Exhaust Gas Emissions Research Articles

Numerical Method for Predicting Emissions from Biodiesel Blend Fuels in Diesel Engines of Inland Waterway Vessels

The use of alternative fuels in ships faces the dual challenge of emission regulations and cost of use. In this paper, the impact of biodiesel blends from cooking waste as a carbon-neutral fuel for inland waterway vessels was investigated. The software AVL FIRE was used to simulate the detailed chemical combustion process of a marine diesel engine running on D100 (pure diesel), B5 (5% biodiesel by volume), B10 (10% biodiesel by volume), and B15 (15% biodiesel by volume). The results showed that B5, B10, and B15 all provided a better air-fuel mixture and significantly reduced soot production. Based on the performance and emission values, B5, B10, and B15 cause relatively small differences in engine performance compared to diesel and are readily applicable in practice. Optimizing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and varying injection timing can further optimize biodiesel fuel combustion while reducing NOx and soot emissions. The results of this study are helpful for the application of waste cooking oil biodiesel fuel and reducing exhaust gas emissions from ships.

Study of the parameters for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle

At present, the expansion in vehicle population has contributed to the increase in carbon emissions and has led to an even greater increase in the need for fuel. In this way, the hybrid vehicle (HEV) and the electric vehicle (EV) are being introduced to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission instead of conventional vehicles. The study of parameters for the hybrid electric vehicle is important to design the powertrain of the vehicle. The parameters of hybrid vehicles consist of the rate of internal combustion engine (ICE) power, transmission gear ratios, motor maximum torque and power, capacity and power of battery. The vehicle model with the regenerative model is built to calculate the regenerative energy for driving on a road condition. The design purposes to match the vehicle with the specified performances, like as speed and acceleration. Many parameters are chosen from analysis of this results. And then, as a result, fuel consumption of test vehicle model reduces 15% than the conventional vehicle in this study.

EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL DERIVED FROM THE COFFEE HUSK AND ITS EFFECT ON DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

This study investigates the suitability of coffee husk (CH) and spent coffee ground (SCG) as the biomass energy source to produce biodiesel. The chemical composition was determined using the field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). The carbon and oxygen concentration in CH was 49.84% and 48.06%, respectively, by weight. The SCG had 67.72% of carbon and 26.18% of oxygen by weight. The oil extracted from CH was converted into biodiesel using the transesterification process. The properties of the biodiesel, such as flashpoint, fire point, viscosity, calorific value, and density, were measured. The engine's performance and emission characteristics were investigated by blending the produced biodiesel with regular diesel. It was found that by using CHOME biodiesel-diesel blends, exhaust gas emissions such as HC, CO, and smoke opacity were considerably reduced, while CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions increased. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine was slightly reduced, and brake specific energy consumption (BSFC) was increased.

Impact of Late and Early Fuel Injection on Main Engine Efficiency and Exhaust Gas Emissions

Impact of Late and Early Fuel Injection on Main Engine Efficiency and Exhaust Gas Emissions

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРАВА ГРОМАДЯН НА ЗАХИСТ ВІД ШКІДЛИВОГО ВПЛИВУ ШУМУ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ ЗАСОБІВ (СУЧАСНА РЕАЛЬНІСТЬ, БАЧЕННЯ НА ПЕРСПЕКТИВУ)

The goal. The purpose of the article is to determine the issue of protecting the population from theharmful and irritating effects of noise on the street and road networks of settlements and ensuring proper control over the observance of silence in public places and road safety. This article isobliged to highlight the issue of administrative and legal regulation of the use of technical meansby employees of the National Police of Ukraine, regarding the protection of citizens from theharmful effects of the noise of the vehicle exhaust gas emission system.Methods. The article uses the general scientific methodology of conducting legal research,including comparative legal, systemic structural, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction,and other methods of scientific knowledge. Their use made it possible to determine and analyzethe current state of regulatory and legal regulation of the use of technical means of recordingoffenses by the police.Results. The article examines the problems of administrative and legal regulation of the useof technical devices for recording offenses by employees of the National Police of Ukraine.Considered, as an example, the possibility of using technical devices by employees of the NationalPolice of Ukraine to measure the permissible level of external noise (estimate the level of noise orsound by measuring the sound pressure) of vehicles with the help of a ‘noise meter’. The articlestates that the proper legal regulation of the use of technical devices by employees of the NationalPolice of Ukraine to measure and assess the noise level of the exhaust gas emission system ofvehicles is one of the determining conditions for the effectiveness of guaranteeing the right ofUkrainian citizens to protection against noise pollution. It is summarized that the experienceof implementing technical devices shows that the implementation of preventive measures issuccessful when the methods of persuasion are supported by legal norms that establish clearresponsibility for violations of established norms and standards.Conclusions. In order to ensure the legality of the use of technical devices, it is proposed tolegislatively update and provide for the grounds, order and conditions of their use by employeesof the National Police of Ukraine. It should be noted that this should be preceded by extensiveoutreach work among citizens of Ukraine, and primarily among drivers. Therefore, it is desirableto organize explanatory work with the participation of the first leaders of the patrol police ofUkraine in all mass media and social networks. And as a result, all this will encourage the creationof an atmosphere of understanding among drivers, regarding the necessity and legality of the useof devices for measuring the noise level by employees of the National Police of Ukraine.

