Existence Of Light Research Articles

Synthesis of In : SnO2/La4NiS7 via Diethyldithiocarbamate‐Assisted Spin Coating: A Promising Route for High‐Performance Transparent Photoelectrochemical Energy Storage and Generation

AbstractConstructing nanostructures that fully boost the performance of all metals while offering a positive inter‐particle effect among frameworks is an efficient approach for enhancing electrochemical effectiveness. Elongated In : SnO2/La4NiS7 structure is created using diethyl dithiocarbamate complex. Investigations were done on the material‘s surficial, crystallographical and electrochemical characters. The direct optical band gap as determined by UV‐visible analysis was 2.9 eV. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy presented La3d and Ni2p core level. Electrical investigations of the transparent photoactive electrode in a photoelectrochemical cell showed an exceptional specific capacity of 906 F ⋅ g−1 at 5 mV ⋅ s−1 under illumination. Transient chronoamperometric response of the photoelectrode presented 35.3 mA photocurrent generation. Greater photocurrents were achieved at all scan rates in the existence of light indicating that the exposure to light positively impacted the electrode's performance. Undoubtedly, this work proposed a beneficial photoelectrode that‘s applicable to systems that generate electricity from renewable sources.

Calculation of the Moment of the Beginning of the Existence of Light in the Universe

The apparent age of the universe is about T » 13.56´109 years. Light is part of our everyday life, but it has not always existed. According to physicists, it began to exist about ~360 000 to 380 000 years after the Big Bang. 
 
 We calculated the exact moment of the appearance of light based on a new cosmological model shown in 2019. In this model, we make the following hypotheses: 1) The apparent radius of curvature of the universe increases at the velocity of light. 2) Our universe is in rotation on itself. 3) The tangential speed of the universe’s periphery is the same as an electron. 4) Our universe is made of a ″material universe″ imbricated in a ″luminous universe″. 
 
 With Einstein’s laws of relativity for spinning disks and the addition of speeds, we can establish the moment where the universe became transparent and emitted light. We evaluate that moment to ~361 108 years after the Big Bang.
 
 The assumptions used for the calculations reveal some interesting facts about the structure and characteristics of our universe. This article may be a step-stone for other analyses.

Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of Pt nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotubes as electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation reaction

TiO2 nanotubes were prepared electrochemically as pure Ti sheet in 0.5% HF anodized and annealed under nitrogen acquiring the TiO2 NTs-N2 support. By chemical deposition method using NaBH4 as reducing agent, platinum was deposited on TiO2 NTs-N2 support to gain the Pt NPs/TiO2 NTs-N2 electrocatalyst.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied for the physicochemical characterization of TiO2 NTs-N2 and Pt NPs/TiO2 NTs-N2. The XRD exhibited the an existence of platinum nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 12 nm, which was regularly combined with TiO2 nanotubes. The Pt NPs/TiO2 NTs-N2 catalyst indicated considerably high electrocatalytic activity and stability for methanol electrocatalytic oxidation reaction in basic medium of KOH. The catalyst Pt NPs/TiO2 NTs-N2 was electrochemically characterized in a basic solution of methanol using cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement in the absence and an existence of light. The higher poison tolerance and higher methanol oxidation current density observed for the Pt NPs/TiO2 NTs-N2 catalyst suggest that this catalyst supported on TiO2 NTs-N2 has a promising potential applications in the electro catalyst reactions. In addition, the synthesized platinum nanoparticles deposited on TiO2 nanotubes revealed a tremendous antibacterial effects against pathogenic microorganismm.

TeV scale resonant leptogenesis with Lμ−Lτ gauge symmetry in light of the muon g−2

Motivated by the growing evidence for the possible lepton flavour universality violation after the first results from Fermilab's muon $(g-2)$ measurement, we revisit one of the most widely studied anomaly free extensions of the standard model namely, gauged $L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}$ model, to find a common explanation for muon $(g-2)$ as well as baryon asymmetry of the universe via leptogenesis. The minimal setup allows TeV scale resonant leptogenesis satisfying light neutrino data while the existence of light $L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}$ gauge boson affects the scale of leptogenesis as the right handed neutrinos are charged under it. For $L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}$ gauge boson mass at GeV scale or above, the muon $(g-2)$ favoured parameter space is already ruled out by other experimental data while bringing down its mass to sub-GeV regime leads to vanishing lepton asymmetry due to highly restrictive structures of lepton mass matrices at the scale of leptogenesis. Extending the minimal model with two additional Higgs doublets can lead to a scenario consistent with successful resonant leptogenesis and muon $(g-2)$ while satisfying all relevant experimental data.

