Existential Presupposition Research Articles

Presupposition on Barack Obama’s Speech at Islamic Society of Baltimore

This research aimed to find out the kinds of presupposition on Barrack Obama’s speech at Islamic Society of Baltimore. In this research, the researchers used a descriptive qualitative method. The object of this research is the script in the Barrack Obama speech. Instrument of this research is observational checklist. It means that the researcher watches the video of Barrack Obama’s speech at Islamic Society of Baltimore. The video can be function to see context the utterances. The researcher finds the data on the script of Barrack Obama’s speech. The researcher provides the table of presupposition for analyzing data. Table of potential presupposition is the instrument used by researcher to put the data, to classify and to identify the data. The mostly types of presupposition found in Barrack Obama’s speech at Islamic society of Baltimore is existential presupposition and the less is lexical presupposition. The existential presupposition was the most dominant on this speech because the speeches contain more define descriptive, real fact and real information to stimulate the audience’s attention and emphasize his idea and promises to keep Muslim American feeling safe in minority. Lexical in this research is the lowest number of type’s presupposition on speeches of Barack Obama. This means that in the Barack Obama's speech there was no implied expression to confirm his opinion.

Presupposing indefinite descriptions☆

The IMPAQTS corpus of Italian political speeches annotated per implicit contents contains recurrent examples of NPs introduced by indefinite articles which are characterized by anaphoric specific reference:(Questa legge) hanno tentato di dichiararla anticostituzionale per non applicarlaa una persona che si ritiene al di sopra della giustizia.(This law) they tried to declare it unconstitutional so as not to apply it toa person who thinks to be above justice.Such examples must be interpreted as anaphorically referring to a specific, identifiable referent, recoverable in the co-text or in the universe of discourse. Consequently, they activate a presupposition of existence for the mentioned entity, thus revealing that indefinite expressions can trigger existential presupposition in a similar way to definite descriptions. We analyze the formal characteristics of such “presuppositional indefinite descriptions”, which show a recurrent syntactic and semantic structure. As for their functions, we show that they allow a different distribution of the speaker's responsibility on the contents of the utterance, as compared to definite descriptions. This is particularly relevant for the syntactic expansions to the indefinite NPs, whose contents are typically derogatory and disputable, which – in persuasive discourse – makes it beneficial for them to be conveyed in an implicit way.

Publicity and Common Commitment to Believe

Information can be public among a group. Whether or not information is public matters, for example, for accounts of interdependent rational choice, of communication, and of joint intention. A standard analysis of public information identifies it with (some variant of) common belief. The latter notion is stipulatively defined as an infinite conjunction: for p to be commonly believed is for it to believed by all members of a group, for all members to believe that all members believe it, and so forth. This analysis is often presupposed without much argument in philosophy. Theoretical entrenchment or intuitions about cases might give some traction on the question, but give little insight about why the identification holds, if it does. The strategy of this paper is to characterize a practical-normative role for information being public, and show that the only things that play that role are (variants of) common belief as stipulatively characterized. In more detail: a functional role for “taking a proposition for granted” in non-isolated decision making is characterized. I then present some minimal conditions under which such an attitude is correctly held.The key assumption links this attitude to beliefs about what is public. From minimal a priori principles, we can argue that a proposition being public among a group entails common commitment to believe among that group. Later sections explore partial converses to this result, the factivity of publicity and publicity from the perspective of outsiders to the group, and objections to the aprioricity of the result deriving from a posteriori existential presuppositions.

Focus enclitics in Bodo

Abstract This paper describes a set of five focus enclitics in Bodo, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Assam, India. The focus enclitics are phonologically bound morphemes which are attached to a phrase-level constituent of a sentence, such as the verb, its arguments, or its adjuncts. They all trigger existential presuppositions and express various kinds of semantic and pragmatic relations between the asserted proposition and presuppositions, such as inclusion, exclusion, contrast, concession, and correction. The description of these relations as well as other more context and construction specific functions encoded by the focus enclitics constitutes the core of this paper. This paper also examines the distribution of the focus enclitics and discusses their associated scope and interpretations. Finally, this paper investigates co-occurrence, co-occurrence restrictions, and interpretations of sequences of the enclitics.

