-type environmental regulation. The research showed that the multi-agent governance model could be further constructed from the interaction between the environmental regulation system and the administrative management system. It had a good effect on the coordinated treatment of pollution reduction and carbon reduction under the “double carbon” goal.

Nepal’s Foreign Trade: Prospects and Problems

The aim of this article is to explore the situation of Nepal’s foreign trade, its significance, prospects of foreign trade expansion and problems with regard to international trade. The study is based on secondary data, collected from library and internet of last 11 years. Efforts have been made to detect the prospects as well as problems of Nepal’s foreign trade. This study keeps value in promoting foreign trade by finding the various possibilities and problems of Nepal’s foreign trade. It is found that Nepal’s foreign trade suffers from many problems such as open border, landlocked country, lack of trade diversification, high cost of production etc. causing trade deficit and has good prospects in different sectors such as hydro-electric, forest, mineral resources, tourism, etc. to develop and promote foreign trade. Among the various alternatives, diversification of trade in terms of countries and goods is one way to overcome the problems of trade deficit.

Regional Corruption, Foreign Trade, and Environmental Pollution

As an effective means and an important guarantee for environmental pollution management in China, enhancing the level of foreign openness and reducing the level of regional corruption, respectively, the successful implementation of both are key steps in determining the future development of China’s transformation of trade development and green transformation. This paper attempts to systematically examine the mechanisms of regional corruption and foreign trade on environmental pollution from both theoretical and empirical levels. Using the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2017, this study constructs a dynamic panel model with a one-stage pollution index. The system GMM is used to verify the relationship between corruption, trade, and the environment. Empirical results show that corruption reduces investment in environmental governance, R&D, and the introduction of environmental technology, and it increases environmental pollution by reducing the implementation and control of environmental policies. After excluding the effect of corruption on trade, foreign trade is conducive to the improvement of environmental pollution. Meanwhile, the intensification of corruption on pollution will be weakened with increased openness; that is, China’s expansion of foreign trade is beneficial to attenuating the pollution effect of corruption on the environment. These findings suggest that expanding trade will ultimately improve the environment and even mitigate the negative impact of corruption on the environment. Therefore, China should dredge the channel of factor flow, give full play to the vitality of market players, strictly investigate corruption, and encourage opening up.

THE FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITY EFFECTIVE STRATEGY ENTERING INTO OVERSEAS MARKETS

By this currently issued article the ways for foreign market intrude and promotion were analyzed as a main point. In focus, the mission and target of a separate management decision were considered. It was a chance for any separate enterprise to be involved into international trade activity. Within a way of decision making could be deeply concerned about foreign trade activity strategy at a beginning. For companies and individuals not fully acquainted with export operations (however familiar they are with business practices in general and domestic operations in particular), this article offers a basic introduction to the “tools of trade”: export terminology survey, equipment, procedures, administrative backup, and essential sources of information. Direct involvement in the overseas export or marketing process naturally requires a higher degree of commitment and attention. Three principal categories of market involvement are discussed in this article. The first, direct exporting selling, means setting up at least a limited export organization and establishing sales contacts with overseas agents and other interested parties. The second, indirect market entry, does not refer to the physical shipment of the product, but rather to the know how involved, as in the case of licensing and franchising. The third, corporate presence, means a corporate commitment and is not normally considered until substantial effort has first been expended on testing the market. The main reason for the present publication is new ways for successful foreign trade activity for all kinds of enterprises within its upgrading, first steps, either promotion their activity overseas. We could provide with up to date attitude to international trade development depended from the area or a location. In different countries attitude to a new comers in a local market is different. In the article be presented some organizational business structures which could be implemented within foreign trade expansion. All kind of proposed points can be a separate subject for discussion or practical implementation depended from the terms and conditions of the foreign market or special type of enterprise behaving within intruding into foreign market.

