Measurement Of Exhaust Emissions Research Articles

Study of On-board Exhaust Emissions Measurement Device for Heavy Duty Vehicles (Second Report)

Study of On-board Exhaust Emissions Measurement Device for Heavy Duty Vehicles (Second Report)

성층희박연소 운전조건에서 분사압과 분사시기에 따른 분무유도식 직접분사 가솔린엔진의 연소특성

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of the injection timing on the spray and combustion characteristics in a spray-guided direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engine under lean stratified operation. An in-cylinder pressure analysis, exhaust emissions measurement, and visualization of the spray and combustion were employed in this study. The combustion in a stratified DISI engine was found to have both lean premixed and diffusion controlled flame combustion characteristics. The injection timing condition corresponding to the stratified mixture characteristics was verified to be a dominant factor for these flame characteristics. For the early injection timing, a non-luminous blue flame and low combustion efficiency were observed as a result of the lean homogeneous mixture formation. On the other hand, a luminous sooting flame was shown at the late injection timing because of an under-mixed mixture formation. In addition, the smoke emission and incomplete combustion products were increased at the late injection timing as a result of the increased locally rich area. On the other hand, the NOx emissions decreased and IMEP increased as the injection timing retarded. The combustion phasing produced by the injection timing was verified as the reason for this observation.

Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine operated with n-Butane blended DME fuel

In this study, a compression ignition (CI) engine operated with n-Butane blended di-methyl ether (DME) fuel was experimentally investigated. Specifically, the performance, emissions characteristics, and combustion stability of a CI engine fueled with n-Butane blended DME fuel were examined at 1500 rpm. All the experimental results were compared to the results of diesel fuel with the same experimental conditions. The percentage of n-Butane in the fuel blend ranged from 0 to 40% by mass. The results showed that stable engine operation was possible for a wide range of engine loads up to 30% n-Butane by mass. The engine power output and fuel consumption were improved with the blended fuel since the energy content of n-Butane is much higher than that of DME. Exhaust emission measurements showed that when the blended fuels at low engine loads were used, hydrocarbon and CO emissions increased due to partial burn from over-mixing. Soot and NOx emissions were comparable for all blends. Our results on engine power output and exhaust emissions demonstrate that blended fuels up to 30% n-Butane by mass can be used as an alternative to diesel in a CI engine, and n-Butane blended DME fuel has the potential to enlarge the DME market.

Influence of (hydrous) ethanol blends on (particle) emissions of small 2-& 4-stroke scooters Part 1

The objectives of the present work are to investigate the regulated and unregulated (particle) emissions of a classical and modern 2-stroke and a typical 4-stroke scooter with different ethanol blend fuels. There is also comparison of two different ethanol fuels: pure ethanol (E) and hydrous ethanol (EH) which contains 3.9% water and is denatured with 1.5% gasoline. Special attention is paid in this research to the hydrous ethanol, since the production costs of hydrous ethanol are much less than those for (dry) ethanol. The vehicles are with carburettor and without catalyst, which represents the most frequent technology in Eastern Asia and offers the information of engine-out emissions. Exhaust emissions measurements have been performed with fuels containing ethanol (E), or hydrous ethanol (EH) in the portion of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by volume. During the test systematical analysis of particle mass (PM) and nanoparticles counts (NP) were carried out. The present investigations did not concern the durability of parts exposed to the chemical influences of ethanol. Also the cold start, particularly in extreme conditions and the lube oil dilution were not addressed.

Evaluation of non-premixed combustion and fuel spray models for in-cylinder diesel engine simulation

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study of light-duty automotive diesel engines affords invaluable insights into in-cylinder conditions and processes, which greatly expands on the very limited detail provided by engine-out measurements of exhaust emissions. For the simulation to be successful, accuracy and robustness of the physical sub-models are crucial. The purpose of this feasibility study is to appraise the non-premixed combustion and fuel spray CFD sub-models for in-cylinder diesel engine simulation on a FLUENT 6.3.26 platform. Simulation results are compared against data from parallel experimental test-bed studies in terms of pressure traces, heat release curves and tailpipe values of NO x and soot levels. Heat release rate and pressure trace from the computations are found to be within a reasonable error limit of 10%. Simulated heat released plots are able to capture the general trend of premixed and mixing-controlled diesel combustion phases. Ignition delay period for the main combustion event is well predicted, although the calculated ignition delay period for pilot combustion is 7–10° crank angle degrees earlier for all the test cases. The variations for exhaust soot and NO when the timing of start of injection is changed are reproduced successfully. CFD modelling, when used in conjunction with experimental studies is proven to be particularly effective in elucidating physical details of in-cylinder processes.

