Existing Diesel Generator Research Articles

INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF THE POWER HOUSE OF A PALM OIL MILL

The new regulations of the Department of Environment (DOE) have created the need to increase the power generated at the mill. According to the Clean Air Regulations 2014, the boiler emission levels for existing mills must be less than 150 mg per m3 of particulate matters in the flue gases by 2019. For the mills which are located close to population centres, such as in Sandakan, Sabah, the treated POME (palm oil mill effluent) at the final discharge must be below 20 ppm (parts per million) in biological oxygen demand (BOD). In addition, the treated POME must be used for land application. The DOE regulations have created operational problem for the existing mill as additional power is now required by the mill to operate the boiler emission control and monitoring devices to operate the POME polishing plant and to pump the treated POME for use in land application. Technology and literature reviews were carried out on the use of palm oil mill wastes for power generation, on boiler design and emission reduction and on turbine design and power generated. Four technology options for increasing the capacity of a 45 tph (ton per hour) mill powerhouse from 1.2 MW to 1.8 MW were developed and evaluated. Option 1 is to use the existing boiler and installing a new 1.8 MW multi-stage turbine. Option 2 is to install a new 1.8 MW backpressure turbine and a new 50-tonne per hour biomass boiler. Option 3 is to use the existing boiler and turbine and connect the mill power system to the national grid to top up the required power. Option 4 is to generate the additional power using the existing diesel generator sets (200 kW and 400 kW). Financial cash flow analyses and sensitivity analyses were carried out on the four technology options. The most feasible technology option to increase the capacity of the mill power house from 1.2 MW to 1.8 MW is to use the existing boiler with the new 1. 8 MW multiple stage turbine. Keywords: Power generation, review, biomass boiler, turbine, empty fruit bunches, POME.

A hybrid PV-battery/diesel electricity supply on Peucang island: an economic evaluation

Renewable energy technologies are currently under a dynamic cost development. This case holds especially for solar technology that has reached price levels that were unimaginable until a short time ago. It also holds for battery technologies the application of which is related to the increasing usage of photovoltaic energy converters and the growing interest in electric vehicles. With the decreasing prices more and more possible application cases of renewable energy technologies become economically viable. A case study was done for a location on a small island located on the west tip of Java. The levelized electricity cost of a hybrid electricity supply system composed of a solar generator and battery in combination with the existing diesel generators was compared to the electricity generation cost of the existing system. Two different battery options were taken into account, lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries. The results of this study can give a rough orientation also for other locations with similar characteristics.

Photovoltaic-Diesel Hybrid System How to Adapt to Real Site Conditions?

<p>Integrating the diesel generator with photovoltaic arrays, so called PV-Diesel Hybrid System, have several advantages such as reducing daily operation hour of diesel generator while servicing to the clients increase and the diesel engine is always running on its best efficiencies. However it is required the best system design that complies with the real site conditions which is very different from site to site. The differences are not only the incoming solar radiation but also, the availability of open land for locating the arrays, the conditions of existing diesel engine, and load profile. <br />The goal of the PV-diesel hybrid system is reducing the diesel operation hours but delivering the electricity for 24 hours to the customers. Enough information of site conditions will guide to proper design of PV-diesel hybrid system. The paper will elaborate the design of PV-diesel hybrid system and how to apply for certain site condition with the existing diesel generator.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Photovoltaic, Diesel, Hybrid System </p>

Techno‐economic analysis of standalone hybrid energy systems to run auxiliaries of a cement plant located in Jamul, Chhattisgarh, India

This article proposes an optimal hybrid renewable energy system for auxiliaries of a cement plant located in Jamul, Chhattisgarh, India. Presently, the auxiliaries along with other loads are supplied electricity by coal based captive thermal power plant. The auxiliaries need to run without break. But, due to frequent failure of captive thermal power plant and also higher pollutant emissions, an optimal alternative system which comprises renewable source and existing diesel generator unit, was required to be proposed. For this, a comparative study is carried out by using HOMER software, among photo voltaic (PV)‐wind‐diesel‐battery (PWDB), PV‐diesel‐battery (PDB), and diesel‐only system. These systems are compared with one another considering total net present cost (NPC), pollutant emissions and cost of energy (COE). The required system constraints are taken to be zero maximum annual capacity shortage with a limit on the consumption of diesel and minimum renewable fraction equal to 800,000 L yr−1 and 30%, respectively. The study results show that PV‐wind‐diesel‐battery system has lowest NPC and COE and reduction in CO2 emissions are 11569.695 tons yr−1 compared to existing system emissions. Moreover, in this lowest NPC PV‐wind‐diesel‐battery system, the effect of using natural gas (NG), fuel oil (FO), and biodiesel (BD) in place of petroleum diesel is also studied in terms of variations of cost parameters and reductions in pollutant emissions. It is found that replacement of petroleum diesel with biodiesel results in further highest decrease in NPC, COE and pollutant emissions compared to other fuels. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 221–229, 2016

