Existence Of Coral Reefs Research Articles

Estimating the Chlorophyll-a in the Nha Trang Bay using Landsat-8 OLI data

The pigment chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is used to evaluate aquatic ecological health. Using remote sensing techniques to estimate this pigment and spatially mapping its distribution becomes essential for measuring and assessing water quality in coastal areas. Nha Trang Bay is famous not only for its scenery but also for its biodiversity values, especially the existence of coral reefs. In this study, Landsat-8 OLI was taken on June 3, 2015, and field measurements of Chl-a at 13 survey sites from June 6-8, 2015, were used to build a local algorithm to monitor the spatio-temporal distribution of Chl-a content in Nha Trang Bay. The ACOLITE processor was employed for the atmospheric modification of Landsat-8 OLI images to obtain atmospherically corrected surface reflectance products. Four types of simple regression models, including linear, exponential, logarithmic, and power models, were used to describe the relationship between the in-situ measurement of Chl-a and remote sensing reflectance of Landsat-8 OLI data. The results of correlation analysis have shown a statistically significant relationship between field measurement of Chl-a concentration and the remote sensing reflectance ratio of Landsat-8 band 3 versus band 2 using an exponential model with a coefficient of determination of 0.88 (p < 0.001) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.40 mg/m3. This empirical relationship was applied to map the spatial distribution of Chl-a concentration from 27 cloudless Landsat-8 OLI images from 2013 to 2021. The spatio-temporal distribution of Chl-a indicated that the Chl-a concentration in the Bay has a low value (less than 1 mg/m3). However, this concentration becomes high in the coastal areas (greater than 1 mg/m3) and the Cai and Tac rivers (greater than 2 mg/m3). It is also noted that the content of Chl-a in the rainy season is fairly higher than in the dry season, by an average of 0.68 mg/m3 and 0.53 mg/m3, respectively. This research highlights that Landsat-8 OLI data can be an effective and valuable tool in monitoring Chl-a for coastal areas.

Reef fish community structure in gusung batu lampe, Muara Badak District, Kutai Kartanegara

The existence of coral reefs in Muara Badak makes this ecosystem very attractive as an object of research, especially reef fish. The aim of this research is to determine the structure of the reef fish community in Gusung Batu Lampe, Muara Badak. A reef fish survey was carried out through scuba diving activities, using the video belt transect method at 10 points. The observed reef fish were identified to the genus level and community structure analysis was carried out in the form of diversity, uniformity, and dominancy indexes. The results showed that in total, 3.699 individuals were found consisting of 61 genera of fish from 23 families. The diversity index shows genera diversity, ecosystem stability, and productivity in high conditions. The uniformity index shows the distribution of individuals between each genera was moderately distributed and had no dominancy of particular genera.

Pertumbuhan Dan Laju Pertumbuhan Karang Stylophora pistillata Dengan Jenis Substrat Berbeda Yang Ditanam Pada Tiga Kedalaman Di Pantai Serangan

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Coral transplantation is the activity of cultivating/breeding coral colonies using the fragmentation method. This activity is carried out as an effort to prevent damage to the coral reef ecosystem so the existence of coral reefs and the species that live around them can be maintained. Several techniques have been used in transplant activities, but knowledge of the right transplantation technique is needed so the activities can run well. This research aims to determine the effect of different types of substrates used on the growth and growth rate of coral Stylophora pistillata transplanted at three depths at Serangan Beach, so the transplantation activities run effectively and efficiently. The research was carried out for four months from November 2021 to March 2022 through field research using the Randomized Block Design method with two factors, namely the type of substrate used (cement and sand; bricks) and different depths (1 m, 3 m and 5 m). This study used 90 fragments of Stylophora pistillata. The results of the analysis showed that the different types of substrate gave significantly different effects on growth and growth rate at a depth of 1 m. However, at the other two depths, the effect of different substrate types were not differed significantly. The best coral growth and growth rate was seen in corals using cement and sand substrates transplanted at a depth of 1 m with growth of 3,29 cm (height) and 3,93 cm (width), while the highest growth rate was 0,82 cm/ month. (height) and 0,98 cm/month (width).

