Exotic Birds Research Articles

From British Menageries and Hippodromes to the Olympic Circus in the Grand Duchy of Posen: The Origins of the Use of Ostriches in European Sport and Entertainment

Throughout history, animals have been involved in human life in various ways. People have attributed a special role to birds of prey or exotic birds, including ostriches, whose involvement in entertainment and sports began in the first half of the nineteenth century. This article discusses the origins, development and reception of the ostrich entertainment industry in two areas of nineteenth-century Europe that had significantly different social, political and economic circumstances: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (as it was then known) and partitioned Poland (the example of the Grand Duchy of Posen). The first uses of ostriches for entertainment purposes in Europe consisted of bird exhibitions in travelling menageries, hippodromes and in circus shows. Among the pioneers of this kind of entertainment in the British Isles was William Batty, and in the culturally excluded territories of partitioned Poland it was Ernst Renz, whose Olympic circus, thanks to its diverse programme of shows and performances, provided important entertainment and educational opportunities for Poles under occupation.

Detection of Chlamydia sp. by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in histologic sections of the liver from exotic and native avian species

Chlamydiosis is a zoonotic disease that affects several animal species. Therefore, reliable detection techniques are essential for efficient control of the disease. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for Chlamydia sp. was applied to 137 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver sections from native and exotic birds. The samples were divided into two groups: retrospective (n=57) and prospective (n=80). The probe was designed based on an annealing sequence that targets the Major Outer Membrane Protein coding gene. Livers previously confirmed for Chlamydia psittaci by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used as positive controls. Also, 47 randomly selected samples from the prospective group were submitted to PCR for Chlamydia psittaci for confirmation. From all 137 samples, 67% (92/137) were positive for Chlamydia sp. through FISH, from which 39% (36/57) and 61% (56/80) were from the retrospective and prospective groups, respectively. From the samples of the prospective group submitted for PCR confirmation, 83% (39/47) of them had a positive correlation with FISH results. When considering the number of targeted microorganisms per 400x field, 42,39% (39/92) of the samples had up to five microorganisms, 14,13% (13/92) had from six to ten, and 43,47% (40/92) of the samples had 11 or more microorganisms per field. FISH is a specific and reliable method to identify Chlamydia sp. in histologic sections of the liver, providing an additional tool for detecting avian chlamydiosis.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN BIRD NOMENCLATURE IN SCIENTIFIC USE: A BRIEF OVERVIEW

The period from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century should be considered as the beginning of the creation of the Ukrainian natural nomenclature. At that time, I. Verkhratsky published several lists of specifically Ukrainian names of animals and plants. More than two thousand names of birds are in these lists. The second period of development of the national bird nomenclature fell at the end of the first third of the 20th century and lasted very little. It was distinguished by the fact that M. Scharlemann published a dictionary with approximately 1.900 Ukrainian bird names for almost 400 species. The names mostly related to species of common fauna, and the main names were chosen among them. Since then, they have been widely used. In this dictionary, only a small number of names were to exotic birds. Unfortunately, this period was replaced by the third stage, which lasted from the end of the 1930s to the beginning of the 1980s, when the national nomenclature of birds was subjected to russianization, that is, a significant number of Russian names were used. At the same time, for educational needs, a number of foreign names were introduced into the Ukrainian language to denote species that occur outside of Ukraine. In general, the use of bird names of common fauna was characteristic of these periods. The fourth period of formation of the Ukrainian bird nomenclature began in the mid-1980s and lasted for ten years. During this period, O.Markevich and K. Tatarko published a trilingual zoological dictionary and listed Ukrainian names for almost 860 bird species in it, that is, at that time, more than twice the number of species compared to those found in the domestic fauna. The names referred mainly to Palearctic birds. Expansion of the functioning of the national nomenclature within the framework of the world fauna was initiated at this stage. The fifth stage, for which specifically Ukrainian names were returned to use, took place from the end of the 1990s during the first decade of the 21st century. Based on this, a complete system of the Ukrainian bird nomenclature of the world was formed in the second decade of the current century, i.e. in sixth period. The Ukrainian synonymous names of birds were used to a large extent for this purpose, as well as names from eight foreign languages were borrowed. Currently, changes in the Ukrainian nomenclature system of birds are taking place under the influence of new taxonomic studies.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Newcastle disease in backyard chickens in West Kordofan State, Sudan.