PRESUPPOSITION AND ENTAILMENT USED IN GRETA THUNBERG’S SPEECH AT UN CLIMATE ACTION SUMMIT 2019

Climate change is one of the hottest topics lately. Global emissions are reaching record levels and showing no sign of peaking. Antonio Guterres UN Secretary-General invited all leaders to join Climate Action Summit in New York, 23rd September 2019. This summit also featured the participation of business leaders, indigenous people, youth, and many others. The star of the showed Greta Thunberg a Swedish teen activist who sailed to New York for the event from Sweden on a zero-emissions sailboat. This research aimed to reveal how presupposition and entailment were used in the speech and how they were contributing to the context of the speech. The research used a descriptive qualitative method for analyzing her speech which involved document and material analysis to collect the data. The results showed that this research found out that the most commonly used presupposition is existential presupposition. The function is to emphasize, to draw attention and sympathy toward the listeners. While the most used entailment is one-way entailment. This type of entailment is commonly used to deliver the ideas through the utterance by adding some more details of the main idea. Existential presupposition and one-way entailment led to the referential function of language which aimed to send information or the speaker's idea to the audience. It can be concluded that the presuppositions of the speech must be entailed by the global context, which means the global context or common ground knowledge entails that presupposition. In a word, both presupposition and entailment hence become a strategy to make the audience become more focused in the context of the speech. Keywords: Presupposition, Entailment, Speech

PRESUPPOSITION IN KIM NAMJOON’S SPEECH AT UNITED NATION GENERAL ASSEMBLY

This research entitled ”Presupposition in Kim Nam Joon’s Speech at United Nation General Assembly. It is a descriptive analysis of speech that used types of presuppositions”. The objectives of this research are to know the types of presupposition and to find out the most dominant type of presupposition in the speech of Kim Namjun. The research method used qualitative descriptive and it is used to analyse the speech as a sample based on Guswita & Widodo's theory. They mention that six types of presupposition, there are; existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. In analyzing, the research watched the speech which lasts about six minutes, then transcribed, and analysed based on Guswita & Widodo's theory (2019). The result of this study shows that there are four types of presupposition in the speech; existential presuppositions, lexical presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and structural presupposition. With the percentage of existential is 20 or 62.05%, lexical are 9 or 28, 12%, structural are 2 or 6.25 %, and the last non-factive is just 1 or 3,12%. So, the most dominant type is commonly used in the Kim Namjun’s Speech at UNs General Assembly is existential presuppositions. Keywords: Presupposition, UN’ General Assembly, Kim Namjoon’s Speech

IDEOLOGI PRANGGAPAN PAMFLET SOSIALISASI PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN DI KABUPATEN BURU

ABSTARCT 
 This research reveals the presumptive ideology of the socialization of environmental conservation pamphlets in Buru Regency. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. This means that in this study the researcher observed and analyzed the sentences in the Socialization Pamphlet for Environmental Conservation in Buru Regency through a pragmatic approach. The data source used for this study was the Environmental Conservation Socialization Pamphlet in Buru Regency, while the type of data in this study was written data, in the form of sentences in pamphlets containing presuppositions. This research reveals the types of presuppositions in the environmental preservation socialization pamphlet, namely: (1) existential presuppositions, (2) factive presuppositions, (3) lexical presuppositions, (4) structural presuppositions, and (5) counterfactual presuppositions while non-active presuppositions are not found. menemenyekuruh Government and LSM are trying to socialize environmental preservation in real terms in Buru Regency. This means that the pamphlet publisher does not use inactive presuppositions which in fact are presuppositions that are assumed to be incorrect or allow wrong understanding due to the use of uncertain or ambiguous words.
 Keywords: ideology; Presumption; Flyer; Buru Regency