Fish Boat Building as a Supporting Facility for Lobster Cultivation in Banyuwangi

The economic condition of the coastal communities of East Java, especially in Banyuwangi, is strongly influenced by the tourism and fishing sectors. This condition needs to be developed with supporting facilities such as the procurement of fishing vessels. Procurement of fishing vessels must be designed with a feasibility study on vessel operations. In general, coastal conditions have shallow water depths and are often used by coastal communities for lobster cultivation. The supporting fishing vessels must be able to maneuver properly and not damage the ecosystem so that the existence of coral reefs is maintained. The fishing boats that support lobster aquaculture are designed with good maneuverability by taking into account the speed, the result of the waves formed and the capacity of the ship. The results of the design of fishing boats supporting lobster cultivation obtained that the main size of the ship is 13.00 meters long, 3.00 meters wide and 0.8 meters draft with a speed of 12 knots, reaching a designed mileage of 30 km in shallow water operational conditions

Toward geomorphic mapping of reef habitat by laser altimeter on ICESat-2 Satellite

The main objectives of Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) are to quantify the change of ice sheets, sea ice, and their behavior. It uses precise laser measurements of surface elevation to achieve the goals. Using 532 nm laser pulse, ICESat-2 has been providing other data of Earth System components as well such as vegetation canopy height, land height, and nearshore bathymetry. This study aims were to investigate the potential use of laser photon data of ICESat-2 for geomorphic mapping and reef rugosity indication. About eight tracks of data photon of Kapoposang island and four tracks of Kodingarenglompo were investigated to indicate the existence of coral reef and its geomorphic zone. The results show that the photon’s depth for Kapoposang island is easier to interpret than Kadingarenglompo due to the clarity of the water column. The deepest depth photon achieves for Kapoposang reef was up to 17 meters while at Kodingarenglompo just about 6 meters. The depth photon variability at reef area is significantly different from sand and submerged vegetation area. The depth dan slope variability are easy to detect using this lidar altimetry which in turn very helpful on classifying the geomorphic zone of reef habitat. Hence these results may lead to study more about the use of ICESat-2 data for reef habitat mapping.

Relationship Between Characteristics of Marine Debris and Impact to Coral Reef

HighlightMarine debris can be as a treat for coral reefBranching coral is the most affected by marine debrisPlastic marine debris commonly found in all research location, especially from fisheries and daily activityAbstractA coral reef is one of the important ecosystems, however, the existence of coral reef is threatened. Several factors can be a threat to the coral reef, such as marine debris. Research about marine debris on coral reefs in Indonesia has not much been done. This research aims to identify marine debris that is found and impacted, to identify the impacts caused, and to identify the life forms most susceptible to being affected. This research was conducted in Kelapa Island, Kelapa Dua Island, and Harapan Island by using the Belt Transect method sized 20 x 4 m2 with four repetitions at each station to determine coral reef life form, and type of marine debris. The data was analyzed by using the Correspondence Analysis (CA) to determine the correlation of marine debris and the affected life forms of coral reefs. The result showed the plastic marine debris was found in all stations. Six life forms were affected by marine debris, and the most susceptible life forms that affected were massive and branching. The most dominant impact category on coral reefs was tissue loss with algal growth (TLAG).

Anthropogenic activity and the destruction of coral reefs in the waters of small islands

Coral reefs have a very important function in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems, but the pressure of anthropogenic activity can damage the coral reef ecosystem. This research aims to analyses the activities and behaviors of communities that cause damage to the coral reefs of the small island Island waters of the Spermonde Islands. This study was conducted on 8 small islands of the Spermonde Islands using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results showed that anthropogenic activity conducted by the small islands, tends not to be environmentally friendly. As a result there is damage and reduced living coral reefs are quite large. It’s been identified there are 13 island community activities that could damage the coral reef ecosystem. In order to support the sustainability and existence of coral reefs, it is a must that every stakeholders for having collaboration in the management of the community-based coral reefs.