Newcastle disease (ND), a major constraint to poultry production worldwide, is a highly contagious disease of many species of domestic, exotic, and wild birds caused by ND virus (NDV). Epidemiological studies are lacking regarding ND in village chickens, including the traditional and intensive production systems used in Sudan. However, it is necessary to develop appropriate strategies to control the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the flock- and bird-level seroprevalence of NDV in backyard chickens in West Kordofan State, Sudan, and to identify the risk factors associated with ND in the study area. The seroprevalence of the circulating NDV and bird-level risk factors associated with ND was determined in backyard chickens from March to October 2017, in six villages (Alnowara, Alleait, Geibaish, Baiad, Sougoh, and Alnuhoud) in the Geibaish and Elnuhoud localities of West Kordofan State. Using the hemagglutination-inhibition test, the bird- and flock-level seroprevalences of antibodies to NDV were estimated as 20.6% (78/378) and 45% (18/40), respectively. Bird-level NDV seropositivity in backyard chickens was significantly associated with the reason for raising chickens, type of housing, contact with neighboring poultry, contact with wild birds, and chicken mortality caused by infectious diseases (p ≤ 0.05). This study indicated that NDV is circulating in backyard chickens and may act as a potential source of infection for other birds and thus persistence of ND among local traditionally managed chickens in the areas of West Kordofan State. Risk factors contributing to ND occurrence are important for designing appropriate prevention and control strategies.

Red clay roof and NDVI drive changes in bird species composition and functional evenness in housing areas of São Paulo megacity, Brazil


 
 
 Urbanization creates the most irreversible and human-dominated form of land use, often resulting in species losses and functional homogenization of bird communities. Here we investigate how housing areas in a Neotropical megacity may drive bird species occurrence and functional diversity in high densely habited areas. Using three local scales (radius of 50, 100, and 200 m), we tested how bird species richness, functional groups, and functional diversity indices may be affected by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, a proxy for primary productivity) and the cover area (m2) of red clay roofs (RCR, likely urban nesting sites) in São Paulo megacity, Brazil. We recorded 40 bird species, mostly nesting on trees. Few and high abundant (native and exotic) birds may use roofs and other urban structures as nesting sites. The GLM models showed that functional evenness increased with synchronized increases of NDVI 200 m and RCR 200 m covers and decreased with increase of NDVI 50 m. Most of the bird indices were not affected by neither NDVI nor RCR at local scales. However, bird species composition and functional evenness were sensitive to NDVI and RCR. Our findings suggest that synchronized high values of NDVI (vegetation-linked resources) and RCR cover (likelihood of nesting) may improve the regularity of bird functional traits and ecosystem functions (e.g., frugivory and insectivory) in housing areas of a Neotropical megacity.
 
 

Chemical Disability and Technoscientific Experimental Subjecthood: Reimagining the Canary in the Coal Mine Metaphor

The “canary in the coal mine” metaphor is used by the chemically sensitive community to make sense of and crip spaces containing low-levels of toxic atmospheric petrochemicals. This article reflects on the technocultural genealogies entrenched within the metaphor. A by-product of the imperial exotic bird trade, canary companion species played a formative role in early technoscientific understandings of toxic exposure starting in the nineteenth century as animal sentinels in coal mine rescues. Chemically sensitive people mobilize the canary metaphor to situate themselves within toxic environments as sentinel and experimental subjects, potentiating a feminist knowledge about chemical disability. Identifying as a human canary underscores how consumer commodities are universally structured for the chemical capacities of able-bodied male subjects, revealing gendered and ableist technocultural logics. The metaphor may also conjure a universal form of sacrificial life that ignores how canaries and self-identifying chemically sensitive people are differently situated in the colonial surround of racial capital. Canary knowledges arise from practicing metaphor as meaning and method—they offer a trajectory for crip-led community practices to build more capacious knowledges of exposure by extending anti-colonial and anti-racist commitments towards relational productions of accessibility. Reclaiming technoscientific experimental subjecthood can thus encourage new collective possibilities to address the global onslaught of chemical violence.

Detection of beak and feather disease virus in India and its implications.

Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) has been found in Oceania, Africa, Asia and Europe, but the virus has not yet been detected in India. Here we are reporting the detection of BFDV in exotic rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus) in India. In the phylogenetic analysis, India's witnessed BFDV complete genome, replication (Rep) and capsid (Cap) sequences were displayed close to previously reported T. haematodus infecting BFDV from Australia. Further, we observed that the Indian and exotic Psittaciformes except T. haematodus housed together with the BFDV infected rainbow lorikeets did not display clinical signs and were negative for 4-month genome detection. This observation raised the suspicion that BFDV could cause host-specific infections. In addition, our phylogenetic analysis using 361 BFDV complete genome sequences from various bird species revealed that they were mainly grouped according to the specific species. Likewise, similarity plot analysis shows that the BFDV complete genome sequences found in T. haematodus are significantly different in areas such as the origin of Rep, the intergenic region between the 3' ends of the Rep and capsid (Cap) genes, and the Cap gene, compared to the BFDVs found in other birds. Furthermore, the BFDV-host coevolution analysis clarifies that the TimeTree of the evolution of various Psittaciformes bird species is the coevolution of the BFDV complete genome/Rep gene/Rep protein/Cap gene/Cap protein sequences found in the respective bird species. To our best knowledge, it is essential to note that no research has yet provided conclusive scientific evidence or experimental evidence that BFDVs detected from Trichoglossus sp. can infect other bird species. Therefore, it can be expected that the BFDVs found in the exotic bird in India will not infect Indian Psittaciformes. However, we hope that large-scale surveillance of BFDV in Indian birds will help determine the BFDV genome present in Indian birds and take further action.

Prevalence of Endoparasites and Ectoparasites in Pet Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) of Gujarat, India

Disease investigations in free-living and captive birds play crucial role in strategic planning for theirconservation by generating database on existing prevalence and spread of diseases. Most of the nativeIndian birds are not allowed to be kept as pets due to the legal protection which has been provided to themunder different legislations. This step has diverted bird-lovers to keep different types of exotic (i.e., non-native)birds as in-house pets. Out of all exotic birds, Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) is one of the mostcommon pet birds which are kept as in-house companions in urban as well as rural areas of India. Thesebirds have close proximity to humans (keepers, zoo-keepers, sellers, owners and veterinary practitionerswhile handling); however, the details pertaining to existing status of diseases (e.g., infectious, non-infectiousand zoonotic diseases) of Budgerigar population in India are sparse. Therefore, a study was undertaken todetermine prevalence of endoparasites and ectoparasites in Budgerigars kept by owners and sellers atdifferent places in Gujarat (India). Ascaridia spp., Capillariaspp., Strongyle spp., Eimeria spp. and OtherCoccidia were identified as common endoparasites/protozoa while Knemidocoptes spp. (mite), Sideroferuslunula (feather mite) and Heteromenopon spp. (lice) were identified as common ectoparasites in the screenedpopulation of Budgerigars. The prevalence rates varied among birds kept by owners and sellers whichwere correlated with various managemental aspects. The data generated through the study will provideinformation on existing endo- and ectoparasites of Budgerigars which will be beneficial to understandepidemiological aspects. Similar investigations involving wider geographic locations can be encouraged togenerate strategies for disease prevention and treatment.

Virginia Woolf Writes Empire and Extinction

Feather fashions were the subject of heated debate between the 1860s and 1920s, with feather-wearing women held largely accountable by anti-plumage trade campaigners for the decimation of exotic bird species. The UK Plumage (Prohibition) Bill of 1920, which sought to ban the importation of feathers used in women’s fashion, was the subject of Woolf’s “earliest feminist

Notes on Contributors

Other| September 01 2022 Notes on Contributors Common Knowledge (2022) 28 (3): 467–470. https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754X-10046781 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Notes on Contributors. Common Knowledge 1 September 2022; 28 (3): 467–470. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754X-10046781 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsCommon Knowledge Search Advanced Search Barry Allen, Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University and a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, is the author of Empiricisms: Experience and Experiment from Antiquity to the Anthropocene; Truth in Philosophy; Knowledge and Civilization; Art and Technology in Human Experience; Knowledge in Chinese Tradition; and Striking Beauty: A Philosophical Look at the Asian Martial Arts.Yuri Andrukhovych has received the Erich-Maria Remarque Peace Prize, the Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding, the Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thought, the Angelus Central European Literary Award, the Vilenica International Literary Prize, the Herder Prize, and the Goethe Medal. His books include poetry collections (The Sky and Squares; Downtown; Exotic Birds and Plants; Songs for a Dead Rooster), novels (Recreations; The Moscoviad; Perverzion; Twelve Rings; Lovers of Justice; The Secret),... You do not currently have access to this content.

