Principles Of Exercise Training Research Articles

How is exercise being prescribed for patients on hemodialysis? A scoping review.

Exercise is important for patients on hemodialysis, but details and descriptions on how it is prescribed are lacking. We reviewed the existing literature and described how exercise is being prescribed for patients on hemodialysis. A scoping review according to the JBI and PRISMA-ScR guidelines was conducted. MEDLINE, EMBASE and other databases were searched from inception until December 2021. Websites, books, and guidelines were also searched. We included evidence from patients on hemodialysis, describing exercise protocols, in all settings and designs. Two hundred and eighty-five studies were included, yielding 327 exercise protocols. Aerobic (38.8%) and strength (21.4%) were the most prescribed exercise types. Exercise was mainly prescribed during dialysis (71.0%) and delivered within the first half of the session (94.6%). Although 33.3% of the exercise protocols did not report whether there was supervision or not, those that did were mostly delivered by physiotherapists (20.5%) and exercise physiologists (17.4%). The most followed exercise training principles were type (99.0%) and frequency (93.2%), whereas progression was adopted in 40.7% protocols. The most prescribed frequency and duration were three times/week (79.9%) and 30-60-min (69.2%) sessions, respectively. Exercise intensity was predominantly prescribed in moderate cut-offs (72.3%), mostly assessed by subjective methods (47.5%). Aerobic and strength were the most prescribed exercise types, mainly during dialysis. Interventions were mostly supervised by physiotherapists and exercise physiologists. Future exercise protocols for patients on hemodialysis should adopt recommended exercise principles, especially with systematic progression.

Attention to principles of exercise training: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials in cancers other than breast and prostate

BackgroundThe primary objective of this systematic review was to update our previous review on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise in cancers other than breast or prostate, evaluating: 1) the application of principles of exercise training within the exercise prescription; 2) reporting of the exercise prescription components (i.e., frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT)); and 3) reporting of participant adherence to FITT. A secondary objective was to examine whether reporting of these interventions had improved over time.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from 2012 to 2020. Eligible studies were RCTs of at least 4 weeks of aerobic and/or resistance exercise that reported on physiological outcomes relating to exercise (e.g., aerobic capacity, muscular strength) in people with cancer other than breast or prostate.ResultsEighty-six new studies were identified in the updated search, for a total of 107 studies included in this review. The principle of specificity was applied by 91%, progression by 32%, overload by 46%, initial values by 72%, reversibility by 7% and diminishing returns by 5%. A significant increase in the percentage of studies that appropriately reported initial values (46 to 80%, p < 0.001) and progression (15 to 37%, p = 0.039) was found for studies published after 2011 compared to older studies. All four FITT prescription components were fully reported in the methods in 58% of all studies, which was higher than the proportion that fully reported adherence to the FITT prescription components in the results (7% of studies). Reporting of the FITT exercise prescription components and FITT adherence did not improve in studies published after 2011 compared to older studies.ConclusionFull reporting of exercise prescription and adherence still needs improvement within exercise oncology RCTs. Some aspects of exercise intervention reporting have improved since 2011, including the reporting of the principles of progression and initial values. Enhancing the reporting of exercise prescriptions, particularly FITT adherence, may provide better context for interpreting study results and improve research to practice translation.

Systematic Review of Exercise Studies in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: Exploring the Quality of Interventions According to the Principles of Exercise Training.

IntroductionThe objective of this systematic review is to explore the application and reporting of (i) the principles of exercise training in exercise trials, (ii) the components of exercise prescription, and (iii) the adherence towards the prescribed programmes in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).MethodsThe MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Embase electronic databases were searched from 1 January 2000 to 16 October 2020. RCTs comprising at least 3 weeks of aerobic and/or resistance exercise intervention in pwMS that reported at least one physiological outcome and were published in peer-reviewed journals were eligible for inclusion.ResultsOut of 52 RCTs included in this review, 58 intervention arms were examined. None applied more than four principles of exercise training. Specificity was addressed by 85%, progression by 33%, overload by 59%, initial values by 26%, reversibility by 0% and diminishing returns by 2% of trials. Fifty-two percent of trials reported all components of exercise prescription, and 3% of trials reported the level of adherence to the prescribed exercise.ConclusionThis systematic review reveals that exercise training principles were not respected in the majority of included RCTs. The weak quality of reported exercise interventions limits the interpretation of the studies’ results and potentially leads to an underestimation of ‘exercise as medicine’ in pwMS. Also, the vague descriptions of exercise prescription and adherence impede the reproducibility of results. Future studies must attend to all principles of exercise training and provide transparent information on the prescribed and performed programmes to develop specific and valid exercise recommendations for pwMS.Systematic Review registrationCRD42020162671, 28/04/2020, PROSPERO.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40120-021-00274-z.