ORIFICE WALL CAVITATION AND SINGLE STRING CAVITATION IN FUEL INJECTORS

It has been pointed out that cavitation inside a fuel injector plays an important role in the fuel spray characteristics, which affects the thermal efficiency and exhaust gas emissions. Recently, it was pointed out that when needle lift is low, not only orifice wall cavitation but also single string cav-itation may occur in the mini-sac and valve-covered orifice (VCO) nozzles, which increases largely the spray cone angle. However, the mechanism and condition of the appearance of single string cav-itation have not been clarified yet. In this study we carry out high-speed visualization of orifice wall cavitation and single string cavitation in various transparent injectors with a single orifice and a simple rectangular sac, whose gap <i>Z</i>, sac width <i>W</i>, orifice diameter <i>D</i>, liquid kinematic viscosity ν, and mean liquid velocity <i>V</i> in the orifice are varied, to investigate the governing dimensionless parameters and to examine whether we can quantitatively predict the formation criteria of single string cavitation or not. Moreover, particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis is conducted to measure the velocity distribution, to clarify the flow structure, and to quantify the circulation in the sac. As a result, we conclude that regardless of the shape and size of the fuel injectors, the length of cavitation in an orifice can be predicted by using the modified cavitation number σ<sub>c</sub>. The appearance of single string cavitation and circulation in the sac are possible to be predicted quantitatively by using a dimensionless Re<sub>1</sub> proposed in this study, which is the ratio among the inertial and viscous forces.

APPLICATION OF BIO ADDITIVES IN DIESEL FUEL TO REDUCE CO, CH, SMOKE EMISSIONS IN AGRICULTURE

As part of the reduction of environmental emissions of tractors, combines and agricultural machinery when performing work in the agroindustrial complex, including in closed complexes for the cultivation of animals (livestock farms). The article presents proposals to improve the environmental characteristics of the diesel engine used in tractors of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation. The effectiveness of the use of bioadditives from rapeseed oil for diesel engines is considered. The main directions of reducing emissions of toxic components of exhaust gases due to the addition of rapeseed oil to diesel fuel are indicated. The necessity of using bioadditives in diesel fuel to reduce emissions of CO, CH, and exhaust gases from diesel tractors when operating indoors is substantiated. A mixed fuel was used for the research. To get a mixed fuel, we mixed diesel fuel (DT) with rapeseed oil (RM). Based on the performed preliminary studies and these works, mixed fuel was prepared in the following proportions - 25% RM : 75% DT, 50% RM : 50 %DT, 75%RM : 25%DT. Rapeseed oil was obtained at ZAO Zelenogradskoye in the Pushkinsky district of the Moscow Region. The farm produces rapeseed seeds for the production of rapeseed oil, which is later used both for the confectionery industry and for livestock feed. Experimental studies have shown that the lowest content of CO, CH, in exhaust gases from diesel engines running on biofuels (25% RM:75% DT) and (50% RM:50% DT).

Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Replacing Diesel Fuel by CNG on the Emission of Harmful Exhaust Gas Components and Emission Changes in a Dual-Fuel Engine

The constant development of civilization increases environmental pollution as a result of industrial activity and transport. Consequently, human activity in this area is restricted by regulations governing the permissible emission of harmful substance components into the environment. These include substances emitted by combustion engines, the use of which remains high in many industries. Consequently, research is being conducted to reduce the emissions of harmful exhaust components from existing and newly manufactured internal combustion engines. This research presents a used semi-truck engine, in which an innovative Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) supply system was applied. Using this fuel supply installation allows a mass exchange of the base diesel fuel to natural gas of up to 90%. The study evaluated the effect of the diesel/CNG exchange ratio for different engine operating conditions (engine load, speed) on the concentration of toxic components, such as CO, NO, NO2, NOX, as a sum of NO, NO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, NH3, and CH2O. The use of a dual-fuel system had a positive effect on the emissions of some harmful exhaust components, even in an engine from a vehicle that had been running for many years on diesel and at high mileage, but, simultaneously, the emissions of some harmful exhaust gas components increased.