EXPANDING FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS AND INCREASING ITS ROLE IN THE ECONOMIC SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE COUNTRY

The purpose of the research - is to expand foreign trade relations and determine the role of these relations in the country's economic security system. The methodology of the research - is a review of the country's various approaches to the expansion of foreign trade, the study of the current situation in this area using economicmathematical, statistical, scientific-abstract, factor analysis and other methods of analysis. The practical importance of the research - the results obtained as a result of the study can be significant in terms of increasing the role of foreign economic relations in the country's economic security system. The results of the research - it is advisable to take measures to expand the range and quality of exported products, improve the commodity-geographical structure of exports, improve the structure of exports using advanced forms of international cooperation, coordinate foreign trade and promote industrial exports, etc. The originality and scientific novelty of the research - the research work took into account the opinions of a number of domestic and foreign researchers, recommendations were put forward to expand foreign trade relations and increase the role of these relations in the country's economic security system.

Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in South Asian Countries: The Role of Energy Consumption and Trade Openness

South Asian countries have seen remarkable economic growth and development in the past few decades. This has been driven by financial sector reforms, industrialization, and expansion of foreign trade. The present study is designed to identify the long- and short-run relationships among environmental degradation, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness in the South Asian region. Our research contributes to the literature by employing a new approach (the NARDL method). We examine annual data for four South Asian countries between 1971 and 2014. We found that there was a long-run equilibrium relationship between environmental degradation, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness. The results confirmed the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis only for India and Pakistan. However, the long-term coefficients related to energy consumption were statistically significant only in Pakistan. The most interesting finding was that only in Sri Lanka did the long-run coefficients associated with trade openness shocks significantly impact carbon dioxide emissions. These impacts were based on the scale effect. Our study has some policy implications. Foremost, the governments of South Asian countries should promote and subsidize green energy use by increasing R&D spending on renewable energy.

The Influence of Financing Constraints on Enterprises' Export Trade Patterns

The party and the government have long regarded the improvement of international competitiveness and the promotion of the transformation and upgrading of export trade as a relatively important goal in economic policy reform. In the work report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is clearly required to intensify efforts to promote the construction of a trade powerhouse, cultivate new trade formats, and promote the vigorous expansion of foreign trade. With the help of the matching or data from the effective customs trade database and the Chinese industrial enterprise database, this paper studies the possible impact of the quantitative regression financing constraints on the domestic export trade enterprise model. The result is that when domestic enterprises face the pressure of financing constraints, they will choose the processing trade with lower profits and abandon the general trade model with higher profits.

A Study on Foreign Trade Strategies from the Perspective of China’s Economic Transformation and Upgrading

Under the perspective of China’s economic transformation and upgrading, foreign trade is facing pressure from the transformation of internal economic capacity and external trade environment. It is urgent to explore new paths and directions, in order to realize the common evolution of the society, economy, system, and environment in China. From the rapid expansion of foreign trade in China towards high quality development, it is necessary to emphasize on the system, motivation, ability, and pattern; explore new development modes, change the development philosophy, delve into the connotation and characteristics of development, system supply, and organizational and technological innovation; as well as focus on cultivating a constant innovation drive, while capturing value and optimizing the foreign trade environment.

On the question of the possibility of building a Russian-Chinese free trade zone

The article provides an empirical study of bilateral trade between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China in 2011–2020 from the point of view of the formation of the Russian-Chinese free trade zone. The purpose of the article is to study the situation in the sphere of bilateral trade between the Russian Federation and China in the last decade and to establish both changes and emerging trends and processes in this area. The author's opinion is that, although China remains a very important partner of Russia in foreign trade and in general in the foreign economic sphere, cooperation retains a high degree of importance, but with the growth of interdependence, risks for Russia are definitely growing. At the same time, since in the medium term, apparently, the role of the PRC as a leading Russian partner will at least remain (perhaps even grow), the formation of a Russian-Chinese free trade zone seems premature to us. It is vital for Russia today to reduce the export of raw materials (which are vital to China), to reduce their share in total exports. To achieve this goal, it is important for Russia to further diversify its foreign trade, especially exports. At the same time, it is worth considering the possibility of using China's experience in implementing foreign trade expansion. The study uses data from the international database of UNCTAD and the Federal Customs Service of Russia. Analytical, empirical, and statistical methods were used in the study.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODS TO MANAGE CARGO TRANSPORTATION QUALITY

