Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Research Articles

Experimental study and energy loss analysis of an R245fa organic Rankine cycle prototype system with a radial piston expander

In this paper, an R245fa organic Rankine cycle experimental prototype system with a 5-cylinders radial piston expander is presented to recovery waste heat from exhaust gas of diesel engine. In order to explore the system behavior and research the effective adjustment method, the performance was tested and analyzed with multiple operating parameters: pump speed, generator load, energy of waste heat source and working fluid filling quantity. Moreover, energy and exergy analysis were provided to evaluate the system energy loss. Combining simulation study of expander in GT-SUITE, the internal friction and leakage were calculated to illuminate the energy degradation processes of expansion. The experiments proved the feasibility of radial piston expander for organic Rankine cycle coupled to vehicle engine. The results demonstrate that expander power output can be optimized by adjusting pump speed under different heat sources and moderate filling quantity indicates the largest expander power output. The gross thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the organic Rankine cycle system can reach up to 2.02% and 10.5%, respectively. Overall system exergy losses are 4.24–4.63 kW and expander contributes about 1 kW. In the processes of expansion, entropy increment leads to larger energy degradation than working fluid flow loss and mechanical frictional loss. Under the influences of multiple energy losses, the maximum expander mechanical power output 279 W can be obtained.

Reduction of the Negative Impact on the Environment By Optimizing the Combustion Process in Diesel Engines

The article considers the problem of the negative impact of the exhaust gases of diesel internal combustion engines on the environment and human health. The types of organization of the ignition process and the process of fuel combustion in a diesel engine are considered. The reasons for the occurrence of increased particulate matter in internal combustion engines in exhaust gases are also described. The main factors affecting the delay of ignition are given. The main stages of soot formation in diesel internal combustion engines are described. The influence of temperature distribution in the jets of injected fuel and the dependence of emissions on the coefficient of excess air are considered. As a result, the main conclusions are given on ensuring the reduction of solid particles in the exhaust gases of diesel engines by optimizing the combustion process.

Novel Method Using Na2S2O8 as an Oxidant to Simultaneously Absorb SO2 and NO from Marine Diesel Engine Exhaust Gases

Nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases of marine diesel engines are harmful for the environment and human health. Environmentally friendly sodium persulfate, which satisfies the req...

Waste heat recovery from exhaust gas of an engine by using a phase change material

An increase in the economic rapid development worldwide creates a problem of shortage of energy and hence conservation of energy is the need of an hour. A recent survey shows that a considerable amount of energy is released in the form of waste heat from internal combustion engines which creates another issue of air pollution. According to the study, the conversion rate of energy supplied to an engine into useful power output that is mechanical work is around 30–40%. It means that the exhaust gases contribute to about 33% and engine cooling capacity about 30% to that of the energy supplied which results in an increase in entropy and other serious environmental problems. Indeed more and more energy should be converted into useful work. The present work consists of thermal energy storage from the exhaust gas of twin-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines with the help of sodium nitrate being used as the Phase Change Materials (PCM) and the energy available in exhaust gas without Phase Change Materials. The test of fuel used as diesel for both with and without PCM. The exhaust gases from the twin-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine without PCM contain 45.1% energy transferred to the atmosphere. The exhaust gases with a thermal energy storage system exchanging of heat to the PCM. The PCM stored thermal energy 5.5% of total energy from the exhaust during the charging process and reduced emission control by reducing energy transferred to the atmosphere form 45.1% to 39.5%. The thermal energy from the PCM discharged and used to generation of steam which can be used for different applications. The process without PCM gives more harmful gases and hazardous to humans and the environment, but the system with PCM gives minimum exhaust gas temperature which is minimum harmful to humans and the environment. The utilization of waste heat and its recovery reduces the fuel required to run the engine and lesser emission of greenhouse gases to the environment.

