Expanding Earth Research Articles

The Evolution of Geospheres on an Expanding Earth

The evolution of the geosphere is considered in the light of the expanding Earth hypothesis, an alternative concept of plate tectonics, the fifth axiom of which is the statement about the immutability of the mass and size of the Earth, as well as the mass of water on its surface. A new look at the evolution of the Earth and its geospheres (lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and biosphere.) is proposed. The physical mechanisms of the not yet understood processes of increasing its size with a simultaneous increase in mass are discussed. For the first time, a physical scenario of the expansion process is proposed. It consists in the constant absorption of dark matter by the Earth in the form of quark nuggets (strangelets), followed by their decay and transformation into ordinary matter. The expansion of the Earth makes it possible to explain not only the large size and mass of land animals at the end of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, but also to establish the most probable causes of the movement of continents and Great Extinctions.

The Expanding Earth, Climate Engineering and Earthquake Processes

The Expanding Earth, Climate Engineering and Earthquake Processes

A Non-Newtonian View of the Universe Derived from Hydrodynamic Gravitation and Expanding Earth

Earth Science observations and the Borexino and KamLAND geoneutrino experiments provide clues on the role of aether in the evolution of the Earth, planets, and all other universal structures. Analysis of the problem of storage of aether entering celestial bodies led to a hydrodynamic explanation of gravitation which in turn was found to be closely related to the expanding Earth and to several other phenomena. Variable radius paleogeography provides an approximate assessment of the quantity of ordinary matter added to the planet per time unit, and some inferences about the Earth’s inner energy balance. The aether density, flow rate, and velocity are computed with the help of astrophysics. The origins of cosmological and gravitational redshift are unified under the single cause of gravitation. This is linked to the similar but not interchangeable concept of tired light, which was considered very plausible by cosmologists like Edwin Hubble and Fritz Zwicky. A superluminal speed was calculated for aether at the Earth’s surface. INFN experiments confirm hydrodynamic gravitation and superluminal velocities, and it is possible to identify interrelations of aether parameters with the currently known cosmological parameters H0, G, and c. Unification of hydrodynamic gravitation and the expansion of the celestial bodies through the existence of a minor dissipative force, a non-Newtonian concept, involves a revision of the theories of physics and cosmology, in which the currently accepted laws of physics will be only considered good approximations of a more complex reality.

An Expanding Earth - A reply to two recent denial papers

In the March 2019 issue of the Rendiconti Online of the SGI, a geologist continued his attack on the theory of terrestrial expansion (Sudiro, 2019), this time focusing on the implications that paleomagnetic data, particularly the paleopoles, have as evidence for the expanding Earth concept. An initial more general publication on the subject by the same author appeared in the EGU History of the Earth Sciences journal in 2014 (Sudiro, 2014). The present paper demonstrates the inadequacy of many of the criticisms formulated in the above publications, making it clear that the Expanding Earth is not an out-dated idea from the historical-scientific contingencies of the past, but instead a scientific concept that is very much alive and with very interesting future prospects. The evidential value of the paleopole data and catalogues is specifically defended here, together with the TPW and its link to the opening of the Pacific Ocean. The numerous lines of research that have emerged on the basis of EE are briefly described in a non-exhaustive review. The failure to recognise the expansion of celestial bodies as a phenomenon could be a contributing factor to the current state of crisis in Physics and Cosmology.

Quantum model of the magnetic field of the Hot Expanding Earth

Principally new quantum model of the magnetic field of the Hot Earth [1] is proposed here. The model proceeds from the generation scheme of the Earth magnetic field (EMF) reported at the conference in 2019 [2], where crucial role of quantum entanglement (QE) of the inner G-core matter for EMF generation under the Hall effect was first evidenced. With regard to my impact into geodynamics of the Hot Earth [3] and quantum geophysics [4] the improved version of [2] is presented here. The justification for the model of EMF generation given in the encyclopedia of Geomagnetism [5] due to the daily rotation of the DEL (double electric layer), exciting a weak field and its amplification by the Hall current is first used here.