Coral reef’s healthy level measurement system design using digital image processing on Bunaken National Sea Park

The existence of coral reefs have been beneficial for life of living things in the sea. However, their existence todays is threaten by some factors which can be seen from its color bleaching. This means that coral reefs’ level of healthy is decreasing. This is happening in Bunaken National Sea Park North Sulawesi, which is one of tourism destinations in Indonesia. Data used on this research is 40 reef images collected randomly from 10 diving spots around Bunaken. This research will design a system to analyse coral reefs’ healthy level using digital image analysis. Reef healthy observation is accomplished based on Coral Health Chart issued by coralwatch.org. Based on the chart, RGB average is calculated using digital image processing and applying least square method to obtain formula in determining coral reefs’ healthy level. Furthermore, the 40 coral reef images collected are classified based on regression equation obtained. This system is built in computer application system. Results show that application system using digital image to determine reef healthy level can be used. Healthy level of coral reefs in Bunaken National Sea Park is 72.8184%.

ESTIMASI DANA MASYAKARAT MELALUI VALUASI EKONOMI KERUSAKAN TERUMBU KARANG DI DESA POKA KOTA AMBON

Ambon Bay, Ambon City is a region with high anthropogenic pressure and is very influential on coastal and marine resources, especially coral reefs. Damage to coral reefs in Ambon Bay occurred in Poka Village, handling has been done through the rehabilitation program with coral transplantation techniques, but the need for support and community participation in its management. One of the factors not yet successful management of coral reefs is lack of funds, whereas according to the rules of fund of coral reef management activities one of them can be sourced from the community. This study aims to determine the perception of the community on the existence of coral reefs, analyze the economic value of coral reef damage, and estimate community funds to repair damage to coral reefs in Poka Village, Ambon City. The study was conducted from January to May 2018 using case study method. A sample of 107 heads of households was obtained through proposive sampling and techniques of economical sampling of economies. The data analysis consisted of the analysis of community perception using the likeness scale on three indicators: knowledge, benefit, and coral reef damage; analysis of non-market economic valuation through CVM method; and estimates of community funds through the calculation of the total value of willingness to pay based on the number of people who are willing.The results showed that: 1). The perception of most of the people is very know and know the existence of coral reefs in Poka Village, only a small perception of hesitate and do not know; 2). There is a relationship of perception and willingness to pay the community to repair damage to coral reefs in Poka Village; 3). The economic value of coral reef damage is Rp. 4.288.000, - / month or Rp 51.456.000, - / year; and 4.) The estimation of community fund for coral reef damage in Poka Village is Rp 3,888,322,95 / month or Rp 46,659,875,46 / year.

Disain LieYo Hidro Generator Explorasi Energi Arus Lepas Pantai

Sea currents are one of these renewable energy sources that have not been developed, because they cost a lot and the capacity of energy produced is small. The presence of corrosion factors of sea air to the material containing the iron element of the material used must be of stainless steel. The existence of coral reefs that grow on objects submerged in the sea in a long time. Based on the above problems, the researcher wanted to develop an idea to make LieYo hydro generator. The idea of generating this generator is based on a magnetic ball placed on a vertically mounted pipe and each pipe is paired with a coil, a magnet ball that moves freely up and down in the pipe due to the wobble of the sea surface. Movement of magnetic spheres up and down causing the coils to receive magnetic field lines, the movement of the magnetic sphere will form an electric current on the coil. Several designs were tried out from the results of this study. Later can be used as the basis of designing a LieYo hydro generator.

The role of top-predator in the preservation of coral reefs ecosystem

The coral reef ecosystem in Indonesian as part of Coral Triangle Region has been significantly decreasing in the last decades. This damage has been known widely due to coastal development, pollution, and uncontrolled fishing and harvesting. Among other many living species in the environment, the existence of coral reefs is directly related to the existence of Drupella sp. and Acanthaster planci as the coral predators, while the existence of the predators also related to the Napoleon wrasse and Giant triton/ Trumpet shell as the top predator. This study discusses the interaction among the coral reefs, the predators and the top predators, which is represented in a dynamical model of predator-prey-top predator. In the absence of top predators, the system is reduced as a two-predator-prey model with only one surviving predator, Acanthaster planci , which has more effective predation behavior. The role of Napoleon wrasse as a top predator of both Acanthaster planci and Drupella sp . is significantly important to protect the coral reef from the excessive predation from Acanthaster planci and Drupella sp . A stable co-existence is shown between coral reef, Acanthaster planci and Napoleon wrasse. With the appearance of Giant tritons which predate only Acanthaster planci , a co-existence between five species may occur with abundant species of Giant triton.

APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR PROMOTION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN MARINE ECOTOURISM: A CASE STUDY IN BANGSRING, BANYUWANGI

Ecotourism is a form of tourism management by promoting the unique tourist attraction such as natural destination, conservation, education and local wisdom. Banyuwangi is a region that makes ecotourism as a n important pillar of the economy in coastal areas. Communities in the coastal village of Bangsring District , Banyuwangi, generally have a chance to earn more revenue from ecotourism sector. The existence of coral reefs and beautiful island s are natural potential that can be developed into high-value marine ecotourism, especially with the increase in ecotourism trend. It is also in line with the direction of Government policy in Banyuwangi to advance marine ecotourism sector. Based on information obtained from the chairman of Pokwasmas Samudera Bhakti and KNIH Bangsring, the problem faced by partners related to the development of ecotourism was that Bangsring ecotourism requires more promotion s. I nformation about ecotourism so far has not fully use information technology, whereas characteristics of ecotourism fans who belong to a niche market requires their websites and other social media as an effective media campaign. Bunder (Underwater Bangsring) is one of the marketing strategies and promotion of village tourism potential in Bangsring using mobile application based on android. By using information technology (IT) , “Bunder” is able to generate information s based on android platform that can be accesed from anywhere and by everyone. A downloadable app lication named Bunder is regarding the potential of tourism and natural resources in Bangsring and its surrounding. This application is expected to support effective promotion towards sustainable management of marine ecotourism in Bangsring, Banyuwangi.

Acoustical Measurement and Biot Model for Coral Reef Detection and Quantification

Coral reefs are coastal resources and very useful for marine ecosystems. Nowadays, the existence of coral reefs is seriously threatened due to the activities of blast fishing, coral mining, marine sedimentation, pollution, and global climate change. To determine the existence of coral reefs, it is necessary to study them comprehensively. One method to study a coral reef by using a propagation of sound waves is proposed. In this research, the measurement of reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, acoustic backscattering, hardness, and roughness of coral reefs has been conducted using acoustic instruments and numerical modeling using Biot theory. The results showed that the quantification of the acoustic backscatter can classify the type of coral reef.

Incorporating benthic community changes into hydrochemical-based projections of coral reef calcium carbonate production under ocean acidification

The existence of coral reefs is dependent on the production and maintenance of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) framework that is produced through calcification. The net production of CaCO3 will likely decline in the future, from both declining net calcification rates (decreasing calcification and increasing dissolution) and shifts in benthic community composition from calcifying organisms to non-calcifying organisms. Here, we present a framework for hydrochemical studies that allows both declining net calcification rates and changes in benthic community composition to be incorporated into projections of coral reef CaCO3 production. The framework involves upscaling net calcification rates for each benthic community type using mapped proportional cover of the benthic communities. This upscaling process was applied to the reef flats at One Tree and Lady Elliot reefs (Great Barrier Reef) and Shiraho Reef (Okinawa), and compared to existing data. Future CaCO3 budgets were projected for Lady Elliot Reef, predicting a decline of 53 % from the present value by end-century (800 ppm CO2) without any changes to benthic community composition. A further 5.7 % decline in net CaCO3 production is expected for each 10 % decline in calcifier cover, and net dissolution is predicted by end-century if calcifier cover drops below 18 % of the present extent. These results show the combined negative effect of both declining net calcification rates and changing benthic community composition on reefs and the importance of considering both processes for determining future reef CaCO3 production.

The presence of biomarker enzymes of selected Scleractinian corals of Palk Bay, southeast coast of India.

The health and existence of coral reefs are in danger by an increasing range of environmental and anthropogenic impacts. The causes of coral reef decline include worldwide climate change, shoreline development, habitat destruction, pollution, sedimentation and overexploitation. These disasters have contributed to an estimated loss of 27% of the reefs. If the current pressure continues unabated, the estimated loss of coral reef will be about 60% by the year 2030. Therefore, the present study was aimed to analyze the enzymes involved in stress induced by coral pathogen and its resistance. We focused on the enzymes involved in melanin synthesis pathway (phenoloxidase (PO) and peroxidases (POD)) and free radical scavenging enzymes (super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) in selected scleractinian corals such as Acropora formosa, Echinopora lamellosa, Favia favus, Favites halicora, Porites sp., and Anacropora forbesi. Overall, PO activity of coral was significantly lower than that of zooxanthellae except for Favia favus. Coral colonies with lower PO and POD activities are prone to disease. Maximum antioxidant defensive enzymes were observed in Favia favus followed by Echinopora lamellose. It is concluded that assay of these enzymes can be used as biomarkers for identifying the susceptibility of corals towards coral bleaching induced by pathogen.