Attention to the Principles of Exercise Training in Exercise Studies of Persons With Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review.

The authors systematically reviewed and summarized exercise trials in persons with lung cancer on (a)attention to the principles of exercise training (specificity, progression, overload, initial values, reversibility, and diminishing returns); (b)methodological reporting of FITT (frequency, intensity, time, and type) components; and (c)reporting on participant adherence to prescribed FITT. Randomized controlled trials of exercise that reported on ≥1 physical fitness, physical function, or body composition outcome in persons with lung cancer were included. Of 20 trial arms, none incorporated all principles of exercise training. Specificity was included by 95%, progression by 45%, overload by 75%, and initial values by 80%, while one trial arm applied reversibility and diminishing returns. Fourteen interventions reported all FITT components; however, none reported adherence to each component. Including the principles of training and reporting FITT components will contribute to better understanding of the efficacy of exercise for persons with lung cancer and inform evidence-based exercise prescriptions.

Feasibility Assessment of the Let's Walk Programme (CAMINEM): Exercise Training and Health Promotion in Primary Health-Care Settings.

Exercise is related to many individual health outcomes but impact evaluations of exercise programmes are seldom conducted. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the feasibility of an exercise prescription intervention in primary health-care settings (CAMINEM Programme) located in two socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The CAMINEM was a pragmatic-driven intervention with opportunistic recruitment. It followed the 5As framework for health promotion and also the exercise training principles. Feasibility was evaluated using the RE-AIM framework (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance). Patients with non-communicable chronic diseases participated in a 12-month home-based moderate-intensity exercise program, counselled by exercise physiologists. Participants were grouped according to their physical activity behaviour at baseline and 6-month adherence. CAMINEM reached 1.49% (n = 229) of the eligible population (N = 15374) and included a final sample of 178. Health outcomes for adhered participants followed positive patterns. Non-adhered participants visited their practitioner more compared to adhered participants. Thirty-three practitioners (40%) referred patients. Nurses referred four times more than physicians (81% and 19% respectively). The delivery of exercise prescriptions proved to be easy to complete and record by participants as well as easy to monitor and adjust by the exercise physiologists. One out of four participants adhered during the 12-month intervention. This intervention has been feasible in primary care in Catalonia, Spain, to safely prescribe home-based exercise for several conditions.

Identifying elements for a comprehensive paediatric cardiac rehabilitation programme.

The aim of this study was to identify relevant content among four important domains for the development and structure of a paediatric cardiac rehabilitation curriculum for young patients with congenital heart disease using a consensus approach. A three-round e-Delphi study among congenital heart disease and paediatric exercise physiology experts was conducted. Round 1, experts provided opinions in a closed- and open-ended electronic questionnaire to identify specific elements necessary for inclusion in a paediatric cardiac rehabilitation programme. Round 2, experts were asked to re-rate the same items after feedback and summary data were provided from round 1. Round 3, the same experts were asked to re-rate items that did not reach consensus from round 2. Forty-seven experts were contacted via e-mail to participate on the Delphi panel, 37 consented, 35 completed round 1, 29 completed round 2, and 28 completed the final round. After round 2, consensus was reached in 55 of 60 (92%) questionnaire items across four domains: exercise training, education, outcome metrics, and self-confidence. This study established consensus towards programme structure, exercise training principles, educational content, patient outcome measures, and self-confidence promotion. By identifying the key components within each domain, there is potential to benchmark recommended standards and practice guidelines for the development of a paediatric cardiac rehabilitation curriculum to be used and tested by exercise physiologists, paediatric and adult congenital cardiologists, and other healthcare team members for optimising the health and wellness of paediatric patients with congenital heart disease.