Palaeomagnetism and the debate on the size of the Earth

During the first half of XX Century, the Expanding Earth was a promising geodynamic hypothesis, because it could explain the evidence of ancient continental connections without requiring the lateral movement of continents. If the planet was inflating, the surface would expand, breaking up continents and increasing their reciprocal separation without drift. Moreover, while Earth contraction had been justified by density changes due to heat dissipation, early expansionists suggested that the heat generated by internal radioactive sources was driving Earth expansion.Looking for evidence in support of the expansion idea, early expansionists understood that palaeomagnetism could help quantifying the palaeo-Earth radius, and its change through time. However, palaeomagnetic data showed that no significant increase on the size of the Earth had occurred in the geological past. At the same time, continental palaeomagnetism showed that continents had continuously changed position in the geological past, supporting the mobilist model. Faced with the disappointing results from palaeomagnetic studies, the remaining supporters of Earth expansion continued to report only the palaeomagnetic data that might appear to support their hypothesis, but carefully neglected to acknowledge the disproving evidence.

Pascual Jordan, Varying Gravity, and the Expanding Earth

In the 1950s, surprising links were proposed between cosmological theory and the geological and paleontological sciences. These links were mainly provided by Paul Dirac’s hypothesis of 1937 that the gravitational constant G decreases with cosmic time. Pascual Jordan, famous for his pioneering contributions to quantum theory, took up Dirac’s hypothesis; after the end of World War II, Jordan developed its geophysical consequences, concluding that the Earth is expanding. Much of Jordan’s later scientific work focused on the expanding Earth and other aspects of the earth sciences relating to the varying-G hypothesis. This chapter in the history of science has received almost no attention from either scientists or historians. The article analyzes Jordan’s cosmo-geological work in relation to the somewhat similar efforts of other “expansionists” in the period that led to the plate tectonic revolution in the earth sciences.

On the Expanding Earth and Shrinking Moon

Exactly 101 years ago, German scientist Alfred Lothar Wegener, sailed against the prevailing wisdom of his day when he posited that not only have the Earth’s continental plates receded from each other over the course of the Earth’s history, but that they are currently in a state of motion relative to one another. To explain this, Wegener set forth the hypothesis that the Earth must be expanding as a whole. Wegener’s inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces and energy source responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the Earth was a rigid solid body resulted in the acrimonious dismissal of his theories. Today, that the continents are generally receding from each other is no longer a point of debate but a sacrosanct pillar of modern geology and geophysics. What is debatable is the energy source driving this phenomenon. Herein, we hold that continental drift is a result of the Earth undergoing a secular radial expansion. An expanding Earth hypothesis is currently an idea that is not accepted on a general consensus level. Be thatas it may, we show herein that the law of conservation of angular momentum and energy entail that the Earth must not only expand as a consequence of the secular recession of the Earth-Moon system from the Sun, but invariably, that the Moon must contract as well. As a result, the much sort for energy source driving plate tectonics can (hypothetically) be identified with the energy transfers occurring between the orbital and rotational kinetic energy of the Earth. If our calculations are to be believed—as we do; then, the Earth must be expanding radially at a paltry rate of about +1.50 mm/yr while the Moon is contracting radially at a relatively high rate of about -410 mm/yr.

Secular Increase in the Earth’s LOD Strongly Implies that the Earth Might Be Expanding Radially on a Global Scale

Exactly 101 years ago, German scientist—Alfred Lothar Wegener, sailed against the prevailing wisdom of his day when he posited that not only have the Earth’s continental plates receded from each other over the course of the Earth’s history, but that they are currently in a state of motion relative to one another. To explain this, Wegener set forth the hypothesis that the Earth must be expanding as a whole. Wegener’s inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces and energy source responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the Earth was a rigid solid body resulted in the acrimonious dismissal of his theories. Today, that the continents are receding from each other is no longer a point of debate but a sacrosanct pillar of modern geology and geophysics. What is debatable is the energy source driving this phenomenon. An expanding Earth hypothesis is currently an idea that is not accepted on a general consensus level. Antiproponent of the expanding Earth mercilessly dismiss it as a pseudo or fringe science with their main point of rejection being the energy source to power this supposed expansion. Be that asit may, we show herein that from the well accepted law of conversation of spin angular momentum, Stephenson [1]’s result that over the last 2700 years or so, the length of the Earth’s day has undergone a change of about +17.00 μs/yr, this result invariably leads to the plausibility the Earth may very be expanding radially at a paltry rate of about +0.60 mm/yr. If correct, this simple fact, automatically move the expanding Earth hypothesis from the realm of pseudo or fringe science, to that of plausible science.

