Exit Door Research Articles

Smart Cart with Automatic Billing, Product Information, Product Recommendation Using RFID & Zigbee with Anti-Theft

A supermarket is a place where customers come to purchase their daily using products and pay for that. So there is a need to calculate how many products sold and generate the bill for the customer. When we go to shopping mart for shopping, we have to work for selecting the right product. Also, after that, it is hectic to stand in line for billing all the goods. Hence, we are proposing to develop a smart shopping cart system that will keep the track of purchased products and also online transaction for billing using RFID and ZigBee. The system will also give suggestions for products to buy based on user purchase history from a centralized system. In this system, every product in Mart will have RFID tag, and every cart will be having RFID Reader and ZigBee attached to it. There will be a centralized system for the recommendation and online transaction. Moreover, also there will be RFID reader at the exit door for anti-theft.

Emergency Exit Guidance for U.S. Highway Tunnels

This research project focused on determining effective messages for encouraging drivers to leave their vehicles and evacuate a tunnel on foot, determining sign and marking formats that most effectively lead people to emergency tunnel exits, and determining the most visible sign and marking materials and technologies for use in highway tunnel environments. Focus groups were conducted to explore potential evacuation messages and delivery methods. Next, a simulated tunnel environment was used to test driver responses to emergency messages and visibility and comprehension of selected emergency exit signs and markings, including the running man symbol prescribed in the ISO 7010 guidelines. The study results highlighted the importance of providing information and instructions to drivers in the event that their vehicles are trapped by an in-tunnel incident. Results also indicated that the running man symbol was correctly or partially understood to indicate an exit by a majority of participants and that a directional sign with the symbol, the word “EXIT,” a directional arrow, and the distance in feet was correctly understood by virtually all participants. Flashing and strobing pathway lighting and audio beacons that indicate the position of exit doors were also favored by test participants. Visibility distances of tested internally illuminated signs were somewhat longer than those of tested photoluminescent signs; visibility for all sign technologies dropped sharply when viewed through smoke.

Selfishness- and Selflessness-based models of pedestrian room evacuation

Some pedestrian evacuation studies have employed game strategy to deal with moving conflicts involving two or three pedestrians. However, most of these have simply presented game strategies for pedestrians without analyzing the reasons why they choose to defect or cooperate. We believe that selfish and selfless behaviors are two main factors that should be considered in evacuation. In addition to these behaviors, human emotions such as sympathy and behaviors such as vying were also taken into account to investigate their impacts on pedestrians’ strategies. Moreover, an essential objective factor, the building design factor of door width was tested and analyzed. Experimental results showed that the sense of self leads to more defectors and a longer evacuation time. However, sympathy does some good, leading to more cooperators and a shorter evacuation time. Moreover, the exit door width is an essential factor of the evacuation efficiency. When the width was less than 6 cells in a rectangular room with a size greater than 50 × 50, the evacuation time greatly decreased when the width increased. However, this effect was less obvious when the width increased.

An integrated fire safety assessment of a student housing facility

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated approach to fire safety assessment, through combining the outcomes of a checklist tailored to the requirements of the International Building Code (IBC), and an evacuation simulation tool (EVACNET4), applied to a student housing facility as case study. Design/methodology/approach – The authors reviewed relevant literature and previous studies pertaining to fire safety assessment and management. An assessment checklist was developed according to the requirements of the IBC. EVACNET4 simulation tool was utilized to model the evacuation of the facility under review. The results derived from the aforementioned steps were correlated to identify potential corroborating or conflicting issues pertaining to the safe evacuation of building occupants in the occurrence of a fire incident. Findings – Fire safety provisions were found to be adequate, and the building can be evacuated safely in about 190 seconds, should a fire occur. The architectural design aspects of the exit doors which might cause potential bottlenecks were identified. Originality/value – A completely fire safe building does not exist, and thus more integrative approaches to fire safety assessment and management will reduce to the least extent possible fire risks. A holistic fire safety management of campus housing is of paramount interest to the campus community, and the building industry at large.

Indoor Spatial Model and Accessibility Index for Emergency Evacuation of People with Disabilities

AbstractAlthough indoor emergency evacuation drills, simulations, and plans are addressed and well covered in literature, little attention is currently paid to the evacuation of people with disabilities (PWD). Routing is a major process in all indoor emergency evacuations, simulations, and plans. Current indoor emergency evacuation routing algorithms find the shortest path or attempt to balance the traffic on exit doors. However, accessibility is more important than travel distance during the emergency evacuation of PWD. A spatial model, an accessibility index assigned to appropriate elements in the spatial model, and a way-finding technique are the major requirements of such routing. Existing spatial models of buildings are general purpose, fall short of efficiently and effectively handling emergency evacuations, and do not take into account the requirements of PWD. This paper proposes a spatial model for indoors which is specifically developed for the routing requirements of PWD during emergency evacuat...