Rural electrification options in the Brazilian Amazon: A multi-criteria analysis

Worldwide, approximately 1.2billion people still lack access to electricity. Recognized by the Brazilian Government as a citizen's right, access to electricity was extended to almost 15million people since 2003 as a result of the “Luz Para Todos” (Light for all — LPT) program. However, considerable parts of the Amazon region still lack access to electricity services, largely due to the long distances that need to be covered and to challenging topography. This paper explores electrification using selected renewable sources, both for new installations and for hybridization of existing diesel generators. We present results from a multi-criteria analysis that explores trade-offs associated with electrification options. Techno-economic, environmental, social and institutional criteria and attributes are explored. We find that renewable and hybrid systems present a number of advantages for application in isolated areas of the region.

Hybrid Power System Options for Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Northern Kenya

For domestic consumers in the rural areas of northern Kenya, as in other developing countries, the typical source of electrical supply is diesel generators. However, diesel generators are associated with both CO2 emissions, which adversely affect the environment and increase diesel fuel prices, which inflate the prices of consumer goods. The Kenya government has taken steps towards addressing this issue by proposing The Hybrid Mini-Grid Project, which involves the installation of 3 MW of wind and solar energy systems in facilities with existing diesel generators. However, this project has not yet been implemented. As a contribution to this effort, this study proposes, simulates and analyzes five different configurations of hybrid energy systems incorporating wind energy, solar energy and battery storage to replace the stand-alone diesel power systems servicing six remote villages in northern Kenya. If implemented, the systems proposed here would reduce Kenya’s dependency on diesel fuel, leading to reductions in its carbon footprint. This analysis confirms the feasibility of these hybrid systems with many configurations being profitable. A Multi-Attribute Trade-Off Analysis is employed to determine the best hybrid system configuration option that would reduce diesel fuel consumption and jointly minimize CO2 emissions and net present cost. This analysis determined that a wind-diesel-battery configuration consisting of two 500 kW turbines, 1200 kW diesel capacity and 95,040 Ah battery capacity is the best option to replace a 3200 kW stand-alone diesel system providing electricity to a village with a peak demand of 839 kW. It has the potential to reduce diesel fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to 98.8%.

Remote Area Hybrid Solar-diesel Power Systems in Tropical Australia

As of 2012 1.3 billion people, or 18.41% of the world's population, were without electricity. Many of these people live in remote areas where decentralized generation is the only method of electrification. Diesel generators power most mini-grids, but new hybrid power systems, incorporating renewable energy sources, are becoming a reliable method of reducing total system cost and diesel usage. This paper reviews the Ti Tree, Kalkarindji and Lake Nash (TKLN) hybrid solar-diesel power stations (1MW) with the proprietary Grid Stability System (“GSS”) supplying electricity to three remote communities in central Australia.The GSS is an innovative feature of this Epuron designed project. The GSS maximises solar energy input to the grid without interfering with the existing diesel generator control systems, thereby maximising fuel savings.Data from the installed system were used to validate the GSS capabilities and performance. This study bridges the gap between design optimization studies that frequently lack subsequent validation and experimental hybrid system performance studies.

Optimal Design of a Standalone Photovoltaic Power Supply System for Air Conditioning Application at Samara University as an Alternative to Diesel Generator Source

The aim of this paper is to optimally design a stand alone photovoltaic power supply system for air conditioning application at Samara University to be used as an alternative to diesel generator supply. Samara University is established in samara town, Afar region and has an average daily radiation of 6.10kwh/m2, sun shine duration of about 10 hours. This condition invites the use of photovoltaic system as an alternative primary energy source to replace the existing diesel generator supply system. Therefore in order to use this energy source for air conditioning application, the cooling load of the building, 628 tons, is estimated using Newton’s thumb rule. The evaporative air conditioning system which is sometimes called desert cooler is selected to condition the estimated cooling load of the dwelling room. The sizing method (numerical method and HOMER software tools) is complementarily used to design a standalone photovoltaic power supply system. Finally, the metric value of the present worth is US $ 3,302,066 and its simple payback is 6.6 years, and this foreseen that the attractiveness of photovoltaic power system as one of renewable energy to be used as an alternative to diesel generator in the near future.