Using a Historical Controversy to Teach Critical Thinking, the Meaning of “Theory”, and the Status of Scientific Knowledge

It is important that students understand the “open-ended” nature of scientific knowledge and the correct relationship between facts and theory. One way this can be taught is to examine a past controversy in which the interpretation of facts was contested. The controversy discussed here, with suggestions for teaching, is “Expanding Earth versus Sea Floor Spreading.” Although this was a short and limited controversy within the mainstream scientific community, it has the advantage of having primary sources that are accessible to students to read for themselves. What makes this controversy intriguing is the later conversion of one of the protagonists (Tuzo Wilson) to tectonics. The controversy is framed explicitly in terms of several criteria for agreeing on the optimal theory: it is an exercise in what has been termed “theory choice” by Thomas Kuhn. Framing the controversy in this way can teach students a great deal about the emergence of scientific theories as well as criteria that can be used to judge ideas in a mature fashion.

Mantle Plume Separation and the Expanding Earth

Summary Previous studies of mantle plume motions have assumed that any movement occurred within an Earth of fixed size. A comparison of distances between pairs of hot spots and their traces for different ages generally indicates less separation further back in time. The apparent changes in great circle distances between plumes may be consistent with constant separations in terms of geocentric angles, with an increase in the Earth's radius of up to 12 per cent over the past 120 My. The evidence for an expansion over the past 50 My may be inconclusive, due to the errors in the data for plume locations.

Biogeographical and geological evidence for a smaller, completely‐enclosed Pacific basin in the Late Cretaceous: a comment

Biogeographical and geological evidence for a smaller, completely‐enclosed Pacific basin in the Late Cretaceous: a comment

The ultimate expanding earth hypothesis

The ultimate expanding earth hypothesis

Distribution patterns and biogeographic analysis of Austral Polychaeta (Annelida)

Summary Aim We investigate the biogeography of Austral Polychaeta (Annelida) using members of the families Eunicidae, Lumbrineridae, Oenonidae, Onuphidae, Serpulidae and Spionidae and Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE). We determine whether observed polychaete distribution patterns correspond to traditional shallow‐water marine areas of endemism, estimate patterns of endemism and relationships between areas of endemism, and infer the biological processes that have caused these patterns. Location The study is concerned with extant polychaete taxa occupying shallow‐water areas derived from the breakup of the Gondwana landmass (i.e. Austral areas). Methods Similarity was assessed using a significance test with Jaccard's indices. Areas not significantly different at 0.99 were combined prior to the PAE. Widespread species and genera (155 taxa) were scored for presence/absence for each area of endemism. PAE was used to derive hypotheses of area relationships. Hierarchical patterns in the PAE trees were identified by testing for congruence with patterns derived from cladistic biogeographic studies of other Gondwanan taxa and with geological evidence. Results The polychaete faunas of four area‐pairs were not significantly different and the areas amalgamated: South‐west Africa and South Africa, New Zealand South Island and Chatham Islands, Macquarie Island and Antipodean Islands, and West Antarctica and South Georgia. Areas with the highest levels of species endemism were southern Australia (67.0%), South‐east South America (53.2%) and South Africa (40.4%). About 60% of species and 7.5% of genera occupied a single area of endemism. The remainder were informative in the PAE. Under a no long‐distance dispersal assumption a single minimal‐length PAE tree resulted (l=367; ci=0.42); under dispersal allowed, three minimal‐length trees resulted (l=278; ci=0.56). In relation to the sister grouping of the New Zealand areas and Australia we find congruence between our minimal‐length trees and those derived from a biogeographic study of land plants, and with area relationships predicted by the Expanding Earth Model. Main conclusions The polychaete distribution patterns in this study differ slightly from the classical areas of endemism, most notably in being broader, thereby bringing into question the value of using single provincial system for marine biogeographic studies. The Greater New Zealand region is found to be ‘monophyletic’ with respect to polychaetes, that is comprising a genuine biogeographical entity, and most closely related to the polychaete fauna of southern Australia. This finding is consistent with studies of land plants and with the Expanding Earth model, but disagrees with conventional geology and biogeographic hypothesis involving a ‘polyphyletic’ New Zealand. Both vicariance and concerted range expansion (=biotic dispersion) appear to have played important roles in shaping present‐day distribution patterns of Austral polychaetes. Shallow‐water ridge systems between the Australian and Greater New Zealand continental landmasses during the Tertiary are thought to have facilitated biotic dispersion.