Study of On-board Exhaust Emissions Measurement Device for Heavy Duty Vehicles

Study of On-board Exhaust Emissions Measurement Device for Heavy Duty Vehicles

Effect of Biodiesel-Ethanol Blended Fuel Spray Characteristics on the Reduction of Exhaust Emissions in a Common-Rail Diesel Engine

An experimental investigation was performed to analyze the effects of biodiesel-ethanol blended fuel spray on the combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics in a single cylinder common-rail diesel engine. In order to analyze the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of biodiesel blended fuel spray, parameters, such as injection rate, droplet diameter, and spray tip penetration, were measured using an injection rate meter system, spray visualization, and droplet measuring system. Also, measurements of combustion, exhaust emissions, and size distributions of particulate matter were carried out under various engine operating conditions for biodiesel-ethanol blends and the results were compared with those of conventional diesel fuel. In this investigation, the measured results of biodiesel-ethanol blended fuel show that the Sauter mean diameter decreased with the increase of relative velocity between the injected fuel and the ambient gas. Comparing the combustion characteristics of diesel fuel and biodiesel-ethanol blended fuels, both diesel and blended fuel show similar trends of combustion pressure and rate of heat release. However, the combustion of biodiesel-ethanol blends indicated lower combustion characteristics, such as combustion pressures and heat release rates, than those of diesel fuel because of its lower heating value. In the case of exhaust gas recirculation, the indicated specific NOx(ISNOx) and soot concentration results showed lower emissions compared with those of conventional diesel fuel.

Influence of the stop/start system on CO 2 emissions of a diesel vehicle in urban traffic

This paper presents measurements of CO 2 emission and efficiency of stop/start technology on a diesel vehicle in urban traffic. Two four-wheel-drive diesel vehicles with on-board exhaust emission and vehicle activity measurement systems were tested in two urban driving circuits representative of downtown Madrid. The vehicles had similar turbocharged and intercooled diesel engines fulfilling the same Euro 4 emissions regulation; but one had an improved engine incorporating stop/start technology. CO 2 emission reduction of more than 20% for the car equipped with the stop/start system was obtained. Regardless of the variability in driving style, the grade and type of streets, traffic congestion, and the engine operating temperature, the car equipped with the stop/start system has intrinsically a lower CO 2 emission factor.

Experimental study of combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol fuelled port injected homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion engine

The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion concept for in reciprocating engines. The HCCI combustion engine offers significant benefits in terms of its high efficiency and ultra low emissions. In this investigation, port injection technique is used for preparing homogeneous charge. The combustion and emission characteristics of a HCCI engine fuelled with ethanol were investigated on a modified two-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The experiment is conducted with varying intake air temperature (120–150 °C) and at different air–fuel ratios, for which stable HCCI combustion is achieved. In-cylinder pressure, heat release analysis and exhaust emission measurements were employed for combustion diagnostics. In this study, effect of intake air temperature on combustion parameters, thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency and emissions in HCCI combustion engine is analyzed and discussed in detail. The experimental results indicate that the air–fuel ratio and intake air temperature have significant effect on the maximum in-cylinder pressure and its position, gas exchange efficiency, thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency, maximum rate of pressure rise and the heat release rate. Results show that for all stable operation points, NO x emissions are lower than 10 ppm however HC and CO emissions are higher.