A Hybrid Approach for Cross-Docking Scheduling

Background/Objectives: Cross-docking is an innovative logistical strategy, which means discharging the cargos from in-bound trucks into the warehouse directly and saved automatically. This article investigates the scheduling of a distribution system consisting of suppliers, cross-docks and the ultimate destinations. The aim of analyzing this problem is presenting a scheduling model so that lateness, earliness and holding costs will be minimized. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Restrictions are applied on the number of arrival and exit doors, departure time, release time, earliness, lateness, and the required space for discharging. Since the offered model is NP-Hard and highly complicated, the hybrid form of firefly and genetic algorithms is applied to solve the model. Results: Tuning the parameters performed and several numerical examples shows the appliance of this model. Comparisons via ANOVA and interval plot show that hybrid form can act better than GA and FF in large sizes. Conclusion/Application: The innovation of this article is thanks to its model type and solution method.

De Bolsa Esmola à Constituição Federal: o Programa Bolsa Família no jornal <i>O Estado de São Paulo</i> (2003-2013)

The article aims to present the results of a study carried out with selected copies of the newspaper O Estado de Sao Paulo [The State of Sao Paulo] from 2003 to 2013 in order to understand how the Family Grant Program (Programa Bolsa Familia) – a federal conditioned cash transfer program created in 2003 – was presented in a major newspaper during its first 10 years. For the execution of the research, 60 copies of the newspaper O Estado de Sao Paulo were read, selected in September and October 2003, October 2008, and October 2013. Of this set, 27 articles that directly mention the PBF were selected, which constitute the corpus of the presented study. The choice of studied periods aimed to analyze the articles on PBF in the year of its launching, five and ten years later. Throughout these ten years, changes as to how the program was portrayed by the newspaper can be noticed, especially regarding the so-called exit doors. In 2003, articles were found calling attention to the matter of the “exit doors” and treated the PBF as “Charity Grant”, due to the fact that its design does not require a maximum period of permanence in the Program. Such criticism cooled down throughout the years, to the point that in 2013 the main opposition candidate for the presidency has proposed to constitutionalize the benefit, which was also seen as a positive force to the reelection campaign of the president Dilma Rousseff. Keywords: public policies, cash transferprogram, education, O Estado de Sao Paulo newspaper.

Lay DSM Guide Describes Trauma, Dissociative, Somatic Disorders

Lay <i>DSM</i> Guide Describes Trauma, Dissociative, Somatic Disorders

The Poet and His Anima

one morning on my way to class, I saw poster on the wall of the elevator inviting all students who resided in the Three Towers Residence to free BZZR GARDEN to be held in the common lounge the following Friday, starting at 6:oo p.m. In time I would come to learn that the expressions bzzr and a certain amber fluid meant beer, and that they were used by students on posters and in advertisements in the student newspaper to get around the Canadian liquor laws which prohibited the advertising of alcoholic beverages. I had never attended beer garden before. Indeed I had never put the words 'beer' and 'garden together, and I had to admit that their meeting created the kind of poetry which is supposed to happen when such an unusual conjunction takes place. A garden seems wonderful place in which to enjoy beer, except that our lounge was no garden, unless you wanted to use your imagination and convert the few potted plants that were there into one. I decided that I would attend this beer garden to see what it was about.When it was close to six that Friday evening, two of my Canadian neighbours knocked on my door and said it was time to go down to the free beer garden. I joined them and we took the elevator down. It was the first time in my life that I was using an elevator several times each day, and I was learning the behaviour code. You stand quietly and pretend not to notice anyone as you keep your eyes focused on the changing numbers of the floors as you pass them. On the ground floor, we left the vehicle in slow orderly fashion, not in the competitive rush to get out that you would find in my country. Then my Canadian neighbours and I, in the company of the other students who had just filled the elevator, walked through the glass-walled corridor that linked our West Tower to the other two, being careful to open and politely hold the two swing doors which enclosed the exit area to the car park but kept the cold out when the exit door was opened.When I got to the lounge, I saw sea of white faces in front of me. The residence accommodated over thousand students, and it seemed as if nearly everyone had accepted the administration's invitation. Bodies filled the sunken television lounge and all the surrounding areas, including the main lounge in front of the reception counter, the space between the deli and the bistro, and the walkways to the other two towers. My neighbours led the way to the room on the left where the beer was being served. I followed their example and chose Labatt Blue, very fine tasting beer, but I didn't think it was quite as good as our Jamaican Red Stripe.I returned to the lounge and noticed that I was now alone. My Canadian neighbours had probably linked up with classmates and friends and had forgotten that I was with them. I was thousands of miles away from home, as the plane flies, and new student at university where I knew no one. This was supposed to be 'mixer' - I soon learned the term - but I didn't see any mixing going on. People stood and talked in the little groups with which they had come, or, like me, stood quietly by themselves and watched the big crowd. I wasn't comfortable where I stood, for there was constant flow of bodies in and out of the beer room, and I had to keep adjusting to the constantly changing demographics of the spot. I didn't see any other spot where I felt I might be more comfortable. I began wondering what the hell I was doing there in that big, strange country, and in that sea of unfriendly bodies. I could have been reading quietly in my room.Then I turned and saw her face. She was stunning dark-complexioned Oriental woman with shoulder-length hair. There was such classic harmony in her features it made my heart sing. She was standing on the far side, to my left, in the back row near the corner of the walkway to the North Tower, with her back against the wall of letter boxes. I found myself staring at her as if hypnotised. …