PRESUPPOSITION IN BEAUTY AND THE BEAST MOVIE SCRIPT

This research was intended to find out the types of presupposition in the character’s utterances of Beauty and the Beast movie script and describe the meaning of presupposition that are represented in the movie script. This research used a descriptive qualitative method, which was carried out by collecting, grouping, analyzing and interpreting the research data. The data in this research were the utterances of the characters in movie script containing presupposition. The data were collected through four steps: observation, taking note, data validation and setting them in tables. Based on the data analysis, it was found that 6 types of presupposition were used in the character’s utterances of the movie script. The most frequent type of presupposition used by the characters was existential presupposition with 26 data of 58 data found in this movie script. The second type of presupposition often used was factive presupposition with 9 data found in the data. Then, the third was lexical presupposition consisting of 8 data and the fourth was structural presupposition with the same number. The fifth type of presupposition used was non-factive presupposition with 4 data found in this research. The last type of presupposition used in this research was counter-factual presupposition with 3 data found in the movie script.

Non-informative assertions: The case of non-optional wh-in-situ

This paper focuses on inquisitive information-seeking utterances with non-fronted wh -words and declarative word order, which I dub wh -declaratives (WhDec), e.g., the party is where? Though they have not received much attention in the literature, they present an interesting theoretical puzzle: despite looking like declaratives syntactically, they receive an inquisitive interpretation, and yet they are not always interchangeable with (canonical) wh -interrogatives (WhQs). In this paper I use WhDecs as a window to explore how, by taking into account the interaction between semantics, discourse structure and dynamic updates, we can derive subtle interpretational differences while keeping the overall interpretation true to form. The paper also addresses the interaction of sentential force and prosody, extending the discussion of WhDecs to rising declaratives and examining the contribution of the nuclear contour in the construction of meaning. Along the way, I build on previous literature to provide a semantics for WhQs and WhDecs that bridges to pragmatics explaining the contextual dependence of the so-called existential presupposition in questions. EARLY ACCESS

Pragmatics Analysis of Presupposition as Found in The Tagline of Horror Movie Posters

This research is about pragmatics analysis of presupposition as found in the tagline of horror movie posters. This research aimed to discover presupposition triggers and type of presupposition in the tagline of horror movie posters. In this research, the data were collected by downloading 14 taglines in horror movie posters. Then, the data downloaded were divided according to the presupposition triggers and the types of presuppositions. The data were analyzed using two theories, presupposition triggers by Kartunnen (1973) and Yule’s presupposition types (1996). The result of the analysis shows an argument and a table. The results show that from 42 presupposition triggers found in the tagline of horror movie posters, definite descriptions are the most dominant presupposition triggers. Other presupposition triggers are the change of state verbs, factive verb, and counterfactual conditional. Meanwhile, out of 6 types of presuppositions, there are only four types of presuppositions found in the tagline of horror movie posters: existential presupposition, lexical presupposition, factive presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition.

Cultural Presupposition in Translation Strategy from English into Bahasa Indonesia on HBO Television Serial Game of Thrones Season 1

This study aims to identify the cultural presupposition and how the translator applies translation strategies to convey cultural words into the target language. This study used qualitative descriptive for analyzing cultural presuppositions and translation strategies. The data used are utterances that contain cultural presuppositions found in the Game of Thrones television series season 1. This study shows that four types of sub-systems of cultural presupposition were found such as techno-economic, social, and linguistic system. The ideational system in the form of religion, ideology, values, ideas dominate the most compared to other sub-systems. Existential presupposition is the most frequent presupposition which appear followed with factive presupposition. Meanwhile, the translation strategy that frequently used is literal translation followed by borrowing and transposition translation strategy. This study emphasizes that some cultural words such as those belonging to the linguistic sub-system, in their translation to target language require an understanding of the cultural concept of the source language adapted to the cultural concept of target language.