The quality of cargo transportation is one of the most important factors that ensures an increase in the level of competitiveness of modern ATEs, firms. The quality of transport services directly affects the competitiveness of transport organizations, the rational use of modes of transport and modern schemes of cargo delivery, the expansion of foreign trade, and others. And although besides quality, competitiveness includes price, delivery time, performance, warranties, service and a number of other components, according to the results of surveys, quality takes 70% of the importance of all indicators of competitiveness. The consistency of works on the practical application of functional and cost analysis (FCA) for the management of the quality of cargo transportation by rolling stock of road transport is justified in the work. The advantage of using the FCA is the ability to ensure the relationship between the indicators of efficiency of rolling stock use with indicators of the quality of transport service for shippers. As a result of the practical application of this methodology, the management of the modern ATE can determine the objects of innovation activity (that is, those customers where it is necessary to pay more attention to the organization of the transport process and implement a set of measures to improve transport technologies). In the paper a special attention is paid to working up and processing the data. The order, cycle and context of each stage of a practical application of functional and cost analysis to manage the transport industry quality. Thus, in the current conditions of Ukrainian society transformation and economical interaction changes it is necessary to study quality problems caused by the competitive environment availability. Taking into account the all abovementioned, transport service quality management is an urgent call of the time, because this knowledge is vital under the conditions of a market economy and high competition in the market of transport services.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ ИНДИИ СО СТРАНАМИ ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ – ВНЕШНЕТОРГОВЫЙ АСПЕКТ

The article examines India's trade policy towards Southeast Asian countries as part of the implementation of India's Look East policy and the foreign policy principle Neighborhood is first. India's foreign trade expansion intensifies the confrontation between the interests of India and the PRC in Southeast Asia. A statistical analysis of the state of trade operations between India and the countries of Southeast Asia for the last five years is given, based on which the author draws a conclusion that the main problem of India in trade with the countries of Southeast Asia is a negative balance, large and stable. Undoubtedly, to eliminate it, or at least reduce it, India will undertake serious efforts in the coming years, primarily aimed at expanding exports to the markets of the Southeast Asian countries of its products.

Direction and Problems of Foreign Trade in Nepal

Foreign trade or international trade is the transaction of goods and services between two or more countries. It plays a vital role in developing the economy of a country. The purpose of this study was to identify the direction and problems of foreign trade in Nepal, and to find out the possibilities of foreign trade expansion of the period from fiscal year 2011/12 to 2018/19. The study used quantitative data collected from secondary sources consulting physical library and internet. It was found in the study that most of the foreign trade of Nepal is directed to India. It was also found that there was deficit trade balance as there was decreasing export and increasing imports. As a result, the trade balance is negative and growing every year. Further, the foreign trade in Nepal is highly dependent with India which needs to be diversified to rest of the world.

الحرب الاقتصادية بين أمريكا والصين والسيناريوهات المستقبلية

With the expansion of foreign trade and the burning of competition between countries, the value of currencies began to play an effective and effective role in the global economy, as some countries resorted to reducing the exchange rates of their currencies against the currencies of other countries in order to make their exports more competitive, and the manifestations of the conflict between America and China over the prices of Exchange their currencies, as America accuses China of interfering in exchange and evaluating the yuan under its real value. While the Chinese view the expansionary and extremist monetary policies of the Federal Reserve as an act of currency manipulation, some fear that this conflict will develop into a competitive reduction race that could cause global trade shrinkage and stagnation, and undermine confidence internationally in the international monetary system, which It causes a global financial and economic crisis with a profound negative impact on the entire global economy and the developing economies in particular, which some believe will be the biggest loser of that conflict. The relationship between Washington and Beijing is currently witnessing a wave of political and strategic escalation, especially from the American side, and despite this this the escalation is not new from its predecessors during the past period. But in terms of form, it may be the most severe, but it will not reach the war. Both countries need each other, whereas as much as there are tensions and fundamental differences, it is matched by the existence of common interests.