Persepsi Masyarakat tentang Terumbu Karang di Kepulauan Seribu

Kepulauan Seribu has rich natural resources in the form of coral reef coral fish, and other ocean Now which interact with each other. Resident of Kepulauan Seribu has a high dependency on these natural resources. The existence of coral reef has a strong impact on fisheries since the number offish and other biota will be high when the coral reef is in good condition. Nelayan tangkap konsumsi is one of the job types which strongly affected by the existence of coral reef Fishermen get economic benefits in the form of job and income source. Not only fishermen, all the residents also get benefits in the form of protein source, income source, and also job field from the existence of coral reef Nevertheless, based on the research done by the experts, the condition of the coral reef in Kepulauan Seribu tends to get worse because of human and natural factors. The purpose of this study is to reveal the Kepulauan Seribu residence perception of the coral reef condition and factors affect this perception. Rased on regression results, place of residency, age, education, length of stay, major sauce of household income, and condition of coral reef at the nearest island have significant relationships with the people's perception.

離島住民の中心都市における滞在可能時間の測定

The first purpose of this study is to find out the number of hours that residents of remote islands can stay in the nearby major cities, and to determine possibilities for the islanders to engage in their daily living activities more readily during their one day trip to a nearby major city. The second purpose is to analyze factors which can affect the number of hours that the residents of remote islands can stay in the nearby major cities. The residents of 255 remote islands were studied. The result of this study may be summarized as follows:(1) The calculation of hours that the remote island residents can stay in a nearby major city with local government revealed that 87.6% of them were able to stay in the cities for their purposes. In other words, many remote islands are located within a distance that makes the residents eligible to receive financial benefit or service in the city and return home in one day. However, the residents of 33 remote islands were unable to go to the nearby major cities and return in one day. It is strongly recommended that convenient transportation be provided for these islanders to and from the remote islands.(2) Many remote islands are within the jurisdiction of a nearby major city's administration, and islanders can readily visit the nearby major cities and return home in one day. However, the amount of time they are able to spend in the cities is limited. There exists a big disparity among different remote islands. Only a few remote islands are known to have residents who can afford to work in nearby major cities while living on their remote islands. In many cases they do not have enough time or money to keep their job in the major cities and live on the remote islands. Therefore, many remote islands are considered to be residential areas of the nearby major cities workers.(3) The most vital factor influencing islanders' time spent in the nearby major cities seems to be the ferry schedule to and from the remote islands. In many cases, a limited number of ferry trips between the remote islands and the nearby major cities is one of the main factors limiting their time spent in the nearby cities. If the ferry leaves the nearby cities at or before 17: 00 hours daily, many residents of the remote islands cannot afford to stay there for a long time. Another case is when the ferry leaves the ports of the remote islands and the nearby cities simultaneously, which also makes it difficult for the islanders to spend a lot of time in the nearby major cities.(4) Another factor to influence the length of stay for the residents of the remote islands in the nearby major cities is the island's remote geographic location. The length of their stay in the major cities is largely decided by the distance between the islands and the cities. The population of the remote islands and the location of the islands in relation to the nearby cities are other important factors. Other significant factors include the population of the nearby major cities with their own administrative government and the existence of coral reefs around the remote islands.

Tidal Waves from the Recent Aleutian Earthquake: ABSTRACT

On April 1, 1946, a sudden movement of the ocean bottom in the Aleutian deep started a train of sea waves which were picked up on tide gauges as far away as Australia and South America. Great damage was done to all of the north coasts of the Hawaiian Islands and the waves surged to heights as great as 55 feet in some places of convergence. Investigation of the five main Hawaiian islands showed relationships between high water marks and submarine topography. Also the height was greatly influenced by the existence of coral reefs and lagoons along the shore. Investigations in Hawaii have been compared with determinations by the Japanese in the 1933 tidal waves to devise a means of forecasting the relative danger of different situations from future tidal waves. Personal experiences during the tidal wave are given along with accounts of other observers. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2088------------