Energy Optimization of Power Station for a Small Research Institute

Renaissance University, Agbani has a research institute with internet facility that accommodates 200 computers for student training, research and browsing. This facility becomes impossible to run due to the inability of the public utility to provide steady, reliable and efficient power. A 250KVA generating set was denoted by the school Administration and latter installed for this facility. After the installation, the facility cut off from public utility and depends wholly on Diesel generator. From experience with the performance of the existing generating sets as regards emissions and operating costs due to high cost of maintenance and diesel, a hybrid system (Diesel-Solar PV) was proposed. This paper investigates and analyzes the economic and environmental benefits of the proposed project to existing diesel generator. From the analyses, the proposed system (solar PV-diesel) has less total net present cost and less emission as a result of less fuel consumption and higher efficiency operation of the diesel genset when compared to the existing system (diesel only).

Control of diesel generators based on electro-cost models

The characteristics of the existing diesel generator are examined, the optimal operating conditions are defined. A system of the multiple generators in a single network is proposed. A simulation of the power distribution between the generators is executed.

Sustainable energy planning based on a stand-alone hybrid renewableenergy/hydrogen power system: Application in Karpathos island, Greece

This study presents the sustainable planning of a renewables-based energy system, which aims to fulfil the electric needs of the island by replacing the existing diesel generators with new wind farms, photovoltaic installations and hydrogen production systems. Electric system design and least cost planning analysis were concluded using historic data from both demand and supply sides. An optimal “sustainable island” scheme should ensure 100% use of renewable energy resources for power generation, while hydrogen production is ideal for covering storage and transportation needs. Due to its morphology and scale, Karpathos applies perfectly for wind and solar energy systems, due to increased solar resource (about 1790 kWh/m 2.year of global irradiation) and high wind potential (average of 9 m/s in specific locations). Therefore, this case study examines an increase in RES penetration up to 20% in the electric energy mixture, a hydrogen production plan just for the needs of transport and a more aggressive, 100% renewables scheme that ensures a self-fulfilling energy system based on indigenous renewable resources.

Replacing diesel by solar in the Amazon: short-term economic feasibility of PV-diesel hybrid systems

Energy planning in the Brazilian Amazon faces two major challenges. One is that of helping the off-grid population improve a situation of discomfort, environmental risks and high lighting costs. Another is that of cutting fuel subsidies in the local utility grids supplied by diesel generators. Simulation shows that PV systems with energy storage connected to existing diesel generators, allowing them to be turned of during the day, provide the lowest energy costs. Implementation potential of that choice is evaluated for local grids up to 100 kW, where transportation costs cause maximal wholesale diesel prices for Northern Brazil to be increased of 15% and more, it is economical to convert diesel systems up to 50 kW peak power into hybrid systems. In locations where the costs increase is of 45% and more, systems up to 100 kW turn economical. A new legal mechanism for subrogation of diesel subsidies to renewable energy projects changes those limits to 0% and 21%, respectively. Therefore, the actors in power generation are motivated to consider solar energy. A program with the scope described should give the Brazilian photovoltaic industry a relevant push and launch a transition towards a sustainable power supply for the region.

00/03527 Small-scale wind power in Southern Patagonia

Southern Patagonia has a moderate to low solar radiation resource, but an excellent wind resource, particularly in the regions of Santa Cruz and Chubut in Argentina and Magallanes in Chile. There are also a significant number of isolated communities whose energy requirements are only partially satisfied, which can benefit from renewable energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaic (PV) systems. Technological advances in recent years have made these systems more reliable and less costly. Today's improved technology also makes it possible to feed not only DC loads, but also conventional AC loads through the use of inverters, often deploying existing diesel generators as backup power.

Remote power systems with advanced storage technologies for Alaskan villages

This paper presents an analytical optimization of a remote power system for a hypothetical Alaskan village. The analysis considers the potential of generating renewable energy (e.g., wind and solar), along with the possibility of using energy storage to take full advantage of the intermittent renewable sources available to these villages. Storage in the form of either compressed hydrogen or zinc pellets can then provide electricity from hydrogen or zinc–air fuel cells whenever wind or sunlight are low. The renewable system is added on to the existing generation system, which is based on diesel engines. Results indicate that significant reductions in fossil fuel consumption in these remote communities are cost effective using renewable energy combined with advanced energy storage devices. A hybrid energy system for the hypothetical village can reduce consumption of diesel fuel by about 50% with annual cost savings of about 30% by adding wind turbines to the existing diesel generators. Adding energy storage devices can further reduce fuel use, and depending on the economic conditions potentially reduce life-cycle costs. With optimized energy storage, use of the diesel gensets can be reduced to almost zero, with the existing equipment only maintained for added reliability. However, about one quarter of the original fuel is still used for heating purposes.