Existence Of Polarization Research Articles

Populist orientations in Ukrainian society: origins and characteristics of reproduction

Populist orientations refer to a set of political beliefs and values that emphasize the interests of «ordinary people» with a corresponding need to challenge the political establishment. In Ukraine, long social transformations in the post-communist period led to total mistrust and a negative attitude toward state institutions. The post-communist irremovability of the political establishment led to persistent anti-elitist attitudes. As a result of the inconsistency and contradictions of Ukraine's path to democracy, a basic «transitional type» of personality has emerged. It is characterized by psychological ambivalence, that is a double contradictory attitude to the prospects of society's development. The connection of ambivalent consciousness with populist orientations often arises because both phenomena are based on the absence of a stable ideological orientation or a clear political identity. The ambivalent consciousness and unbelief in the pluralist mechanisms of an imperfect democracy have fuelled the population's attachment authoritarian methods in politics, which is a reflection of the hopes for effective governance. However, the existence of polarization in Ukrainian society based on geopolitical orientations and social identities for a long time conditioned citizens to rely on traditional political forces in their electoral behavior. Only after the disappearance of this polarization did populist orientations materialize into the electoral phenomenon of 2019. In the course of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war, a radical reassessment of the state and state institutions by the population took place, and therefore the antagonism between the population and the elite became temporarily irrelevant. However, post-war reconstruction carries with it the risks of a revival and growth of populist orientations, as economic difficulties will exacerbate intolerant of social injustice.

Comparison of various catalysts in pyrolysis process: A review

The existence of polarity between production and recycling rates, as well as extravagant fossil fuel consumption has has led to the development of waste plastic to fuel conversion technology. Pyrolysis technology shows great potential in recovering liquid oil from plastic waste through thermal and catalytic degradation processes. Catalytic pyrolysis process has advantages over thermal degradation in terms of energy consumption, reaction time and oil grade. The choice of catalyst plays a dominant role in determinating reaction temperature, time, and product distribution. This paper reviews various types of catalysts, including fluid cracking catalyst (FCC), zeolites based catalysts, silica-alumina catalysts, and reforming catalysts, and the impact of various parameters include the mode of contact with plastic solid wastes - direct phase contact of catalyst (either liquid or solid), and vapor phase contact of catalyst, choice of catalyst, catalyst to polymer ratio, and acid-base nature of the catalyst on the product dispersion. The product distribution obtained from catalytic pyrolysis of different types of plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinylchloride using ZSM – 5 and red mud catalysts at different temperatures are as follows: 56.9 wt%(liquid), 40.4 wt%(gases), 3.2 wt%(char) at 450 0C in the presence of 10 wt% of Zeolite Socony Mobil − 5 (ZSM – 5) catalyst and 57 wt% (liquid), 41.3 wt% (gases), 1.7 wt% (char) at temperature 500 0C in the presence of 10 wt% of red mud as a catalyst. When catalytic pyrolysis is applied to municipal plastic waste (a heterogenous plastic waste) using 50% natural zeolite as a catalyst at 450 0C the distribution is 50 wt% (liquid), 34 wt% (gases), and 16 wt% of char Although there is a negligible difference in the product distribution of thermoplastics, the use of red mud as a catalyst results in increased energy consumption., highlighting the impact of the acidic and basic characteristics of catalysts. In case of heterogenous feedstock i.e., mixed plastic highly acidic catalysts are used to achieve the desired product distribution.

Document Preprocessing with TF-IDF to Improve the Polarity Classification Performance of Unstructured Sentiment Analysis

Sentiment analysis in terms of polarity classification is very important in everyday life, with the existence of polarity, many people can find out whether the respected document has positive or negative sentiment so that it can help in choosing and making decisions. Sentiment analysis usually done manually. Therefore, an automatic sentiment analysis classification process is needed. However, it is rare to find studies that discuss extraction features and which learning models are suitable for unstructured sentiment analysis types with the Amazon food review case. This research explores some extraction features such as Word Bags, TF-IDF, Word2Vector, as well as a combination of TF-IDF and Word2Vector with several machine learning models such as Random Forest, SVM, KNN and Naïve Bayes to find out a combination of feature extraction and learning models that can help add variety to the analysis of polarity sentiments. By assisting with document preparation such as html tags and punctuation and special characters, using snowball stemming, TF-IDF results obtained with SVM are suitable for obtaining a polarity classification in unstructured sentiment analysis for the case of Amazon food review with a performance result of 87,3 percent.