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ДВИГУНА ПРИ ЙОГО РОБОТІ НА СУМІШАХ БІОДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ПАЛИВА ОДЕРЖАНОГО З СИНЕ-ЗЕЛЕНИХ ВОДОРОСТІВ

This article considers usage of blue-green algae as biomaterials for creation of motor biofuels. The object of the study is effect of blended biodiesel fuels from blue-green algae on the environmental and energy performances for the diesel engine. The purpose of the work is experimental study of changes of power and ecological characteristics of automobile diesel engines using petroleum diesel and their mixtures with biofuels derived from blue-green algae. Methods of research are experimental, laboratory ones. As a result of performed experimental researches dependences of changing of the effective engine power on the use of diesel fuel and a mixture of diesel fuel with the received bioactive supplements based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20% were established. It has been experimentally established that the effective power of an engine using a mixture of diesel fuel with the derived bioactive compounds based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20% will decrease by an average of 0,9, 1,8 and 3,5 %. It has been experimentally determined that the content of carbon monoxide in the use of a mixture of diesel fuel with the derived bioactive compounds based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20 % will decrease by an average of 6,5, 13,9 and 28,7 %. The obtained results allow to optimize the choice of fuels for power systems of internal combustion engines and to reduce emissions of harmful substances in exhaust gases of automobile diesel engines. KEY WORDS: BIOFUELS, DIESEL ENGINE, ALGAE, POWERFUL CHARACTERISTICS, ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS.

Integrated diesel engine toxicity reduction system

The issues of natural gas application and recirculation as a complex method of reducing the toxicity of diesel exhaust gases are considered. The results of experimental studies on the influence of natural gas and recirculation on the effective characteristics, toxicity and smokiness of exhaust gases are presented. At the same time, special attention is paid to power and economic characteristics, indicators of the combustion process, toxicity and smokiness of exhaust gases. The presented results of experimental studies prove the effectiveness of the application as a comprehensive system of reducing the toxicity of diesel engine natural gas and exhaust gas recirculation.

Cost efficiency of optimizing automatic temperature control parameters in a diesel engine cooling system on a cruising vessel: A case study

With the enforcement of international regulations aimed at reducing environmental pollution, various measures and procedures have been proposed to reduce fuel consumption and increase energy efficiency of ships. Cruising ships that are commonly visiting some of most sensitive and protected sea areas are of particularly interest. This case study outlines measure that can be applied to cruising vessels without installing new or modifications of existing systems and will require somewhat increased attention of chief engineer during voyage. Modern medium speed marine diesel engines, out of the total energy contained in the fuel, utilize slightly less than half while the rest is a thermal loss.Therefore, ships are equipped with waste heat recovery systems utilizing the excessive heat of diesel engine exhaust gases and cooling water. The findings in this paper shows that correct selection of parameters in automated control of cooling water temperature results with a significant improvement of diesel engine thermal efficiency, reduced fuel consumption and improved costs efficiency. The results are applicable for all similar marine or industrial power systems as well.

Energy efficiency of diesel engines in the oil and gas industry when transferred to alternative fuels

This article considers usage of blue-green algae as biomaterials for creation of motor biofuels. Proliferation of blue-green algae leads to water rotting, destruction of aquatic ecosystems and destruction of rivers and lakes that is why clearing of water bodies from blue-green algae is an urgent task. The object of the study is effect of blended biodiesel fuels from blue-green algae on the environmental and energy performances for the diesel engine. The purpose of the work is experimental study of changes of power and ecological characteristics of automobile diesel engines using petroleum diesel and their mixtures with biofuels derived from blue-green algae. Methods of research are experimental, laboratory ones. Laboratory researches were carried out on an experimental installation based on the serial diesel engine D21A1. As a result of performed experimental researches dependences of changing of the effective engine power on the use of diesel fuel and a mixture of diesel fuel with the received bioactive supplements based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20 % were established. It has been experimentally established that the effective power of an engine using a mixture of diesel fuel with the derived bioactive compounds based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20 % will decrease by an average of 0,9, 1,8 and 3,5 %. It has been experimentally determined that the content of carbon monoxide in the use of a mixture of diesel fuel with the derived bioactive compounds based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20 % will decrease by an average of 6,5, 13,9 and 28,7 %. The obtained results allow to optimize the choice of fuels for power systems of internal combustion engines and to reduce emissions of harmful substances in exhaust gases of automobile diesel engines.