Photodegradation of lauth’s violet dye using GO-Fe3O4-TiO2 nanocomposite under solar light

TFGO nanocomposite was synthesized from limited amounts of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and Iron oxide nanoparticles as well as Graphene oxide nanosheets, by a situ method preparation. The producting materials were identify by (FTIR) and (AFM). The photocatalysis activity of TFGO nanocomposite was investigated by applying it in advanced oxidation processes (AOP) to degradation of Lauth’s violet or Thionine acetate (LV) dye under solar light. The photodegradation efficiency of LV dye could be gained 98% at existance of TFGO nanocomposite as photocatalyst within 320 min. Photocatalytic processes experiments were happen at different effects like temperatures and existence of light.

Lighting Design Analysis in an Industrial Workshop Space: Case Study at Jakarta Creative Hub Workshop Space

The existence of light is one of the requirements for the continuity of human productivity, where human activity requires light to see. Visual comfort of workers in the industry affects their productivity levels, especially in human-based industries where humans need maximum light intensity to do work according to the level of complexity. This paper examines the lighting condition in the fashion workshop room at the Jakarta Creative Hub, to find out whether the lighting in the area is following national lighting standards for industrial areas or not. The study was carried out by a direct measurement method with a lux meter to determine the level of light intensity and simulation with software Dialux to find new lighting design alternatives. The result gathered from this study is the type and placement of light points in the Jakarta Creative Hub fashion workshop area that meets Indonesian national standards for lighting in industrial areas. Keywords : lighting, visual comfort, industry, workshop area

Tidal effects and disruption in superradiant clouds: A numerical investigation

The existence of light, fundamental bosonic fields is an attractive possibility that can be tested via black hole observations. We study the effect of a tidal field -- caused by a companion star or black hole -- on the evolution of superradiant scalar-field states around spinning black holes. For small tidal fields, the superradiant "cloud" puffs up by transitioning to excited states and acquires a new spatial distribution through transitions to higher multipoles, establishing new equilibrium configurations.For large tidal fields the scalar condensates are disrupted; we determine numerically the critical tidal moments for this to happen and find good agreement with Newtonian estimates. We show that the impact of tides can be relevant for known black-hole systems such as the one at the center of our galaxy or the Cygnus X-1 system. The companion of Cygnus X-1, for example, will disrupt possible scalar structures around the BH for gravitational couplings as large as $M\mu\sim 2\times 10^{-3}$.

Deriving mass-energy equivalence and mass-velocity relation without light

Relativity requires that a particle's momentum and energy are the same functions of the particle's velocity in all inertial frames. Using the fact that momentum and energy must transform linearly between reference frames, we present a novel derivation of the mass-energy equivalence, namely, the relation that the energy is proportional to the moving mass, with no postulate about the existence of light or its properties. We further prove the mass-velocity relation without relying on momentum and energy conservation or on the Lorentz transformation. It is demonstrated that neither conservation laws nor the Lorentz transformation are necessary to establish those relations, and that those relations have a wider scope of validity than that of the conservation laws and the invariance of the speed of light.

A study on the concepts and themes of color and light in the exquisite islamic architecture

Today, diverse ideologies, thoughts, and beliefs exist in the world all of which try to transfer concepts and ideas to others using the indirect language of semantics. In this regard, architecture, especially the valuable architecture of Iran with wide application and permanent presence in human life has gained considerable attention. Iranian art has always been in coordination with the spirit of Islam and an indicator of its truth. Architecture is where meaning is represented in the formal, structural, and spatial aspects. Light and color are two important visual elements of formation and cognition of architectural works. Color does not manifest by itself unless it is seen through a design, when becomes the origin of work and intervenes in its sense of space. It should be considered that how the existence of light and color in the patterns has been effective in the environmental psychology and how the space is defined in terms of these two elements? And whether the sole use of light and color in the historical architecture was to represent meaning? The present study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to review and explain the semantic elements of light and color, their application and conceptual features in the historical architecture and hence examines these two distinct elements in the art and architecture of the past and tries to find their semantic features to the extent that have influenced the face and essence of modern architecture in the hope of providing useful insights for the modern architecture.