Provision of carbon-free emission of exhaust gases on vehicles

The paper analyzes foreign and domestic research on reducing emissions of harmful substances and greenhouse gases from exhaust gases. The provision of carbon-free emissions of exhaust gases in motor vehicles has been studied. Ways for further research on environmental safety and energy efficiency of vehicles are given.

Identifying the impact of methanol-diesel fuel on the environment using a four-stroke CI engine

This work aims to investigate the influence of blending diesel fuel with different percentages of methyl alcohol on reducing the emission of exhaust gases. The study was performed using a laboratory diesel engine, which is an internal combustion, single-cylinder, and four-strokes engine. The study involved investigating three volume percentages of methyl alcohol (methanol), which are 7, 14, and 21. The emission results of the blending fuels were compared with that of non-blending fuel. The analysis of the exhaust gases was done under three engine loads, which are two, four, and six N.m, with a constant speed of 2000 rpm. The analysis involves measuring carbon oxides (CO and CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). The results showed a positive impact of methanol on reducing the emission of all gases except NOx. Increasing the methanol ratio increases the reduction of the emissions of CO, CO2, PM, and HC, where the highest reductions of the gaseous emissions were observed with the percentage of 21% of methanol under all engine loads. Specifically, the drop recorded by using 21% of methanol was 69-83% for CO, 60-69% for CO2, 80-83% for HC, and 25-30% for PM. These reductions in emissions are assigned to the high oxygen content of methyl alcohol that influences the complete combustion of diesel. On the other hand, the NOx emission increased by 135-346%, but a possible reduction in these emissions can be achieved through a proper engine modification. The results of this investigation provide essential insights that would inspire using methanol as a fuel additive with modifying the diesel engines to be compatible with blending fuel.

Assessment of diesel engine performance and emission using biodiesel obtained from eucalyptus leaves

Hunger for energy consumption is booming due to industrialization and globalization causes the consumption of fossil fuel resources and searching for unconventional fuels. Among all other available unconventional fuels, biodiesel has achieved significant considerations globally. The present research is catering production of biodiesel from eucalyptus species as forest waste using fast pyrolysis. The derived biodiesel was tested for its various physical and chemical properties using standard test methods (IS 1448, ASTM D 4868). The major properties of the derived biodiesel are similar to the existing diesel fuel. The obtained biodiesel is having a cetane number of 54, the kinematic viscosity of 5.83 cSt, and a calorific value of 7,850 kcal/kg. The derived biodiesel was tested in a fixed compression ratio diesel engine. The variable parameters were blending ratio and engine load. The engine gave the best performance at B100 with full load gave the highest 33.57% BTE, 0.31 kg/KWhr of lowest SFC, and minimum ignition delay. Its emission characteristics also follow current exhaust gas emission norms as per BS6 in India. NO<sub>x</sub> emission was a minimum of 235 ppm at B100, hydrocarbon emission was a minimum of 0.038 g/KWhr at full load with B100 and the least CO emission of 2.85 g/KWhr was observed at full load with pure biodiesel (B100). Thus, obtained biodiesel can be used as a fuel in the CI engine as an alternative source of energy.

The influence of thermal pressure on the catalytic properties of SHS converter blocks during pre-start preparation of a diesel engine

The study is aimed at solving the important environmental problem of reducing harmful exhaust gas emissions from diesel engines with pre-heaters when operating at subzero ambient temperatures. The issue of cleaning the exhaust gases of the pre-heater in the catalytic converter during the heating of the catalytic units during the pre-start preparation period of the 8Ch12/12 diesel engine is considered. It was found that an increase in the specific heat flow and volumetric thermal gas pressure on the porous SHS catalytic material leads to an improvement in catalytic properties in exhaust gas purification processes. An increase in heat flow from 1589 to 3807 mJ/(m3×h) led to a decrease in the estimated values of harmful emissions: nitrogen oxides – by 1.6 times; carbon monoxide – 1.9 times; hydrocarbons – 1.23 times; solid particles - 2.1 times. It was revealed that when the exhaust gas temperature changed from 650 to 810 K, the efficiency of cleaning from solid particles increased from 50 to 75%, from nitrogen oxides - from 20 to 83%, and carbon monoxide - from 53 to 75%. An increase in the quality of hydrocarbon purification is noted up to 790 K; the quality of purification changes from 32 to 47%.