Forensic Engineering Analysis of Dynamic Forces Created by Pedestrians Impacting Plate Glass at Different Speeds

This paper examines the effect of a pedestrian inadvertently impacting a glass panel adjacent to a glass exit door. The glass panel was full length and unmarked, violating the local building code and building commissioner directives. The defense argued that the old building code, to which the college building was constructed, was “grandfathered” and there was no violation. Initial witness and plaintiff statements indicated that the plaintiff was running when he struck the panel, which shattered and caused the plaintiff to incur injuries. The plaintiff testified later, in deposition, that he was walking when he struck the glass. The court needed to establish liability percentage, which is common in civil cases, and it was necessary to determine at what pedestrian impact speed the glass panel would break. The analysis used Timoshenko’s theory of vibration plates, Roark’s stress strain formulas, ergonomics, and human factors to estimate the impact load and stresses on the glass panel that caused failure.

The Liberal Democrats and the Coalition: Driven to the Edge of Europe

AbstractWhen the Liberal Democrats joined the Coalition government in May 2010, there was an expectation that they would have a restraining effect on the Conservatives, particularly in the area of European politics. But after almost five years as the junior party in the Coalition, the Liberal Democrats struggle to demonstrate their influence over the government's approach to Europe. Not only did they let the Conservatives lead the Coalition's European agenda, but they will be forever associated with the government that brought the UK closer to the exit door of the European Union. The article argues that this outcome is the result of a series of avoidable if surprising mistakes, such as the choice of ministerial portfolios and the party's attitude to the Coalition's monitoring mechanisms, as well as some unavoidable mistakes that could have not been foreseen when the Coalition was formed.

단방향 이동식 복도 공간에서의 보행자 군집 이동특성 분석

The purpose of this study is to draw for characteristics of crowd movement in a corridor. Generally, a corridor determines the number of floating population who moves to other places. Therefore, to solve the congestion caused by specific area such as exit door, the study of crowd movement in corridor is needed. In this study, to inquire the relationship between the number of participant with crowd, density and flow, a full-scale experiment has been done in acorridor which has 1.2m width. The result was that crowd speed decreased as increasing the number of participants. For that crowd speed, the head-participant speed in front of crowd was predominated for crowd speed. Also the modified equation for crowd density-crowd speed suggested through measured crowd density and speed.

Introduction: InterpretingBritishEuropean Policy

AbstractBritain has had particular problems reconciling itself to the idea of being a ‘European’ actor and a wholehearted member of theEEC/EUsince 1973. Now, potentially, the ‘awkward partner’ is edging towards the exit door of theEUbecause a membership a referendum gauging the opinion of a sullenly Eurosceptical UK public is a likely prospect in the coming years. The aim of this special issue ofJCMSis to consider how one can account for the present state of affairs by adopting an interpretivist perspective onBritishEuropean policy over the past four decades. The article begins with a comprehensive review of the extant literature onBritain andEurope and an elaboration of the ‘traditions and dilemmas’ framework within which the contributors have studied the empirical material in their articles. It then explains the major themes that connect the articles and suggests how future research might build on the agenda proposed in this special issue.

Interpreting the Outsider Tradition inBritishEuropean Policy Speeches fromThatcher toCameron

AbstractThis article investigates howBritishEuropean policy thinking has been informed by what it identifies as an ‘outsider’ tradition of thinking about ‘Europe’ inBritish foreign policy dating from imperial times to the present. The article begins by delineating five phases in the evolution of the outsider tradition back to 1815 through a survey of the relevant historiography. The article then examines how prime ministers fromMargaretThatcher toDavidCameron have looked to various inflections of the outsider tradition to inform theirEuropean discourses. The focus in the speech data sections is onBritish identity, history and the realist appreciation of international politics that informed the leaders' suggestions forEEC/EUreform. The central argument is that historically informed narratives such as those making up the outsider tradition do not determine opinion‐formers' outlooks, but that they can be deeply impervious to rapid change. We can therefore understand why Britain has come to hover near the EU exit door because British leaders have consistently drawn upon ‘outsider’ narratives as the organizing frame for their European policy discourses.