Future exhaust emission measurement technology requirements

While in the past — especially in emission roller dynamometers — the emphasis used to be on integrated measurement of emissions via bag using CVS systems, the transient course of emissions in the cycles is increasingly becoming relevant for the development. As a result, FEV Motorentechnik GmbH and the Chair for Combustion Engines, RWTH Aachen University, are working together on optimizing these measurements.

Effect of cetane enhancer on spray and combustion characteristics of compressed ignition type LPG fuel

This research investigated the spray and combustion characteristics of compressed ignition type LPG fuel when a cetane number enhancing additive was applied to a constant volume chamber. Because LPG has a lower cetane number, DTBP and alpha olefin were added to the LPG (100% butane) to enhance the cetane number and viscosity. By adding the cetane enhancer, stable combustion over the wide range of the ambient conditions was possible as well. According to the blending rates of DTBP and alpha olefin, various proportions of LPG blended fuels were obtained. In a constant volume chamber, a high speed digital camera was also employed to visualize the combustion characteristics of LPG fuel. The combustion pressures and heat-release rates of the LPG blends were also compared at various ambient pressures. As the results of measurements of exhaust emissions, CO and HC were reduced considerably, but CO2 was increased by blending LPG with DTBP and alpha olefin.

PUTILIZATION OF PETROCK OIL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL MACHINES DIESEL

This study aims to determine the characteristics of jatropha oil biodiesel, both in terms of physics and chemistry. Biodiesel is attempted to be used as a diesel fuel substitute for diesel motors. Further analyzed differences in the performance of diesel motors when using jatropha oil biodiesel fuel and when using diesel. In its implementation, this research begins by examining jatropha oil biodiesel characteristics physically and chemically. Once tested its characteristics, the fuel is used directly on diesel engines to measure opacity, torque, power, and the amount of fuel consumption and then compared with the use of diesel fuel. The comparison analysis of jatropha oil and diesel biodiesel characteristics was all submitted to UGM Chemical Engineering Laboratory. Furthermore, for the measurement of exhaust emissions, torque, power, and fuel consumption is submitted to the Energy Conversion Laboratory of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department of FT UGM. Based on the analysis of fuel characteristics, it is found that biodiesel developed as diesel engine fuel derived from jatropa oil (Jatropa Curcas L.) has the same characteristics even on some items that is on the analysis of heating value has better characteristics compared with diesel. The amount of exhaust emissions in the form of the concentration of smoke (opacity) has the greatest decrease, ie the average decrease obtained by 82%, with the best mixture at fraction of 20% .The magnitude of torque resulting from jatropha oil biodiesel testing after compared with diesel at various fractions of the mixture obtained results that the resulting torque increased by an average of 19%. The highest torque was obtained in 20% biodiesel mixture. Furthermore, the amount of power generated from the biodiesel usage of the engine produces a rise in power in the shaft at various rpm variations, and the fraction of the biodiesel mixture has an average power increase of 19%, with the highest power being obtained in the 20% mixture. Fuel consumption for Jatropha curcas biodiesel experienced an average decrease of 24.2% with the best fraction obtained in the 20% mixed fraction.

F0701-(5) 車載型計測システムを用いた実路走行自動車の排出ガス計測(【F0701】エンジン筒内実時間計測の最新技術,先端技術フォーラム)

F0701-(5) 車載型計測システムを用いた実路走行自動車の排出ガス計測(【F0701】エンジン筒内実時間計測の最新技術,先端技術フォーラム)

Nanoparticle measurements used to detect an engine oil control ring failure

A cyclic variation in total particle number concentration was observed while making routine exhaust emission measurements. Many dilution and engine operating conditions were examined and, by sequentially shutting down individual cylinders, the problem was traced to cylinder 2. The engine was disassembled and piston 2's oil control ring was found to be fractured. Replacement of the ring eliminated the particle concentration fluctuation. This paper presents the results of experimental measurements made to determine the cause of the irregular emissions.