Performance and emission study of exhaust gas single cylinder diesel engine based on fuel bioethanol – high speed diesel (HSD) using fumigation and blending methods

Diesel engine exhaust gas contains a lot of particulates because it is influenced by factors from fuel which is not clean. The addition of ethanol to diesel fuel is expected to provide a solution to reduce exhaust emissions from diesel engines. The first step is fumigation method, process of mixing High Speed Diesel (HSD) and bioethanol directly in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine. The second method is compared with Blending method. HSD is mixed with bioethanol, there are 5 variation mixing. Variation 1 blending method diesel fuel (diesel), variation 2 (93% diesel, 2% surfactant and 5% ethanol), variation 3 (HSD 88%, 2% surfactant and ethanol 10 %), variation 4 (83% diesel fuel, 2% surfactant and 15% ethanol) and variation 5 Fumigation method (ethanol and diesel). This work were carried out at the Performance Engine Laboratory and Mechanical Engineering Manufacturing Laboratory in Engineering Faculty of Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. The hypothesis of this research is that the mixture of ethanol and diesel fuel produces greater power and consumption compared to diesel fuel. Ethanol and diesel fuel mixtures can also reduce air pollution compared to diesel. Judging from the smoke density of each fuel.

Analysis of CO2, CO, NO, NO2, and PM Particulates of a Diesel Engine Exhaust

Exhaust emissions of a diesel engine are considered to be a substantial source of environmental pollution. Diesel engines are mainly used in vehicles and power generation. The usage of diesel engines is unavoidable as they give more power and performance, but at the same time, higher usage of diesel engines leads to increased air pollution, sound pollution, and emissions to the environment. Therefore, various attempts have been made to control the harmful emissions of engines. For this reason, different devices have been made such as catalytic convertors to overcome emission problems and purify the harmful gases. In order to meet these ends, a new system was designed that would contribute to controlling the air pollution of the engines. The system is also known as an aqua silencer, and its design is somehow different but still can be used as a silencer. The newly designed emission controller was installed in a test-bed diesel engine and a total of twenty experiments were conducted with and without the new emission controller at constant speed and at constant load. During these experiments, exhaust gases were analyzed with flue gas analyzers measuring CO2, CO, NO2, NO, and PM. The study concluded that the contaminants of diesel engine exhaust gases were) controlled by the developed emission controller.

Improving the environmental performance of a diesel engine using natural gas and exhaust gas recirculation

The study of the environmental performance of diesel engines running on natural gas in a wide range of operating conditions is relevant for the further implementation of their transport and transport-technological machines. The paper deals with the use of natural gas as an alternative fuel to improve the environmental performance of a diesel engine. The results of experimental studies on the effect of natural gas and exhaust gas recirculation on the toxicity and smokiness of diesel engine exhaust gases are presented. It is noted that when the diesel engine is running on natural gas with exhaust gas recirculation, the content of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gases decreases by 43.2%, soot (C) by 5.6 times, carbon dioxide (CO2) by 33.3%, carbon oxides (CO) by 10.0%.

Effect of Water Content in Methanol on The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Fueled by Diesel Fuel and Jatropha Oil Blends with EGR System

Diesel engines are usually used because of their durability and high efficiency. Therefore the number of diesel engine uses is increasing. This results in an increase in the amount of diesel fuel consumption and air pollution from diesel engine exhaust gases, especially soot emissions. To reduce this soot emission, methanol which is rich in oxygen is added to diesel. The substitution of alcohol into diesel has an impact on the performance of the diesel engine. Therefore, this study is focused on investigating the effect of water content in methanol on diesel engine performance and soot emissions. The study was conducted using an Isuzu 4JB1 diesel engine equipped with a cold EGR system. The ratio of the diesel-jatropha-methanol mixture used is 55/30/15% on a volume basis. While the water content in methanol used is 0 to 25% at a 5% interval. The test is carried out at a stationary 2500 rpm and given a load of 25% to 100% at a 25% interval. A dynamite Land & Sea dynamometer and stages 898 smoke meter were used to measure performance and soot emissions. The experimental data shows that the higher water content in methanol in the mixture of diesel-jatropha-methanol fuel causes a reduction in performance and an increase in soot emissions of diesel engines.

Metal-ceramic permeable SHS-materials based on alloy-steel scale and ilmenite for cleaning exhaust gases of diesel engines

The possibilities of obtaining porous permeable cermet SHS-materials with catalytic properties are studied. The mixture consisted of powders of steel alloy scale, concentrate of ilmenite, oxides of aluminum or chromium, the basis of the material formed the backbone of metal ceramics (Al2O3) and reduced iron, as well as additives of metal oxides. The resulting material is intended for the catalytic purification of exhaust gases of diesel engines, in particular, from nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide and soot.