Investigate the emission characteristic of biodiesel from waste cooking oil

This paper aims to investigate the emission characteristics of biodiesel prepared from the waste cooking oil. The characterization of the performance of the blended fuel in diesel engines results in an improvement and a reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Various amounts of fuel were mixed with leftover cooking oil to create the final product. In order to explore the performance function, combustion range, and emission properties of diesel engines, the setup described here was developed. The combustion properties, including exhaust gas emissions of NOx, CO, CO2, HC, smoke, and O2, have been examined under various load scenarios.

CPP 추진 선박의 운전 모드에 따른 기관성능 및 배기배출물 특성에 관한 연구

The engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of a ship equipped with a controllable pitch propeller and a medium-sized medium-speed diesel engine were compared according to the engine load in constant and combined mode. The cylinder pressure diagram, indicated mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption, navigation distance to unit fuel consumption and air ratio were used to evaluate the engine performance and the emission rates of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and smoke concentration were used to evaluate the exhaust gas emissions. According to the results, the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics under a high load were similar in constant mode and combined mode. In the case of operating an engine under medium load, it was possible to reduce the fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission rate by setting the operation mode of a controllable pitch propeller to the combined mode, but the emission rate of nitrogen oxides was slightly increased. It is thought that results of this study can provide the reference data that can reduce the carbon dioxide emission to prevent global warming and that can also improve the engine performance when selecting the operating mode of a controllable pitch propeller on the ship with a controllable pitch propeller equipment.

An Addition of Ethanol and Patchouli Oil on Pertamax: The Case Study of Their Effect on Exhaust Gas Emission for 4-stroke Engine

Industrial sector has been focused on the transportation and automotive service due to their essential for many people in every daily life. Currently, almost everyone has a motorized vehicle which also has an effect on improving the country’s economy. On the other hand, this raises concerns about the occurrence of a global warming phenomenon. The more motorized vehicles were extremely impact on increasing the exhaust gasses that also have a negative impact to the environment, including carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Hence, this work tried to reduce the exhaust gas emission through the addition of ethanol and synthetic additive, namely patchouli oil. This case study was conducted using pertamax fuel with octane number 92. We analyzed five different optimization sample that consisting of S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5. Then, the several characterizations also carried out to these samples for supporting the results obtained i.e. density, viscosity, and surface tension. Also, the variation of engine rotation speed (in rpm) is utilized to determine the performance or the impact of the samples made to the environment. The results indicate that the pertamax sample mixed with ethanol and patchouli oil showed an optimal performance in S5, there is no detect of CO emission. Then, S3 for the lowest emission of CO2. Also, S3 for the highest efficient in fuel consumption. Hoping this work has an extremely impact for the reducing an exhaust emission in fuels and increasing the energy efficient of internal combustion engines

Design and application of two-person electric vehicle

Nowadays, decrease in the oil reserves, effect of the exhaust gas emissions of thermal motor vehicles on air pollution and the increasing environmental problems arising due to air pollution have increased the significance of electric vehicles. In this study, a light and easy to use electric vehicle without power transmission organs has been designed and manufactured by driving the vehicle from the rear via the electric motor on the third wheel being located at the back of the vehicle without using a heavy and space-consuming mechanical gearbox and differential. Absence of powertrains in this vehicle will improve lightness and efficiency in the vehicle. While the vehicle is steered with the two wheels at the front side, the third wheel located at the rear, on which the electric motor is located, acts as driving wheel. Main power source of an electric vehicle is the battery. An electric vehicle gets its propulsion from batteries.