Early vertebrates andpaleogeographic models

Studies on the distribution of early vertebrates indicate high endemism in the Early Devonian, and continental connection between West Gondwana and Euramerica in the Frasnian, and between East Gondwana and Asia in the late Famennian. The absence of a northern equivalent to the Siluro-Devonian Malvinokaffric Province is consistent with plate tectonics, but inconsistent with the Expanding Earth hypothesis. A detailed palaeogeography of land and sea areas based on analysis of sealevel, climate, tectonism, and other data provided by the rock record, is necessary for biogeography. Cladistic methods used in the phylogenetic analysis of early vertebrates can be adapted to accommodate various qualitative data sets ( e.g., paleobiogeographic, paleoclimatic, paleogeographic information) relevant to the history of continental or terrane dispersion and accretion, permitting true data integration and parsimony analysis of competing palaeogeographic hypotheses.

Global geodynamic long-term variations and expanding earth hypothesis

The expanding Earth hypothesis has been discussed on the basis of recent LLR data and the long-term decrease observed in the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation. It has been proved that the observed data do not support the hypothesis. Realistic limits for hypothetical long-term variations in the Earth's dimension consistent with observations have been derived as ±3 × 10−3 m cy−1.

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:Neutral Models in Biology.—Matthew H. Nitecki and Antoni Hoffman (eds).The Expanding Earth, a Symposium.—S. Warren Carey (Convener and Editor).Theories of the Earth and Universe: a History of Dogma in the Earth Sciences.—S. Warren Carey.Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons.—Aaron Goldberg.

Reviews

Reviews Get access The Expanding Earth: A Symposium. — S. Warren Carey (ed.). 1983. University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia, ix + 423 pp. $25.00 (Australian) paperback. Available from Department of Geology, University of Tasmania, Box 252C G.P.O., Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001. Gareth Nelson Gareth Nelson Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New YorkNew York 10024 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Systematic Biology, Volume 34, Issue 1, March 1985, Pages 103–104, https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/34.1.103 Published: 01 March 1985

Wandering Continents and Spreading Sea Floors on an Expanding Earth

The conference on the Implications of Continent al Drift to the Earth Sciences at Newcastle in 1972 was drawing to a close. For a week, participants had discussed new hypotheses on continent al drift, rift valleys, sea-floor spreading, plate tectonics, reversals of geomagnetic polarity and related topics, and now they were listening to the final paper, by Dr R. S. Dietz, on Continents adrift: new orthodoxy or persuasive joker. Ably illustrated by J. C. Holden, the paper was a glorious spoof, and like all good spoofs it left the hearers uncertain as to how much was good clean fun and how much was underlying doubt upon those matters which the Conference had debated. Dietz himself had been a major contributor in fields of the New Tectonics; on maturer thought, and with further data, how much of the bright new hypotheses had he come to doubt?

On the expanding earth hypothesis

The hypothesis of an expanding Earth is discussed on the basis of lunar laser ranging It is provcd that the given data do not indicate a secular increase in the principal moment of the Earth's inertia which would have to occur if the Earth were really expanding.