Probing direct and indirect unitarity violation in future accelerator neutrino facilities

The possible existence of light and heavy sterile neutrinos may give rise to direct and indirect unitarity violation of the 3×3 lepton mixing matrix respectively. In the current work we study the potential of future accelerator neutrino facilities in probing the unitarity violation effects. Taking DUNE, T2HK and a low-energy Neutrino Factory (LENF) as working examples of future accelerator neutrino facilities, we study the distinct effects of direct and indirect unitarity violation on the discovery reach of the leptonic CP violation and precision measurements of θ23 in the three neutrino framework. In addition, constraints on the additional mixing parameters of direct and indirect unitarity violation are also discussed. Finally, we stress that the combination of experiments with different oscillation channels, different neutrino beams and different detector techniques will be an effective solution to the parameter degeneracy problem and give the robust measurement of leptonic CP violation even if the direct and indirect unitarity violation are taken into account.

Легитимность санкций в отношении Российской Федерации: международно-правовой анализ

In 2014, a number of states and integration entities imposed sanctions and restrictive measures against the Russian Federation. The author analysis acts the measures adopted by the United States, the European Union, some other countries against the Russian Federation, from the point of view of the international law. The author investigates reasonableness of the arguments justifying the sanctions against the Russian Federation; and examines the issues of coercion in the international law, which has its specific features that are primarily predetermined by the nature of interstate relations and methods of their legal regulation. The author provides an update on the problem of “collective counter-measures” or counter-measures in collective interests and classification of activities of the third countries who “have joined” in with the imposed restrictive measures. The author considers the practice and consequences of imposing unilateral sanctions by a number of states, the trends of its development and legitimacy of the existence in light if the modern international law development.

Investigation of various feed conditions on NGL recovery plant energy and exergy performance: A case study

NGL recovery from natural gas is an important process in gas refineries to achieve objectives including: the elimination of heavy hydrocarbons to reach the standard specification of sale gas when the possibility of condensation in pipelines is high and afterwards the possibility of selling it in the market. The high heating value of gas condensates causes the attention of gas companies to this precious resource. The existence of light and volatile particles in gas condensates and stabilization process requirement are the greatest challenges of using this resource on refineries. Therefore, this paper deals with energy and exergy performance of NGL recovery plant in Sirri Island taking various typical feed compositions classified as lean and rich. A commercial simulator was used to obtain thermodynamic properties of the process streams and to perform mass and energy balances. Due to changes in the composition entering to de-methanization unit, in this article, simulation and exergy analysis was investigated simultaneously for the five feeds with different percentages of composition. The equations of exergy destruction and exergy efficiency for the main system components such as heat exchangers, compressors and expander were developed and utilized for evaluating system performance. Simulation results and the exergy evaluation showed that with increasing compounds heavier than methane in de-methanizer feed, the efficiency of exchanger and compression work will be reduced. Approximately 60% of the exergy efficiency was for the feed containing 86.68% mol methane while for the feed containing 65.21% mol methane, exergy efficiency was reduced to 50%. Consequently, the highest exergy destruction and exergy efficiency were belonging to the cold heat exchanger and the re-compressor, respectively.

Search for direct and indirect unitarity violation in neutrino oscillation experiments

If three standard neutrinos mix with other degree of freedoms like sterile neutrinos, no matter how heavy the sterile neutrino masses are, it could result in the unitarity violation in the MNSP matrix. Nevertheless, the unitarity violation induced by the existence of light or heavy sterile neutrinos can have very different effects on neutrino oscillations, we call the former case direct unitarity violation and the later case the indirect unitarity violation. We will explain in this paper the difference of these two kinds of unitarity violations, then focus on the possibilities of searching the unitarity violation in neutrino oscillation experiments, of which the precision reactor experiments with multiple baselines are discussed in detail.

Possible Existence of Light Hypernuclei

The possible existence of light Σ hypernuclei is discussed together with their general binding mechanism. The coupling between the isotriplet Σ particle (Σ+, Σ0 and Σ−) and the corresponding nuclear core isomultiplet and supermultiplet which comes from the strong isospin dependent and isospin-spin dependent terms of Σ-N interaction plays a crucial role to produce bound states of light Σ hypernuclei. It is found that 1) an almost pure isospin 1/2 bound (ground) state appears in Σ4He mainly due to the cooperative contribution of the (tN·tΣ) and (tN·tΣ)(sN·sΣ) terms of Σ-N interaction, and 2) an isospin-breaking bound (ground) state appears in Σ7Li mainly due to the (tN·tΣ)(sN·sΣ) term of Σ-N interaction. We discuss in detail the different binding mechanism between Σ4He and Σ7Li and propose a threshold rule for the formation of bound Σ hypernuclear states. From the viewpoint of the threshold rule, the possible existence of other typical light Σ hypernuclei, Σ7H, Σ9Be and Σ11B, are investigated together with their binding mechanism on the same footing as Σ4He and Σ7Li.