Analysis of Presupposition in Cosmetics Advertisements

Pragmatic presupposition focuses on the study of the relationship between the speaker and the hearer at the time of communication and the language they used. It can effectively serve advertising language from the linguistic field. In other words, pragmatic presupposition can meet some of the requirements of the advertisements. Nowadays people confront a variety of commercial advertisements, such as food advertisements, drink advertisements, digital product and cosmetic advertisements, etc. In fact, advertising language is the core factor which determines the success or failure of one commercial advertisement. Most domestic and overseas scholars have studied advertising language through cooperative principles，rhetoric and systemic-functional grammar, etc. However, they do not pay enough attention to the pragmatic presupposition manifested in both Chinese and English cosmetic advertisements. Therefore, this paper conducts a comparative study based on previous studies of pragmatic presupposition with new data. The data analyzed in this study are taken from some major fashion magazines in America, United Kingdom and China, such as VOGUE, Cosmopolitan，Trends health，etc. These cosmetic advertisements were advertised in the recent 20 years. Through the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between Chinese and English cosmetic advertisements in terms of types of pragmatic presupposition manifested. Both Chinese and English advertisers mainly adopt four types of pragmatic presupposition: existential presupposition, factive presupposition, state presupposition and behavior presupposition, and state presupposition takes up the largest proportion. The present study provides a more comprehensive analysis of pragmatic presupposition and classification of it. In addition, the results of this study also could help advertisers and consumers increase their mutual understanding.

An Analysis of Police Interrogation from the Perspective of Presupposition: A Case Study of Jodi Arias Case

Nowadays, as crimes have become increasingly complicated, it is difficult for interrogators to find out all the criminal facts before interrogation, so that interrogation becomes a significant process to clear up some facts and prove whether the interrogated is guilty or not. However, some criminals always conceal the criminal facts and resist interrogation. This difficulty decides that interrogators need some interrogatory skills to elicit some criminal facts from the suspect. Presupposition is one of the interrogatory skills frequently used by interrogators so that it is very necessary to study interrogatory language from the perspective of presupposition. However, the literature review indicates that few research studies police interrogation from the perspective of presupposition. Therefore, this paper is to apply presupposition theory classified by Yule (2000) to analyze interrogatory language in Jodi Arias case. Specifically, it is to analyze how interrogators make use of presuppositions to elicit more information and explore the functions of presuppositions in investigatory interrogation. In order to address the problem, this paper employs both quantitative and qualitative method to analyze police interrogation in Jodi Arias case. The results show that there are five types of presuppositions identified in the selected data, that is, existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, counter-factual presupposition, and their frequency varies from each other. Secondly, presupposition enables the interrogatory language to be more concise and euphemistic and presupposition help the interrogators increase the pervasive effect and presupposition can help set a trap for the suspect to admit his or her guilt. This study will enlarge the application scope of presupposition and even linguistics and help interrogator employ presupposition into interrogation and improve their interrogation skills.

PRESUPPOSITION OF PRESIDENT ERDOGAN’S MESSAGE IN HUMAN RIGHTS DAY ON DECEMBER 10, 2018

Communication will be impossible if everything had to be defined or explained every time we spoke. Whatever a speaker or writer assume that the receiver of the message already knows is called presupposition. This research analyzed about presupposition of message Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as President of The Republic of Turkey on Human Rights Day, December 10, 2018. The aims of this research are to find out the types of presupposition and identify the most dominant type of presupposition that used by Erdogan. Classification about types of presupposition by Yule (1996) as cited in Tryana & Satelah (2018) used in this research. The researchers analyzed the data with some steps applying the qualitative method, the researchers identifying the scripts of the speech, classifying the utterances into presupposition and categorizing them based on the types of presupposition. After that, counting the types of presupposition in percentage. As the result, The existential presupposition is the dominant type in Erdogan’s speech with the percentage 56,67% and followed by lexical and factive in the second and third position. Keywords: Presupposition, Types of Presupposition, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Presupposition in Ghanaian and British Newspaper editorials

The paper explores presupposition and its triggers in Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. Using a model proposed by Khaleel (2010:529) based on Karttunen (n.d.) and Yule (1996), the researcher analysed thirty (30) editorials from the Daily Guide (Ghanaian) and The Guardian (British) which were published in 2017. The analysis revealed some similarities and differences in the Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. It was found that the frequently used trigger of the existential presupposition in both newspapers is the definite noun phrase. Again, it was found that the most used to trigger structural presupposition is the relative clause. The noticeable difference between the two is that in the Daily Guide, the structural presupposition is the most triggered (46.1%) whilst the existential presupposition (69.8%) is the most triggered in The Guardian.