High Reduction Efficiencies of Adsorbed NOx in Pilot-Scale Aftertreatment Using Nonthermal Plasma in Marine Diesel-Engine Exhaust Gas

An efficient NOx reduction aftertreatment technology for a marine diesel engine that combines nonthermal plasma (NTP) and NOx adsorption/desorption is investigated. The aftertreatment technology can also treat particulate matter using a diesel particulate filter and regenerate it via NTP-induced ozone. In this study, the NOx reduction energy efficiency is investigated. The investigated marine diesel engine generates 1 MW of output power at 100% engine load. NOx reduction is performed by repeating adsorption/desorption processes with NOx adsorbents and NOx reduction using NTP. Considering practical use, experiments are performed for a larger number of cycles compared with our previous study; the amount of adsorbent used is 80 kg. The relationship between the mass of desorbed NOx and the energy efficiency of NOx reduction via NTP is established. This aftertreatment has a high reduction efficiency of 71% via NTP and a high energy efficiency of 115 g(NO2)/kWh for a discharge power of 12.0 kW.

Permeable Cermet SHS-Materials Based on Alloy-Steel Scale and Ilmenite for Cleaning Diesel Engine Exhaust Gases

The possibilities of obtaining porous permeable cermet SHS-materials with catalytic properties are studied. The charge composition consists of powders of alloy steel scale, ilmenite concentrate, aluminum or chromium oxides, the basis of material forming the backbone of cermet (Al2O3) and reduced iron, and also added metaloxides. The material obtained is intended for the catalytic purification of diesel engine exhaust gases, particularly from nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide and soot.

ЗМЕНШЕННЯ ВИКИДІВ СУДНОВОГО ДИЗЕЛЯ УТИЛІЗАЦІЄЮ ТЕПЛОТИ РЕЦИРКУЛЯЦІЙНИХ ГАЗІВ ЕЖЕКТОРНОЮ ХОЛОДИЛЬНОЮ МАШИНОЮ

The problem of air basin pollution of the World Ocean with harmful emissions from the exhaust gases of marine diesel engines is primarily associated with the creation of highly efficient technologies for the neutralization of nitrogen oxides NOx on exhaust gases from a diesel engine. Emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of marine fuels are limited by international atmospheric protection programs and the requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The requirements relate to almost all groups of harmful emissions in marine engines and the more stringent of them are primarily related to nitrogen oxides NOx and sulfur oxides SOx. To reduce harmful emissions from exhaust gases into the environment, scientists and world engine leaders use and suggest various methods for reducing the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases. The implementation of new standards in the areas of further improvement of the working process, the use of alternative fuels, fuel, and air additives, as well as selective catalytic reduction systems do not preclude further development of scientific research in the field of exhaust gas cleaning. One of the promising ways in environmentalizing marine internal combustion engines is the neutralization of harmful substances in exhaust gases through particular gas recirculation (EGR-technology). However, the use of such techniques conflicts with the engine's energy efficiency. In the work presented, the scheme-design solution of the exhaust gas recirculation system with using the heat of recirculation gases by an ejector refrigeration machine for cooling the air at the intake of ship's main engine is proposed. The effect of using the heat of recirculation gases for cooling the air at the intake of the engine is analyzed taking into account the changing climatic conditions for a particular vessel's route line. It is shown that the use of an ejector refrigeration machine reduces the air temperature at the entrance of the main engine by 5…15 ° С, which reduces the specific fuel consumption. This reduces emissions of harmful substances when the engine is running with recirculation of gases.

