Existence Of Light Research Articles

Origin of gauge bosons from strong quantum correlations.

The existence of light [a massless U(1) gauge boson] is one of the unresolved mysteries in nature. We propose that light is originated from certain quantum orders in our vacuum. We construct quantum spin models on lattice to demonstrate that some quantum orders can give rise to light without breaking any symmetries and without any fine-tuning. Through our models, we show that the existence of light can simply be a phenomenon of quantum coherence in a system with many degrees of freedom. Massless gauge fluctuations appear commonly and naturally in strongly correlated quantum systems which originally contain no gauge fields.

Multiple strategies for a high light existence in a tropical marine macroalga

Acclimation to high light conditions on the top of coral reefs was examined in the coenocytic, filamentous green macroalga Chlorodesmis fastigiata (C. Ag.) Ducker. Despite having a pool of violaxanthin, high light does not induce formation of zeaxanthin in this macroalga. Exposure to 11 and 33% of surface irradiance resulted in parallel, reversible declines in Fv/Fmand in the number of functional PSII centers. The quantum requirement for PSII inactivation was calculated to be approx. 2×107photons. Recovery of PSII activity after low photon exposures did not depend on protein synthesis, unlike at higher photon exposures, where recovery was inhibited by 50% in the presence of lincomycin. Accumulation of inactive, quenching PSII centers is proposed as a mechanism of energy dissipation; only some of these centers require protein synthesis for reactivation. In natural-sized populations, midday photoinhibition was greater in filament tips than in bases, but the number of inactive PSII centers within entire filaments did not significantly change over the course of the day. It is proposed that the higher chlorophyll concentration in the tips provides protective shading to chloroplasts in lower regions, and that cytoplasmic streaming of chloroplasts within this siphonous alga limits the cumulative exposure to high light, thereby providing another level of protection from high light stress.

Perturbation theory at finite extent of fifth dimension for vacuum overlap formula of chiral determinant

We develop a perturbation theory for the vacuum overlap formula of chiral determinant at finite extent of fifth dimension in the lattice regularization. We adopt a fermion boundary condition which is derived from the lattice action of Wilson fermion. As an application, we calculate the vacuum polarization in four-dimensional theory. Each contribution to the vacuum polarization is vector-like. It is the existence of light (Dirac) mode in the spectrum of fermion with positive homogeneous mass that leads to the chiral normalization.

Possible Existence of Light Σ Hypernuclei

The possible existence of light 1: hypemuclei is discussed together with their general binding mechanism. The coupling between the isotriplet 1: particle (J:+,J: and 1:-) and the corresponding nuclear core isomultiplet and supermultiplet which comes from the strong isospin dependent and isospin-spin dependent terms of 1:-N interaction plays a crucial role to produce bound states of light 1: hypernuclei. It is found that 1) an almost pure isospin 1/2 bound (ground) state appears in !He mainly due to the cooperative contribution of the (tN· tx) and (tN· tx)(sN·sx) terms of 1:-N interaction, and 2) an isospin-breaking bound (ground) state appears in l:Li mainly due to the (tN· tx)(sN·sx) term of 1:-N interaction. We discuss in detail the different binding mechanism between !He and l:Li and propose a threshold rule for the formation of bound 1: hypemuclear states. From the viewpoint of the threshold rule, the possible existence of other typical light 1: hypernuclei, l:H, iBe and 11B, are investigated together with their binding mechanism on the same footing as !He and l:Li.

Search for long-lived neutral bosons in orthopositronium decay.

We have searched for orthoposition decay into \ensuremath{\gamma} plus a feebly interacting boson ${\mathit{X}}^{0}$, by looking for a narrow peak in the energy spectrum of single \ensuremath{\gamma} taken under the condition of no additional \ensuremath{\gamma} detected in a hermetic photon detector. No evidence of such decay is observed, resulting in a new upper limit on the branching ratio of 1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$, which is a factor of 60 more stringent than previous limits in the ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{x}}$ region below 30 keV. This experiment rules out the existence of light (${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{X}}$800 GeV) Goldstone-like bosons having electron-coupling constants ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{X}\mathit{e}\mathit{e}}$ larger than 1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$.

Reflectivity of strongly doped n-Bi2Te3 crystals in the IR region

Reflectivity has been measured in the region of plasma resonance frequency on strongly doped n-Bi2Te3(I) crystals with a free electron concentration of 2×10 to 3×26m−3. Using some simplifying conditions, given in this work, and the values of electrical conductivity, Hall and Seebeck coefficients, we have carried out the interpretation of the reflection spectra; it has turned out that for the description of the conduction band a model based on the idea of the existence of light and heavy electrons with a value of splitting factorΔ′=C·025 cV is more suitable than the non-parabolic model. The values of the effective massm⊥1 in the direction perpendicular to the trigonal axisc may be found for the specimens being measured in the interval 0·07–0·15m0. They indicate that the subband corresponding to light electrons exhibits deviations from the paraboiicity. The value ofm⊥2, determined according to the described procedure, seems to be constant; thus, in a first approximation, the band corresponding to heavy electrons is parabolic.

Photoregulated carotenoid biosynthesis in non-photosynthetic microorganisms.

Abstract

Studies on Vitamin C. XVIII

According to Furst, Chick and Hume, Heller, Kucera, it is an established fact that vitamin C is synthesized by the process of germination. The writer, also reported that germination of various seeds in the sun light produced a notable amount of vitamin C, and showed that although, light was not absolutely necessary factor for the production of vitamin C, but its content was affected by the light, and the differece of content was more clearly defied in sprouts germinated for a long time.In the 17th report, the writer stated that barley produced antiscorbutic vitamin even in the dark, but existence of light had some influence upon the production, for vitamin C was remarkably increased in barley cultivated in the sun light.The writer examined the effect of light upon the production of vitamin C with barley germinated, radish grown for 35 days and Unshu orange. Results obtained were as follows.(1). In sprouts not manured during germination was effected by the light, the longer the seeds germinated, the greater the difference of content.(2). The production of vitamin C in sprouts manured was also clearly affected by the light. To compare the content of the sprouts germinated in the dark with that of the sprouts germinated in the sun light, the former was only about 1/4 of the latter.(3). One part of barley was covered to grow in the darkStudies on Vitamin C. XVIII. 65field, until the barley not covered extends to the length of 4 feet, to see whether there is an influence of light upon the production of vitamin C, according to the result, the exsistence of light influences upon the production of vitamin C, for, the production was about quadruple in the light as much as in the dark.(4). The radishes germinated were grown for 15 days in the sun light, then, one part of them was covered for 20 days to grow in the dark, the other part was grown in the sun light. The content of vitamin C of the radish covered was about 1/5 of the other.(5). Vitamin C content of uncovered orange was twice as much as that of covered one, therefore, the effect of light was very little.(6). The production of vitamin C during life of plant is affected by the light.(7). Light is not the absolute factor for the production of vitamin C during life of plant, for it was produced even in the dark, but the existence of light has some influence upon the production.