An Analysis Of Presupposition Found In The Guardian News: Pragmatical Approach

This paper is qualitative descriptive research which investigates types of presupposition and the mostly used type of presupposition. The data source in this study is utterance in Guardian news. The method of collecting is by observation. The methods of analyzing data are by agih and padan method from Sudaryanto. Author uses theory of Yule which divides presupposition into 6 types these are existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. The researcher has 20 data here. There are 3 types of presupposition found in the Guardian news. The most used type used is existential presupposition.

PRAANGGAPAN DAN FUNGSI BAHASA PADA TUTURAN TOKOH DALAM FILM DZEEB KARYA NAJI ABU NOWAR

This study aims to determine the types of presuppositions and what language functions contained in the speech of characters in the film Dzeeb. Researchers used a descriptive analysis method using the method of referencing which has the basis of tapping techniques. Based on the results of research on the first Dzeeb film, the utterances of the characters have four presuppositions, namely existential, lexical, factive, and non-active presuppositions. Existential presuppositions become findings that dominate the utterances of the characters in the film. Counterfactual presuppositions and structural presuppositions are not found in the speech of the characters in the Dzeeb film. The second is the function of language in speech utterances there are language functions including fatigue, directive, metalinguistic, and imaginative, referential functions. The directive language function is the finding that dominates the utterances of the characters in the Dzeeb film.

Optional Shifts in Existential Presupposition in Two Arabic Translations of A Farewell to Arms: A Shift into a More Narratorial Involvement and an Approximated Reader

This paper examines the optional shift in existential presupposition in two Arabic translations of Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. In particular, it seeks to identify both how the shift occurs and how it affects the stylistic features of the translated narrative, namely point of view and readers’ interactive relationship with the text. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the research into the stylistic aspects of English-Arabic fiction translation and the alleged norms of translation. The findings reveal a tendency to increase the level of definiteness of the referring expressions and to claim more of the reader’s assumed knowledge of the text, suggesting a more approximated and involved reader compared to that of the original. There is also a tendency to bring the narrator and characters closer to each other in the psychological space and to increase the narrator’s subjectivity in the translated text. This tendency reflects the translator’s attempts to reconstruct the realities depicted in the original narrative during the translation process. Existential presupposition may be better seen in the translated fiction as a tool translators use to enhance the passage of information to a reader who is often linguistically and psychologically remote from the original work..

The Use of Presuppositions in the Short Story of Zilkê Şixatê (Matchstick)

This study explores the use of presuppositions in the Kurdish short story, Zilkê Şixatê (The Matchstick), which is written in Northern Kurmanji dialect (hence, NK) by Isma’il Hajani. It attempts to determine which type of presupposition is the most recurring one in the short story and why it is so. The data in this study are analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. Yule’s (2006) classification which divides presupposition into six types has been employed: existential, factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, and counterfactual. The data of the research are sentences which contain presupposition triggers (i.e. linguistic forms to mark presuppositions). Applying the formula presented by Oktoma and Mardiyono (2013: 79), the results obtained throughout this paper show that different types of presuppositions have different percentages from the total number of presuppositions. They are (94) in number. It is noted that the most dominant type of presupposition used in the short story is the existential presupposition, manifesting definite descriptions of facts about real life, while the structural presuppositions have the lowest percentage. This shows that much of the story text is written to definitely describe the main theme, the characters and the events as they are. Finally, this study is particularly important because no other such studies have been conducted on the use of presuppositions in any literary work in NK. Therefore, this study occupies a crucial place in the research literature into pragmatic aspects of NK.

O ensaio sem qualidades: entre o historiador e o jornalista

This paper analyzes the novel The man without qualities, by Robert Musil, who possesses a notion of essayism that acquires singular unfolding that surpasses the conventions of gender, since its conception of essay and novel is not related to the forms, but to the existential presupposition that determines them. Through the literature, the elective affinity articulates in two complementary fronts, History and Communication, since these two knowledges concern the reflection about the instances of interlocution and the limits and possibilities of the dialogue, being taken, strictly, as expression of cultural configurations.