Fabrication and impedance spectroscopy of lead free magneto-electric compound: Bi(Ca0.25Ti0.25Fe0.5)O3

Bismuth calcium ferric titanate Bi(Ca0.25Ti0.25Fe0.5)O3 compound is synthesized via solid state reaction route. Using different experimental procedures, the specimen has been characterized. Investigation regarding crystal system with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data suggests the rhombohedral system. Detailed investigations of dielectric and electrical properties of Bi(Ca0.25Ti 0.25Fe0.5)O3 in a broad frequency (1 kHz–1 MHz) and temperature (25–500 °C) ranges have offered a variety of exciting outcomes of conduction mechanism, structure and correlation properties, etc. A significant role of interface in obtaining good dielectric compound has been noticed. The existence of polarization (PE) hysteresis loop indicates the existence of ferroelectricity in the material. The existences of Maxwell–Wagner dielectric relaxation and space charge polarization at low frequencies and high temperatures in the material have been realized. The Nyquist graphs confer the temperature-dependent assistance of grain and grain boundary effect. The transport properties and ac conductivity of the material, which are affected by the temperature and frequency of the applied electric field, have been studied. It exhibits semiconductor behavior. The magneto-electric coupling coefficient of the examined specimen is found to be 3.8 mV cm− 1Oe− 1 at zero magnetic field.

Temperature Dependence of Ferroelectric Properties of the Potassium Lithium Tantalate K1−xLixTaO3 Obtained with Piezoresponse Force Microscopy Technique

In the present paper we report the first results of the study of the polar state of the surface structure of single crystal of potassium tantalate doped with Li + ions (KLT-3%) by the piezoresponse force microscopy technique in the temperature range 10–295 K. The results obtained demonstrate the existence of polar nanoregions on the surface of the KLT-3% single crystal at temperatures 10 – 80 K. Spatial distribution and temperature evolution of these polar nanoregions are analyzed. Observation of the structure of polar nanoregions of KLT-3% crystal in zero field heating after zero field cooling regime gives the evidence of the existence of spontaneous polarization in the low-temperature phase.

Experimental observation of spontaneous spin polarization of electrons in hybridized states of transition element impurities in semiconductors

Experimental evidence of the possible existence of spontaneous spin polarization of the electron system in hybridized states formed by transition element impurity atoms in the conduction band of semiconducting crystals is examined. The details of a quantitative interpretation of experiments on the temperature dependence of the specific heat and elastic moduli of mercury selenide crystals with iron impurities confirm the feasibility of establishing the presence of electron spin polarization in this type of experiment, as well as the possible existence of polarization in the crystals studied here. Theoretical arguments support the observation of a thermodynamic anomalous Hall effect owing to spontaneously polarized donor electrons from low-concentration impurities.

Measurement of single-electron transfer cross sections in collisions of C3+ with He, Ne, Ar atoms at low to intermediate velocity

Absolute cross sections for single-electron transfer of He， Ne， Ar atoms induced by C3+ at low to intermediate velocity (1.7v0—4.2v0) were measured and calculated using n-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo (nCTMC) method. Though good overall agreements are achieved between experimental and nCTMC results, certain differences are found. Because of the existence of polarization and the nCTMC being unable to calculate the multi-electron correlation capture cross sections, the experimental results are greater than those of nCTMC at low velocities(1.7v0—2.0v0). When the velocity of the projectile is higher(2.2v0—4.2v0), the captured electron’s partial screening of the projectile, the electron-electron dynamic correlation and the effective charge are taken into account in interpreting the qualitative differences between theoretical and experimental results. In addition, the cross section rations of transfer ionization to single electron capture are presented and the mechanism of transfer ionization are discussed.

Growth of Pb((Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.91Ti0.09)O3Single Crystals Using an Allomeric Seed Crystal and Their Electrical Properties

Single crystals of Pb((Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) 0.91 Ti 0.09 )O 3 (PZNT 91/9), 28 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length, have been successfully grown using a modified Bridgman technique with an allomeric seed crystal. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA) measurement confirms that the effect of segregation is not serious. The segregation coefficient k for PbTiO 3 content during crystal growth is 0.99, which causes some fluctuation in the composition along the growth direction. The fluctuation of composition and the complicated domain structure cause a variation of electric properties. Dielectric measurement indicates that PZNT 91/9 crystals exhibit an almost normal ferroelectric phase transition at ∼183°C from the tetragonal phase to the cubic phase. In addition, a weak frequency-dependent ferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition is observed at ∼85°C, which is attributed to partial conversion of the rhombohedral phase to a tetragonal phase. The dielectric thermal hysteresis behavior and the existence of polarization above the Curie temperature verify that the phase transitions at ∼85° and 183°C are first order with a slight diffuse character and first order, respectively. It is demonstrated that the effects of segregation can be decreased and the homogeneity of the obtained PZNT 91/9 single crystals can be improved by optimizing growth parameters.