Opinions and knowledge of veterinary students relating to exotic non-mammal pet animals and their welfare

This study aimed to identify the opinions and knowledge of Croatian veterinarians-to-be relating to exotic pet birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, and their welfare. A total of 589 (87%) veterinary students from all six years of the integrated undergraduate and graduate study programme were surveyed in the 2019-2020 academic year. Student opinions and knowledge were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale and the following statements: the level of cognition, sentience and welfare compromise in pet animals observed; the importance of biological functioning, emotional states and natural living for their welfare; their acceptability as pets and owner awareness; the level of risk posed by these pet animals to other animals, public health and safety, and the environment; and the level of knowledge students considered themselves to have about their feeding, housing, health and behaviour. Students provided neutral responses to or disagreement with most of the statements, in particular for animals other than birds, with no significant differences between study years. Accordingly, the study results point to the need for additional student education on exotic non-mammal pets, and can serve for the upgrading of the veterinary curriculum in the field, having implications not only for the welfare of these animals but also for other animals, public health and safety, and environmental protection.

TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES FOR KAZAKHSTAN ON THE GREAT SILK ROAD

Kazakhstan is a big country in central Asia. The Great Silk Road is one of the reasons people must visit the country because Kazakhstan was one of the key countries that participated in it. Nowadays, the history comes back again and the country is planning to become a destination that will be home for international and domestic tourists. Astana intends to invest $10 billion, $6 billion of which will come from private investors, and the country’s tourism planners hope that it will help to develop its tourism sector by 2020. For centuries, crowds of people speaking diverse languages filled the bazaars of Asia, and long caravans crept along dusty roads carrying precious gems and silks, spices and dyes, gold and silver, and exotic birds and animals to Europe. Yet the Silk Road was to become not only a great trade route but the melting pot of two very different civilizations; those of the East and the West, with their specific cultural traditions, religious beliefs, and scientific and technical achievements. Central Asia, situated between China and India in the east, bordering on the European world in the west, spreading between the Volga and Siberia in the north, and between Persia and Arabia in the south, for almost two thousand years stood at the crossroads ofthe world’s great civilizations and cultures.

Phylodynamic and phylogeographic reconstruction of beak and feather disease virus epidemiology and its implications for the international exotic bird trade.

Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infects domestic and wild psittacine species and is able to cause progressive beak, claw and feather malformation and necrosis. In addition to having an impact on the health and welfare of domesticated birds, BFDV represents a significant threat to wild endangered species. Understanding the epidemiology, dynamics, viral migration rate, interaction between wild and domestic animals and the effect of implemented control strategies is fundamental in controlling the spread of the disease. With this in mind, a phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis has been performed on a database of more than 400 replication-associated protein (Rep) gene (ORF1) sequences downloaded from Genbank including some recently generated sequences from fifteen samples collected in Namibia. The results allowed us to reconstruct the variation of viral population size and demonstrated the effect of enforced international bans on these dynamics. A good correlation was found between viral migration rate and the intensity of animal trade between regions over time. A dominant flux of viral strains was observed from wild to domestic populations, highlighting the directionality of viral transmission and the risk associated with the capturing and trade of wild birds. Nevertheless, the flow of viruses from domestic to wild species was not negligible and should be considered as a threat to biodiversity. Therefore, considering the strong relationship demonstrated in this study between animal trade and BFDV viral fluxes more effort should be made to prevent contact opportunities between wild and domestic populations from different countries in order to control disease spread.