Comparison of different photo-oxidation conditions of poly(vinyl chloride) for outdoor applications

Four different PVC formulations, designed for outdoor applications, in the form of calendered films, were submitted to artificial accelerated ageing under different radiation sources, with and without water spray, and also to natural exposure. The influence of the different photo-oxidation conditions was evaluated by means of surface analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy. The photo-oxidation of PVC is well monitored by FTIR measurements by following the formation of oxidation products of the carbonyl type, which are due to radical attack on the double bonds in the molecular structure of PVC, and enhanced by radiation and temperature. Results show that relative rates of PVC degradation reactions are different under different photo-oxidative conditions. XPS results show that, in technical PVC formulations, the fraction of chloride ions trapped in the inorganic filler is a better parameter to measure the PVC degradation (measured by the yellowing index variation) than the total remaining (or lost) chlorine in the surface. When the ageing method includes water jets, the top superficial layers made from the inorganic filler and the organic products from the PVC degradation are removed and leave behind a much more homogeneous layer which is more resistant to ageing than the “as processed” one that contains defects introduced by the calendering process. XPS also makes clear that zinc–calcium additive is a better thermal stabilizer than dibutyltin-maleate, and the presence of tinuvin P retards the PVC degradation. The best simulation of the natural weathering of such PVC materials under laboratory conditions needs to consider, besides the light, the intervention of water jets and/or humidity as well as the existence of light and dark periods.

Minimal seesaw as an ultraviolet insensitive cure for the problems of anomaly mediation

We show that an intermediate scale supersymmetric left-right seesaw scenario with automatic $R$-parity conservation can cure the problem of tachyonic slepton masses that arise when supersymmetry is broken by anomaly mediation, while preserving ultraviolet insensitivity. The reason for this is the existence of light $B\ensuremath{-}L=2$ Higgses with Yukawa couplings to the charged leptons. We find these theories to have distinct predictions compared to the usual mSUGRA and gauge mediated models as well as the minimal anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking models. Such predictions include a condensed gaugino mass spectrum and possibly a correspondingly condensed sfermion spectrum.

Atomic and electronic structure of amorphous and crystalline hafnium oxide: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations

The atomic structure of amorphous and crystalline hafnium oxide (HfO2) films was examined using x-ray diffractometry and Hf edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. According to the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and band data calculated by the density functional method, we found that the valence band of HfO2 consists of three subbands separated by ionic gaps. The upper subband is formed by O 2p, Hf 4f, and Hf 5d states; the intermediate subband is formed by O 2s and Hf 4f states, whereas the lower narrow subband is mainly formed by Hf 5p states. The energy gap of amorphous HfO2 is 5.7eV as determined by electron energy loss spectroscopy. The band calculation results indicate the existence of light (0.3m0) and heavy (8.3m0) holes in the HfO2 film and the effective mass of electron lies in the interval of 0.7m0–2.0m0.

RELATIVITY AND THE SPEED OF LIGHT – A 100 YEAR OLD MISUNDERSTANDING

I point out a conceptual misunderstanding in the exposition of relativity, namely the mistaken belief that light has something to do with the essence of relativity. This misunderstanding can be clarified by stressing that the content of Special Relativity is simply that "we live in a Minkowski spacetime", together with a thought experiment that illustrates how one could discover this fact without ever mentioning even the existence of light. I also note a recently uncovered implication of living in Minkowski spacetime, namely the Copenhagen reinterpretation of Quantum Mechanics, developed in the past decade.

Lume di Lume: A Theory of Light and Its Effects

This article is an investigation of an enigmatic drawing from an Italian Renaissance treatise and its companion text. Its aim is to understand the drawing by situating it amid contemporary optical theory and to show how the text contributes a new appreciation for light in architecture in its time. Finally, it attempts to provide an interpretation of the drawing and text useful today — namely, the idea that architecture becomes visible not simply by its existence in light but in the creation of a penumbral zone between darkness and light.

Microscopic modeling of multi-lane highway traffic flow

We discuss a microscopic model for the study of multi-lane highway traffic flow dynamics. Each car experiences a force resulting from a combination of the desire of the driver to attain a certain velocity, aerodynamic drag, and change of the force due to car–car interactions. The model also includes multi-lane simulation capability and the ability to add and remove obstructions. We implement the model via a Java applet, which is used to simulate traffic jam formation, the effect of bottlenecks on traffic flow, and the existence of light, medium, and heavy traffic flow. The simulations also provide insight into how the properties of individual cars result in macroscopic behavior. Because the investigation of emergent characteristics is so common in physics, the study of traffic in this manner sheds new light on how the micro-to-macro transition works in general.