Design considerations for the development of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) exercise in cancer rehabilitation

Aim The aim of this narrative review is to explore design considerations for effective neuromuscular electrical stimulation exercise prescription in cancer rehabilitation, with simultaneous consideration for fundamental principles of exercise training and the current state of the art in neuromuscular electrical stimulation technologies and application methodologies. Method Narrative review. Results First, we consider the key neuromuscular electrical stimulation exercise design considerations, with a focus on training objectives and individual training requirements and constraints for individuals with cancer. Here, we contend that concurrent, low and high frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation exercise, individually prescribed and progressed may be optimal for enhancing physical function. Second, we review the appropriate literature to identify the most appropriate stimulation parameters (pulse frequency, intensity, duration and duty cycle) to deliver effective neuromuscular electrical stimulation in cancer rehabilitation. Conclusions We propose an informed and innovative neuromuscular electrical stimulation exercise intervention design and provide practical information for clinicians and practitioners who may work with and implement neuromuscular electrical stimulation exercise in cancer. Implications for rehabilitation Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is an emerging technology in cancer rehabilitation to help provide an aerobic and muscle strengthening exercise stimulus. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation may help improve aerobic exercise capacity, muscle strength and augment quality of life. Current prescription in cancer lacks adherence to the fundamental principles of exercise training, which may negatively affect adherence.

Identifying Specific Elements Necessary for a Pediatric Cardiac Rehabilitation Program: An e-Delphi Study

Encouraging children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) to participate in regular exercise is an essential component in helping them rise toward their full potential physically, socially, and emotionally. Identifying appropriate tools and resources that promote healthy and active lifestyles specifically for this population are currently lacking and must be developed. Cardiac rehabilitation programs are an effective modality with beneficial clinical outcomes for adult patients with coronary heart disease, however these programs are scarce for the CHD pediatric population and not well defined. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify relevant content for the development and structure of a pediatric cardiac rehabilitation curriculum for young patients with CHD using a consensus approach. METHODS: A three-round e-Delphi study among CHD and pediatric exercise physiology (EP) experts was conducted. In the first round, experts provided opinions in a closed- and open-ended electronic questionnaire to identify specific elements necessary for inclusion in a Pediatric Cardiac Rehab Program. In the second round, experts were asked to re-rate the same items after feedback and summary data was provided from round one. In the third round, the same experts were asked to re-rate items that did not reach consensus from round two. RESULTS: 47 experts were contacted via e-mail to participate on the Delphi panel. 37 consented, 35 completed round one, 29 completed round two and 28 completed the final round. After the third round, consensus was reached in 55 of 60 (92%) questionnaire items. Experts identified specific elements across four domains: exercise training, education, outcome metrics and self-confidence to be included in a Pediatric Cardiac Rehab Curriculum. CONCLUSION: This study established consensus toward the ideal program structure, exercise training principles, educational content, patient outcome measures and self-confidence promotion. By identifying the key components within each domain, there is potential to benchmark recommended standards and practice guidelines for the development of a Pediatric Cardiac Rehab curriculum to be used healthcare team members for optimizing the health and wellness of pediatric CHD patients.

Attention to the principles of exercise training in exercise studies on prostate cancer survivors: a systematic review

BackgroundThe purpose of this review is to update previously published reviews on exercise programming in exercise trials in prostate cancer survivors. We evaluated: 1) the application of the principles of exercise training in prescribed programs; 2) the reporting of the components of the exercise prescription; and 3) the reporting of adherence of participants to the prescribed programs.MethodsBuilding upon a previous review, a systematic review was conducted searching OVID Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases from 2012-2017. Randomized controlled trials of at least four weeks of aerobic and/or resistance exercise in men diagnosed with prostate cancer that reported physical fitness outcomes, including body composition were eligible for inclusion.ResultsSpecificity was appropriately applied by 93%, progression by 55%, overload by 48%, initial values by 55%, and diminishing returns by 28% of eligible studies. No study adequately applied the principle of reversibility. Most (79%) studies reported all components of the exercise prescription in the study methods, but no study reported all components of adherence to the prescribed intervention in the study results.ConclusionsApplication of standard exercise training principles is inadequate in exercise trials in men with prostate cancer and could possibly lead to an inadequate exercise stimulus. While many studies report the basic components of the exercise prescription in their study methods, full reporting of actual exercise completed is needed to advance our understanding of the optimal exercise dose for men with prostate cancer and promote translation of controlled trials to practice.