The emergence and resolution of a quality problem in the Chinese tung oil market 1890 to 1937

ABSTRACT China experienced modern economic growth from 1890 to 1937. The expansion of foreign trade contributed to this economic growth. However, beginning at the end of the nineteenth century, dishonest practices, such as product adulteration, had been found in various transactions in China. In particular, adulteration was often a problem in the exports of goods from China. This article considers the reasons behind the emergence and resolution of a quality problem in the Chinese tung oil export market in the middle Yangtze Valley from the 1890s to the mid-1930s. Impure oil was customarily traded among Chinese in tung oil transactions; however, foreign merchants expected pure oil, which resulted in confusion in the market and a loss of business. Therefore, as the mixed oil problem became increasingly serious, market participants tried to create institutions to prevent adulteration. However, the formal institutions were not sufficient to resolve the problem until the 1930s. In China, the function of informal institutions complemented the imperfect functions of the formal institutions. More importantly, the institutionalization in the 1930s, which was associated to the Great Depression, was based on gradual change until the 1920s. Consequently, the quality problem headed toward a resolution in the 1930s.

15世紀 後半 對外貿易의 擴大

15世紀 後半 對外貿易의 擴大

Interstate and international trade of brazilian regions: an analysis using the gravity model

This paper analyzes the interstate and international trade of Brazilian regions in the period following trade liberalization. To carry out the analysis, the paper uses the gravity model methodology. The estimated trade models show that the border effect is still very significant for the foreign trade in Brazilian regions despite the process of economic openness that took place in the 1990s. The results show that the factors of resistance to the expansion of foreign trade still persist. Using a gravity model which considers the Brazilian states and the countries of the Southern Common Market (Mercosul) as a single market shows that then creation of this block increased trade in the region at the expense of other trading partners.

Role of Commercial Banks in Economic Development

Commercial banks play a vital role in economic development of a country like our India. Banks promote capital formation which is the most important problem of developing a country. Commercial banks are playing an active role to educate rural people and mobilize their daily savings. Commercial banks accepting deposits from general public and use this deposits to other’s investment for the purpose of growth of economic in our country. Economic development in India depends on real factors like internal trading, agricultural sectors, industrial sectors; expansion of foreign trade especially exports, etc. Commercial banks keeping the middle category population in our country in their view started giving advanced credit for purchase of durable consumer items like vehicles, televisions, refrigerators etc.

Socio-Economic Rights in the World Market: China, India, and the Gang of Four

The entry of China and India into the global economy involves not only the internal transformation of those two societies, but also a significant step towards what Marx called the ‘completion of the world market’ – the expansion of foreign trade and the transformation of social relations of production, and with that the intensification of competition across the global economy. They represent crucial cases, therefore, for the gang of four international organizations most closely concerned with the governance of labour markets, social policy and trade – the ILO, the OECD, the World Bank, and the WTO. Over the past two decades these organizations have converged, along with the IMF and the multilateral regional banks, on a programme aimed at reshaping socio-economic rights to make them consistent with and supportive of the rule of capital, and competitiveness in the global economy. This paper analyses the manner in which the Gang of Four seek to fit social and economic rights to the exigencies of the world market, and explores in detail the engagement of the OECD with China and India. In terms of the overall project of which this is a part, the objective is to sketch in the background against which regional development banks and emerging economies engage in the wake of the financial crisis.