Origin of the efficient light emission from inversion domain boundaries in GaN

Intentionally produced inversion domain boundaries in GaN have been reported to be highly efficient shallow recombination centers. This letter report a rationale for this phenomenon based on ab initio density-functional calculations. A model is also proposed, based on the existence of polarization in GaN, of the observation that a domain boundary acts as a rectifying junction under voltage applied between the two opposite-polarity surfaces.

Structural and optical properties of self-assembled GaN/AlN quantum dots

This paper reviews our studies of wurtzite GaN/AlN quantum dots grown by MBE via the Stranski–Krastanow mode. High resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that dots are dislocation free, without any evidence of interdiffusion effects. They form arrays of truncated hexagonal pyramids (height of 4 nm and base diameter of 15 nm), nucleating next to threading dislocations on top of a wetting layer, and exhibiting vertical correlation between different quantum dot layers. The existence of polarization and piezoelectric fields of several MV/cm is demonstrated by photoluminescence and decay time measurements. Nevertheless quantum dots are found to be the most efficient emitters in nitrides at room temperature.

POLARIZATION DRIVEN POLARIZATION BISTABILITY IN ANISOTROPIC INTERFERENCE FILTERS

Bandpass interference filters with an anisotropic central layer can be switched by modulating either the incident intensity or the polarization. The behavior of different polarization bistable anisotropic interference filters with and without a heat sink has been investigated experimentally, confirming the existence of polarization driven bistability in an all-optical passive device. The stationary results show good agreement with numerical predictions obtained by coupled thermo-optic multilayer model.

Rotationally induced polarization in pure absorption spectral lines

The existence of polarization in rotationally broadened pure absorption lines is shown. The effect arises largely through the breaking of the axial symmetry about the line-of-sight by rotation so that the cancellation of polarized continuum radiation is incomplete. This symmetry breaking takes place as a result of the rotationally displaced local line profile covering part of the polarizing continuum on the apparent disc of the star. The result of this local shadowing of the disc by the line is a net polarization which varies across the rotationally broadened line

Anion coordination geometry as a determining factor in crystallographic shear

ATTENTION has been drawn to some of the consequences of anion polarisation in one crystallographic shear (CS) system, the reduced titanium oxides1; particularly to the effect on crystal energy and cation coordination geometry. The existence of polarisation in typical CS structures is indicated by the values of certain common properties—the dielectric constant and refractive index are both high—by the more direct, experimental determination of net ion charges in some double CS (column, or so-called ‘block’) structures2, and by the characteristic persistence of the cation coordination geometry3, which is invariably octahedral.

Regulation of the biosynthesis of guanosine 5′-monophosphate: Evidence for one operon

The biosynthesis of inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase and xanthosine 5′-monophosphate aminase, the products of the closely linked genes guaB and guaA , respectively, were studied in guaA and guaB mutants and leaky revertants of Escherichia coli under conditions of repression and de-repression. Under conditions of de-repression, all guaB mutants exhibit a de-repressed xanthosine 5′-monophosphate aminase level. The guaA mutants under the same conditions could be divided into two classes: (1) one with a high, de-repressed, inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase activity, and (2) the other with a very low activity of this enzyme. The second class of guaA mutants was established as polar guaA mutants by identifying them as amber nonsense mutants. The existence of polarity indicates that guaA and guaB are the structural genes of one operon. The orientation of the polarity suggests that an operator is situated at the guaA end of the operon.

On the polarisation of X-rays compared with their power of exciting high velocity cathode rays

1. The discovery of polarisation of Röntgen rays was suggested by the ether pulse theory, and gave this theory a good support. But, on the other hand, the theory meets with many difficulties when we are going to account for a number of other properties of these rays which recent investigation has brought to light. Sir J. J. Thomson has tried to make the ether pulse theory consistent with observations by introducing new properties for the pulse-medium, and assumes that the ether has a structure, and that the energy radiating from the pulse centre is transmitted along “lines of force” with undiminished intensity. Prof. W. H. Bragg has assumed, in the so-called “neutral pair theory,” that the rays are of a corpuscular nature. For a fuller discussion of the arguments in favour of this view I must refer to Prof. Bragg’s papers. I shall here confine myself to mentioning that one of the chief difficulties on the ether pulse theory is to explain the properties of secondary cathode rays, as the latter, on account of the relation existing between their velocity and the hardness of the bulb, must be supposed to get their energy from the exciting X-rays. What may be said to offer some difficulty to the neutral pair theory is the existence of polarisation, and although Bragg has called attention to the fact that the neutral pairs possess all properties which are necessary to produce asymmetric phenomena of the kind termed polarisation, there still remains some difficulty in explaining that the polarisation is able to make itself felt already in the primary beam, and to explain why certain directions of spin of the doublet should be more likely to occur than others.