Antibacterial treatment for exotic species, backyard ruminants and small flocks: a narrative review highlighting barriers to effective and appropriate antimicrobial treatment

Antimicrobial resistance is a complex One Health issue that exists in both human and veterinary medicine. To mitigate this ever-growing problem, efforts have been made to develop guidelines for appropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) across sectors. In veterinary medicine, there are notable literature gaps for proper AMU in minor species. We conducted a structured narrative review covering the years of July 2006 – July 2021 to find antimicrobial treatments for common bacterial infections in exotic (birds, rodents, reptiles, and others), small flock (chickens, turkeys, and other fowl), and backyard small ruminant (sheep and goats) species. We retrieved a total of 4728 articles, of which 21 articles met the criteria for our review. Studies were grouped according to species, syndrome, and body system affected. Other data extracted included the bacterial pathogen(s), treatment (active ingredient), and geographical origin. Body systems reported included: intra-oral (n = 4), gastrointestinal (n = 1), respiratory (n = 2), reproductive (n = 1), skin (n = 3), aural (n = 1), ocular (n = 4), and other/multisystem (n = 5). By species, our search resulted in: rabbit (n = 5), rat (n = 2), guinea pig (n = 1), chinchilla (n = 1), guinea pig and chinchilla (n = 1), avian species (n = 1), psittacine birds (n = 2), loris and lorikeets (n = 1), turtles (n = 2), lizards (n = 1), goats (n = 2) and sheep (n = 2). The results of our findings identified a distinct gap in consistent antimicrobial treatment information for commonly encountered bacterial conditions within these species. There is a persisting need for clinical trials that focus on antibacterial treatment to strengthen the evidence base for AMU within exotic, small flock, and backyard small ruminant species.

Seed Dispersal by an Invasive Exotic Bird in Europe

Native birds play a critical role in seed dispersal. The introduction of a new species may result in unpredictable effects on an ecosystem, namely in terms of seed dispersal. The Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea is a frugivorous species native to Asia, whose potential role as seed disperser has not yet been analysed in its introduced range in Europe. We compared the role of Leiothrix with that of Eurasian Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla and European Robin Erithacus rubecula, which are among the native species with seed dispersal roles in Europe. We compared seed expelling behaviour among species (defecation or regurgitation of seeds), which can potentially shape seed dispersal, depending on whether the seeds germinate following expulsion. Field work was conducted in Central Portugal between November 2014 and January 2015 and included bird captures to collect faecal samples, followed by faecal analysis to check for the presence of seeds. We also surveyed plant species abundance and fruit availability in the study site. The feeding and seed defecation behaviour of Leiothrix closely matched that of Robins, as most individuals of both species consumed fruits without ingesting seeds and their faeces mainly contained plant material and few seeds. On the contrary, more than half of Blackcap faeces contained seeds. All three species ate similar plant species. Although Leiothrix faeces indicate that this species primarily eats fruits without ingesting seeds; a small fraction of faeces samples (c. 13%) contained seeds. Our results suggest that Leiothrix has low potential to be a seed disperser in Central Portugal and probably elsewhere.

A Proposed Safari Park in a Subtropical Forest in Northeastern Bangladesh Will Be Detrimental to Native Biodiversity

Biodiversity in tropical and subtropical forests are at high risk of decline due to rapid anthropogenic development. Planned activities that potentially benefit communities near forests are often undertaken at the expense of forest biodiversity. Recently, the Government of Bangladesh released plans to develop a safari park in Lathitila forest in northeastern Bangladesh. This mixed evergreen, stream-fed, trans-border forest harbors 26 globally threatened species. The proposed plan aims to bring several exotic game animals such as the lion (Panthera leo), spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and cheetah (Acionyx jubatus) to be maintained in captivity. Additionally, exotic bird aviaries, gardens, a dolphinarium, a marine aquarium exhibit, and a carp pond have been proposed for construction. Here, we (i) summarize some of the key attributes of safari parks and the misconceptions associated with them; (ii) highlight some of the planned development activities of the proposed safari park; (ii) list the threatened species found in the area, and (iii) explain why establishing a park in the area would be detrimental the region’s biodiversity. We urge the government to abandon the plans to develop a safari park and suggest that the area be brought under formal protection for the benefit of biodiversity conservation.