Technique of improving the technical and tactical skills of national wrestlers

The article focuses on movement training and physical development. The methods of improving the technical and tactical skills of national wrestlers are shown. Work on improving technical and tactical skills is based on scientific evidence. The person who conducts the pedagogical process in the field of physical education should see it not only in terms of education and training, but in accordance with the principles of physical development. It is important to remember that the principles of exercise training reflect the same requirements: any pedagogical process must be based on consciousness, activity and other principles. Excessive demands on the physical abilities of the organs and systems in the body, excessive physical activity (accelerated exercise) can have the opposite effect and can be detrimental to health. It is important to keep in mind that the effects of loading are not the same as the morphological improvement rates of different organs, systems and functions in the body. In practice, there are many variants of selective uploading options. For example, to improve aerobic performance of a cross-country skier during a single exercise, you can only fund motoring. However, this exercise must be performed in different modes: first using a spaced and then one standard method, or rather using a set of one-way tools for one-on-one training. Thus, only the actual values of maximum load can be determined by the physical condition of a person. Of course, the maximum load on the development of physical abilities should be used in accordance with other principles, which should take into account the age, specificity, and specificity of the downloads, when appropriate training is given to the individual.

The Relevance of Applying Exercise Training Principles when Designing Therapeutic Interventions for Patients with Inflammatory Myopathies: A Systematic Review

The Relevance of Applying Exercise Training Principles when Designing Therapeutic Interventions for Patients with Inflammatory Myopathies: A Systematic Review

The relevance of applying exercise training principles when designing therapeutic interventions for patients with inflammatory myopathies: a systematic review.

Physical exercise seems to be a safe and effective intervention in patients with inflammatory myopathy (IM). However, the optimal training intervention is not clear. To achieve an optimum training effect, physical exercise training principles must be considered and to replicate research findings, FITT components (frequency, intensity, time, and type) of exercise training should be reported. This review aims to evaluate exercise interventions in studies with IM patients in relation to (1) the application of principles of exercise training, (2) the reporting of FITT components, (3) the adherence of participants to the intervention, and (4) to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. The literature was searched for exercise studies in IM patients. Data were extracted to evaluate the application of the training principles, the reporting of and the adherence to the exercise prescription. The Downs and Black checklist was used to assess methodological quality of the included studies. From the 14 included studies, four focused on resistance, two on endurance, and eight on combined training. In terms of principles of exercise training, 93% reported specificity, 50% progression and overload, and 79% initial values. Reversibility and diminishing returns were never reported. Six articles reported all FITT components in the prescription of the training though no study described adherence to all of these components. Incomplete application of the exercise training principles and insufficient reporting of the exercise intervention prescribed and completed hamper the reproducibility of the intervention and the ability to determine the optimal dose of exercise.

Application of principles of exercise training in sub-acute and chronic stroke survivors: a systematic review.