Interaction among Air Pollution, National Health, and Economic Development

This paper constructs a vector autoregressive (VAR) model and vector error correction (VECM) model, analyzes the air pollution, economic development, and national health of China from 1990 to 2019, and evaluates the economic losses from the respiratory diseases caused by air pollution. The results show that: (1) China’s economy continues to grow, and the corresponding amount of exhaust gas emissions (during the study period) showed a trend of first increasing and then slowly decreasing. (2) The overall burden of respiratory diseases in China showed a downward trend, with significant differences in gender and age. (3) A significant long-term equilibrium relationship existed between per capita gross domestic product (PGDP), exhaust emissions, and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of the respiratory disease burden. Exhaust emissions will bring about short-term fluctuations of PGDP and disease burden DALYs. Air pollution is mainly caused by exhaust gas emissions, and DALYs and PGDP have little effect on air pollution. (4) Indirect economic losses from respiratory diseases caused by air pollution are likely to be long-term and will impose increasing pressure. On the basis of the healthy and sustainable operation of the economic system, the government should effectively prevent environmental health risks and improve the pollution treatment level.

An experimental investigation of ammonia/landfill/air mixtures' pollutant emissions and temperature distribution under non-preheated moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution combustion.

This paper investigates the non-preheated MILD combustion behavior of landfill/ammonia mixtures. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale furnace. The effects of equivalence ratio variation, CO2 dilution, and ammonia on the furnace temperature distribution and exhaust gas emissions were analyzed attentively. The experiment results indicate that a non-preheated MILD combustion establishment can provide a uniform temperature distribution and lower pollutant emissions while maintaining the same thermal efficiency. According to the results, equivalence ratio changes affect the MILD temperature structure sensibly. Variation of equivalence ratio is also effective on the pollutant emissions. Moreover, the rich burn condition increases the CO emissions by bringing the HCN and H radicals into the related reactions. Whereas in lean-burn states, little amounts of CO are generated, while the NO concentrations are higher due to the NH2 pathways. The results also indicate that CO2 dilution reduces the furnace's peak temperature. However, CO2 dilution may also increase the O and OH radicals, allowing HCN molecules to react and generate NO. Regarding the ammonia addition experiments, it was figured out that ammonia increases NOx emissions, while decreasing CO2 concentrations affect the flame temperature profile.

TSF-transformer: a time series forecasting model for exhaust gas emission using transformer.

Monitoring and prediction of exhaust gas emissions for heavy trucks is a promising way to solve environmental problems. However, the emission data acquisition is time delayed and the pattern of emission is usually irregular, which makes it very difficult to accurately predict the emission state. To deal with these problems, in this paper, we interpret emission prediction as a time series prediction problem and explore a deep learning model, a time-series forecasting Transformer (TSF-Transformer) for exhaust gas emission prediction. The exhaust emission of the heavy truck is not directly predicted, but indirectly predicted by predicting the temperature and pressure changes of the exhaust pipe under the working state of the truck. The basis of our research is based on real-time data feeds from temperature and pressure sensors installed on the exhaust pipe of approximately 12,000 heavy trucks. Therefore, the task of time series forecasting consists of two key stages: monitoring and prediction. The former utilizes the server to receive the data sent by the sensors in real-time, and the latter uses these data as samples for network training and testing. The training of the network throughout the prediction process is done in an unsupervised manner. Also, to visualize the forecast results, we weight the forecast data with the truck trajectories and present them as heatmaps. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of using the Transformer as the core component of the prediction model to complete the task of exhaust emissions prediction from heavy trucks. Experiments show that the prediction model outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in prediction accuracy.

Impact of temperature and reaction time on the conversion of polystyrene waste to pyrolytic oil and its diesel engine performance, emission, and lubricity characteristics

The focus of this research is to see how temperature and reaction time affect the yield and quality of liquid oil obtained by pyrolysis. In a small batch pyrolysis reactor, polystyrene waste was employed as a feedstock. This study also studied the performance and emission characteristics of liquid oil produced at optimal condition (PS100), and its tribological characteristics in diesel engine. The ideal temperature and reaction time were discovered to be 400 °C and 30 min, where the liquid oil yield was 92.94% by mass. PS100 had similar properties to commercial diesel. PS100 comprises 34.6% aromatics, 25.2% alkanes, and 4.3% alkenes. PS100 delivered superior performance than B10 diesel. The brake thermal efficiency, brake power, and brake torque were up by 15.5, 5.6, and 2.38%, respectively, while the brake-specific fuel consumption was down by 8.00%. PS100 emitted 97.06 and 17.3% more hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide than B10, respectively. Its poor exhaust gas emissions have proven a key stumbling block in its application in diesel engine. PS100 demonstrated 27.6% increase in coefficient of friction and 29.8% increase in lubricant contamination as compared to B10. Despite its low lubricity and emissions, PS100 has a lot of potential as a diesel engine alternative fuel.