Faster-is-slower effect in escaping ants revisited: Ants do not behave like humans

In this work we studied the trajectories, velocities and densities of ants when egressing under controlled levels of stress produced by a chemical repellent at different concentrations. We found that, unlike other animals escaping under life-and-death conditions and pedestrian simulations, ants do not produce a higher density zone near the exit door. Instead, ants are uniformly distributed over the available space allowing for efficient evacuations. Consequently, the faster-is-slower effect observed in ants (Soria et al., 2012) is clearly of a different nature to that predicted by de social force model. In the case of ants, the minimum evacuation time is correlated with the lower probability of taking backward steps. Thus, as biological model ants have important differences that make their use inadvisable for the design of human facilities.

Study of Prevention and Control on Fire Safe Evacuation in a Large Public Places

This paper USES the probability analysis method, Markov model to predict fire personnel safety evacuation design rationality in public places. In a large public fire safety evacuation for example is analyzed, the results showed that: Markov model can be scientific, accurate and effective to predict the export flow density of the extreme cases within the limited time and emergency exit door set minimum traffic. In order to ensure the fire after the personnel to evacuate to the safe zone within the time allowed.

Acesso à justiça: um direito e seus obstáculos

O texto tem por objetivo propor uma reflexão sobre o direito de acesso à justiça e sobre as dificuldades para a sua realização. A exposição parte do princípio de que o direito de acesso à justiça implica que se considerem ao menos três etapas distintas e interligadas: o ingresso visando à obtenção de um direito, os caminhos posteriores à entrada e, finalmente, a saída. Nesse sentido, o direito de acesso à justiça só se efetiva quando a porta de entrada permite que se vislumbre e se alcance a porta de saída em um período de tempo razoável. A morosidade na solução dos conflitos é um importante entrave para alcançar a porta de saída e, em decorrência, para a realização do acesso à justiça.

Safety Issues in Building Design to Cope with Extreme Events: Case Study of an Evacuation Process

AbstractImprovements in building construction and services need to be supported by an efficient building layout design based on the interrelations of functions in the building, circulation, and occupant characteristics to mitigate the impacts of extreme events on people. Current building codes, standards, and regulations are of a static type, giving typical measurements of surface areas and dimensions based on either the number of occupants using a space or the objects to be housed within it. Building design requires support from dynamic data that reflect the interactions of people with the building space and other people. This paper summarizes the building design issues associated with emergencies and presents a case study conducted to capture dynamic data during a building evacuation process. The results of the case studies in this research showed that distance and familiarity with the exits were the two most significant factors in exit preference, and there is not an equally balanced use of exit doors ...

The Etruscans and the Mediterranean : The City of Cerveteri

On December 5, 2013, an impressive exhibition opened at the Musée du Louvre-Lens, “the other Louvre,” that surely will appeal to anyone interested in terracotta sculpture, as well as to anyone interested in the cultures and civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean. The Etruscans and the Mediterranean : The City of Cerveteri presents a history of the city that is largely based on new results obtained from recent excavations at the site, within which objects from major historical collections are viewed. A product of a collaboration between the Musée du Louvre, the CNR - Istituto di studi sul Mediterraneo Antico, Rome, the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale, and the Museo Nazionale Cerite, this exhibition comprises many works that have never been seen together that document with extraordinary clarity the changing values and customs of this important Etruscan city over the course of some 500 years. This is the third major exhibition organized by the Musée du Louvre this past year for its satellite museum at Lens in north-eastern France that opened a little more than a year ago, in December 2012. Built over a wasteland that was once home to the coal mining industry of Lens, the Louvre-Lens, a large, modernist structure with minimalist gardens, is expected to help revitalize the economy of the area that entered a depression with the collapse of the coal mining industry of France in the mid-20th century. An installation over the exit doors of the museum of large, vintage photographs of coal miners presented in a continuous loop is a touching reminder of the difficult and dangerous occupations that sustained this region of France for more than 150 years. Nor can one ignore the enormous pyramids of coal wasters that can be seen from the large windows of the museum that now have the status of national monuments.

Appraisement Study on People Safety Evacuation in Large Scale Communal Building during Fire

Fire danger degree of large public buildings is very high, difficulty to evacuation. Designed of fire evacuation is the most important factor when the safety degree of a large scale communal building is evaluated. Based on probabilistic analysis method - Markov model to predict public building fire evacuation rational design. Taking a large public places fire safety evacuation example case study, the results showed that: Markov model can scientifically and accurately, effectively predict extreme cases limited time traffic density, and each exit door emergency escape set a minimum flow of people. To ensure that the fire occurred within the time allowed people to evacuate to a safe area provides a theoretical basis.