Simulation and measurement of carbon dioxide exhaust emissions using an optical-fibre-based mid-infrared point sensor

A novel optical-fibre-based sensor for measurement of CO2 gas emission concentrations in exhaust systems of a motor vehicle is reported. The sensing principle is based on open-path direct absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared range. The sensor system comprises of low cost and compact mid-infrared components, which make it suitable for insertion into the exhaust system of automotive vehicles. The sensor utilizes a calcium fluoride CaF2 narrow band pass (NBP) filter for detection of CO2 gas without cross-sensitivity to other gases present in the exhaust system. Furthermore, it can be integrated into the mechanical and electronic interface systems of existing vehicles without any problems.

Performance and emission characteristics of an SI engine operated with DME blended LPG fuel

In this study, a spark ignition engine operated with DME blended LPG fuel was experimentally investigated. In particular, performance, emissions characteristics (including hydrocarbon, CO, and NO x emissions), and combustion stability of an SI engine fuelled with DME blended LPG fuel were examined at 1800 and 3600 rpm. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible for a wide range of engine loads up to 20% by mass DME fuel. Further, we demonstrated that, up to 10% DME, output engine power was comparable to that of pure LPG fuel. Exhaust emissions measurements showed that hydrocarbon and NO x emissions were slightly increased when using the blended fuel at low engine speeds. However, engine power output was decreased and break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) severely deteriorated with the blended fuel since the energy content of DME is much lower than that of LPG. Furthermore, due to the high cetane number of DME fuel, knocking was significantly increased with DME. Considering the results of the engine power output and exhaust emissions, blended fuel up to 10% DME by mass can be used as an alternative to LPG, and DME blended LPG fuel is expected to have potential for enlarging the DME market.

Measurement and Evaluation of Exhaust Emissions from Diesel Railcars

Understanding actual exhaust emissions is important in executing appropriate measures to reduce them. To this end, we developed an exhaust emission measurement technique that can be executed relatively easily using engine bench test boards at JR rolling stock maintenance depots and in diesel railcars under running conditions. We also clarified the current status of exhaust emissions according to the results of measurement.Additionally, we investigated a number of the operation modes in commercial trains, and proposed the test cycle concept which was applied to evaluation of measurements based on the analysis results.

Hydrogen Fuel Consumption Correlation between Established EPA Measurement Methods and Exhaust Emissions Measurements

Hydrogen Fuel Consumption Correlation between Established EPA Measurement Methods and Exhaust Emissions Measurements

Measurement of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions during the starting of automotive DI Diesel engines

Most of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from automotive DI Diesel engines are produced during the engine warm-up period and are primarily caused by difficulties in obtaining stable and efficient combustion under these conditions. Furthermore, the contribution of engine starting to these emissions is not negligible; since this operating condition is highly unfavorable for the combustion progress. Additionally, the catalytic converter is ineffective due to the low engine temperature. In conjunction with adequate engine settings (fuel injection and fresh air control), either the glow plugs or the intake air heater are activated during a portion of the engine warm-up period, so that a nominal engine temperatures is reached faster, and the impact of these difficulties is minimized. Measurement of gaseous pollutants during engine warm-up is currently possible with detectors used in standard exhaust gas analyzers (EGA), which have response times well-suited for sampling at such transient conditions. However, these devices are not suitable for the measurement of exhaust emissions produced during extremely short time intervals, such as engine starting. Herein, we present a methodology for the measurement of the cumulative pollutant emissions during the starting phase of passenger car DI Diesel engines, with the goal of overcoming this limitation by taking advantage of standard detectors. In the proposed method, a warm canister is filled with an exhaust gas sample at constant volumetric flow, during a time period that depends on the engine starting time; the gas concentration in the canister is later evaluated with a standard EGA. When compared with direct pollutant measurements performed with a state-of-art EGA, the proposed procedure was found to be more sensitive to combustion changes and provided more reliable data.

EM1-2: Numerical Modeling of Ammonia Distribution Characteristics in the Mixing Area of SCR Catalytic Filter Device(EM: Exhaust Emission Control and Measurement,General Session Papers)

EM1-2: Numerical Modeling of Ammonia Distribution Characteristics in the Mixing Area of SCR Catalytic Filter Device(EM: Exhaust Emission Control and Measurement,General Session Papers)