SOLUTIONS FOR THE UNSTABLE WORKING OF A TURBOCHARGER IN MARINE DIESEL ENGINES

We know the development trend of industries in general and the shipbuilding industry, in particular, is the increase in energy efficiency to contribute to global emissions reduction, especially CO2 emissions. It is not difficult to realize that gas turbines utilize exhaust gas energy to increase the intake air pressure. Exhaust gas turbines are convenient enough to complete the shipbuilding industry in line with the norms of the world maritime organization, including EEDI (energy efficiency design index) and SEEMP (ship energy efficiency management plan). Thus, satisfying IMO's EEDI and SEEMP criteria under MARPOL Annex VI, the completion of the design and exploitation of turbocharged exhaust turbines should be a top priority. Exhaust gas turbines increase the intake air pressure to improve the performance of diesel engines, so it is almost present on most diesel engines. Mastering the structure and working principles to improve the efficiency of turbines continuously is an urgent requirement. Besides, it is necessary to follow the manufacturer's instructions and research to effectively exploit turbines that will contribute to increasing economic efficiency and contributing to reducing environmental pollution emissions. The article focuses on analyzing measures to overcome the causes of working instability of the main diesel engine's exhaust gas turbine, which will contribute a small part in completing exhaust gas turbines. Based on mastering the knowledge of exhaust gas turbine, we can choose the turbine layout to utilize exhaust gas heat suitable for diesel engines. Moreover, mastering the factors that affect the working of turbines and compressors, thereby improving the quality of turbine extraction and maintenance to ensure they always work in the best conditions.

EXHAUST GAS RECOVERY FROM MARINE DIESEL ENGINE IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE TOXIC EMISSION AND SAVE ENERGY: A MINI REVIEW

Nowadays, the use of exhaust gas energy seems to be a very promising key to increase the energy efficiency in maritime field by converting the thermal losses of ship into useful energy sources such as exhaust boiler, exhaust turbo charging or mini electrical generator, which ensure the best utilization of the fuel, reduce emission met IMO requirements and reduce the operating costs. Diesel engine exhaust gas energy, certainly the most interesting among the waste heat sources of a ship because of the heat flow and temperature, is always considered to utilize due to the exhaust gas energy is approximately 25-30% of total energy of burned fuels in internal combustion engines. By installing the main propulsion plant with a waste heat recovery system (WHRS), the fuel can be utilized more economically, because energy lost in the exhaust gas flow is less. Moreover, the amount of CO2 emissions related to the mechanical power output of engines may be dropped off. The paper presents the review of utilization of exhaust gas heat in ship and suggests a heating up method for biodiesel or bio-oils which fuel in diesel engine in order to get dual benefit.

Multicomponent Emulsified Biofuels for Transport Diesel Engines

Vegetable oils are a significant raw material resource for producing biodiesel fuels. But while using vegetable oils as fuels, the coking of the combustion chamber elements and injectors’ spraying nozzles. These problems can be solved by supplying water into the combustion chamber through the injectors. The article considers an opportunity of ensuring the stable operation of the diesel engine when it is powered by multicomponent emulsified biofuels. Emulsions of petroleum diesel fuel, rapeseed oil and water were investigated. The results of experimental studies of the automotive diesel engine running on these fuels are presented. According to the test results the efficiency of using these emulsions as fuels for diesel engines was evaluated. The favorable combination of characteristics of fuel efficiency and toxicity of diesel engine exhaust gases is obtained by using an emulsion containing 57% of petroleum diesel fuel, 30% of rapeseed oil and 13% of water (by volume). At the maximum power mode, the replacement of petroleum diesel fuel with this emulsion enabled to reduce exhaust smoke opacity from 16.0 to 7.5% according to the Hartridge scale. By the modes of the thirteen-mode cycle the integral specific emission of nitrogen oxides NOx decreases from 6, 610 to 5, 552 g/(kW·h).

Experimental study on diesel engine exhaust gas recirculation performance and optimum exhaust gas recirculation rate determination method.

In order to study the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) performance of marine diesel engines, a venturi high-pressure EGR device was established to overcome the exhaust gas reflow problem based on a certain type of turbocharged diesel engine. The EGR performance test is accomplished and an optimal EGR decision-making optimization method based on grey correlation coefficient modified is proposed. The results show that the venturi tube EGR can basically meet the injection requirements of high-pressure exhaust gas and achieve good results. Through the venturi tube EGR, the NOX emissions reduce significantly with the maximum drop of 30.6%. The explosive pressure in cylinder reduces with the EGR rate increases and the cylinder pressure curve shows a single peak at low-speed conditions and double peaks at high-speed condition. However, the fuel consumption rate, NOX and smoke have been negatively affected. Due to small samples, the traditional evaluation method is difficult to determine the optimal EGR rate reasonably, while the proposed method can effectively solve this problem. It can weaken the shortcomings of subjective judgement and greatly improve the rationality of decision-making results.