Urban noise and surrounding city morphology influence green space occupancy by native birds in a Mediterranean-type South American metropolis

Urban green spaces provide natural habitat for birds in urban landscapes, yet the effects of noise and surrounding urban morphology on bird community structure and distribution are not well understood in Latin America, the second most urbanized region in the world. Santiago of Chile is the single city belonging to the Mediterranean ecosystem in South America and is subject to extensive urbanization as seen throughout Latin America. We examined the role of 65 urban green spaces—6 large urban parks (PAR) and 59 small green spaces (SGS)—in harboring native birds during winter 2019, analyzing the quality of green areas in terms of vegetation (i.e. NDVI, native vegetation, and tree cover), exotic bird species, noise levels, and surrounding urban morphology (i.e. building height and cover). Significantly higher noise levels were detected in SGS, along with significantly greater exotic bird (n = 4) richness and abundance than PAR, which possessed significantly greater native bird (n = 25) richness and abundance. Native birds were more abundant than exotic birds in green spaces with average noise levels < 52 dB and average NDVI > 0.5. Occupancy models indicate that green space occupancy by 50% of modeled native bird species was influenced by maximum noise levels, playing a larger role than vegetation (30%) and urban morphology (0%). We stress the importance of developing networks of large green spaces in rapidly urbanizing regions, with abundant tree cover, surrounded by smaller urban morphology, and regulating noise levels to ensure the conservation of native bird communities in cities, particularly those that are threatened.

Cassowary, Ostrich, Rhea: Questions and Suggestions Related to the ema in Portuguese and Chinese Texts of the 16th and 17th Centuries

China imported various kinds of exotic birds from Southeast Asia. Among the names for such birds one finds the combinations huoji and ema / nima. Most scholars think they stand for cassowaries. The name ema (plus similar forms) also appears in early Portuguese texts where it sometimes refers to the ostrich and the rhea. The present article discusses several references to the ema in these sources, as well as in the Sino-Jesuit context. It offers some suggestions concerning the circulation of that term from or via Southeast to China and Macau. This may have involved the port of Patani on the Malayan Peninsula. However, the precise origin of the term and many other points remain open issues.

Trends in bird counts 1978–2020 in a New Zealand Nothofagus forest with variable control of mammalian predators

Many New Zealand native bird species are threatened by introduced mammalian predators, and pest management programs are common in the country. Despite that, measuring the efficacy of such programs is often limited by resources, and thus the long-term population status of many native birds is not well documented. Here, we examined long-term population trends of forest bird species and changes in the bird community structure at Craigieburn Forest Park, where there was intermittent control of stoats (<em>Mustela erminea</em>). We analyzed 10,938 5-min bird point counts covering the periods 1978–1982, 1999–2004, and 2019–2020 in an old-growth <em>Nothofagus</em> (southern beech) forest. We assessed trends over time in the counts of each bird species with season, elevation, and site as co-variables. We also tested for a relationship with variable seed crops of the mast-seeding canopy tree, <em>N. solandri</em> var. <em>cliffortioides</em>. Bellbird (<em>Anthornis melanura</em>) was the only native species showing a continuous increase over time. In the first 25 years of the study, stoat control was intermittent, and more native birds decreased than increased. In later years, stoat control was continuous, and more native species increased than decreased. Large <em>Nothofagus</em> seed crops were associated with significant increases in all six exotic bird species tested, but only one of nine native bird species. These findings suggest that long-term trends of bird populations are influenced by the interactions of species vulnerability to stoat predation and the consistency of pest control efforts. Unfortunately, ship rats (<em>Rattus rattus</em>), which were absent at Craigieburn before 2010, are now common and may pose a new threat to native birds. Our results show that systematic long-term bird and seedfall monitoring, including careful archiving of sampling information, is helpful to guide conservation of the remaining native birds of New Zealand.

Hunting of Birds in the Dutch East Indies for the 19-20 Century Fashion Industry

The exploitation of the natural environment that occurred in the Dutch East Indies could not be separated from the influence of trade factors and the arrival of foreign nations. As happened to cloves in Maluku, nutmeg in Banda, sandalwood in Nusa Tenggara, teak in Java and birds of paradise in Irian. This hunt was influenced by the growth of the fashion industry in Europe and America which used fur as decoration on women's coats or hats at that time. The boom in demand for the feathers of these exotic birds reached its peak in the late 19th century. On the other hand, the concern about hunting, which is considered to be increasing over time, has caused reactions from various circles to produce several policies to suppress animal hunting that can lead to extinction.