BackgroundThere is increasing evidence for the beneficial effects of exercise training in stroke survivors. In order to reach the desired training effects, exercise training principles must be considered as this ensures the prescription of adequate exercises at an adequate dose. Moreover, exercise training interventions must be designed in a way that maximizes patients’ adherence to the prescribed exercise regimen. The objectives of this systematic review were (1) to investigate whether training principles for physical exercise interventions are reported in RCTs for sub-acute and chronic stroke survivors, (2) to evaluate whether the RCTs reported the prescription of the FITT components of the exercise interventions as well as (3) patients’ adherence to this prescription, and (4) to assess the risk of bias of the included studies.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of RCTs with exercise training as the primary intervention and muscular strength and/or endurance as primary outcomes. The Cochrane library’s risk of bias (ROB) tool was used to judge the methodological quality of RCTs.ResultsThirty-seven RCTs were included in this systematic review. Eighteen studies (48.7%) focused on aerobic, 8 (21.6%) on resistance and 11 (29.7%) on combined interventions of aerobic and resistive strength exercise. Twenty-nine studies (78.4%) included only chronic stroke survivors, 5 studies (13.5%) only sub-acute stroke survivors whilst 3 studies (8.1%) included both. In terms of principle of exercise training, 89% reported specificity, 75.7% progression, 48.7% overload, 37.8% initial values, 32.4% reversibility and 13.5% diminishing returns. One RCT described all principles of physical exercise training and 19 (51.4%) all FITT components. Patients’ adherence to exercise prescription was accounted for in 3 studies (8.1%). Failure to report blinding in patients and participants and failure to report allocation concealment were the most prevalent methodological shortcomings.ConclusionsIncomplete and inconsistent reporting of (1) training components, (2) underlying exercise training principles and (3) patient adherence together with (4) a broad variation in the methodological quality of the included RCTs limit both the utility and reproducibility of physical exercise programs in stroke patients.

DEVELOPING A TEACHING OUTLINE: AN 11+ IMPLEMENTATION STUDY IN NIGERIA

ObjectiveTo provide information from practice based evidence on the structure of teaching the protocol of “11+” to potential instructors for coaches/handlers of teams as part of an on-goin implementation study.MethodsPrequel...

Correction

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Translating Exercise Science Into Voice Care

The basic principles of exercise training for skeletal muscle adaptations have been applied to voice training for some time. To date, the use of the basic principles of muscle training for designing a voice rehabilitation program or advising voice clients about the role of voice rest and modified voice use following surgical intervention has not been well developed. Voice training is a complex process of skill acquisition through application of motor learning principles and the concurrent coordinated use of many physiologic systems. However, the translation of exercise science literature to voice training and recovery needs to be undertaken with caution, because the function and performance of laryngeal skeletal muscle can be different from those of skeletal muscles used for other types of movement. This discussion will be confined to the basic adaptations of the muscle tissue itself. A brief review of basic principles of muscle training as understood for skeletal muscle will be followed by a more extensive discussion of the neurologic, metabolic, and physiologic adaptations of muscle training and detraining. Translation of this body of literature will be considered in the contexts of post-surgical voice recovery, voice rehabilitation, and maintenance of professional voice requirements.

Exercise and health in frail elderly people: a review of randomized controlled trials

Abstract Frailty is a physiological syndrome that increases the risk of poor health. Although some research has been conducted to study the benefits of physical exercise in frail elderly populations, different operational definitions of frailty have been used, and this makes the studies difficult to compare. The present review was aimed at examining the influence of exercise on health in frail older adults. Studies using randomized controlled trials that administered an exercise program to a frail elderly population and that had an operational definition of frailty were selected from publications between January 2000 and October 2008. Information about the study population, frailty criteria, exercise program, principles of exercise training, randomization procedures, main and secondary outcome measures, study follow-up, and control group characteristics was taken from these studies, and the results from a final sample of 28 articles are discussed. Exercise training seems to be a safe and effective tool for promoting and maintaining optimal health levels in a wide variety of vulnerable older adults. However, the lack of studies on a well-defined frail older adult sample with selection procedures based on current knowledge in this field does not allow us, at the present time, to conclude that exercise influences health in this population. Further research is needed to confirm the benefits of exercise on health in frail older adults. The study population must be selected based on current knowledge in the area of frailty, and the design of the exercise program must be based on principles of training.

Physiological aspects of sport training and performance

Physiological aspects of sport training and performance

Hospital-based Cardiac Rehabilitation

This article explores the historical background of cardiac rehabilitation, its goals, and the aims of each of the four phases of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program. Aspects of phase I -inpatient program and phase II-early post-discharge outpatient program are described in detail. The discussion of phases III and IV illustrates how the principles of exercise training are applied clinically in cardiac rehabilitation. Finally, the management of a patient with double-acute disability, acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft, or acute stroke is presented briefly.

Physiology of Sport and Exercise

Chapter 1. Structure and Function of Exercising Muscle Chapter 2. Fuel for Exercise: Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism Substrates Chapter 3. Neural Control of Exercising Muscle Chapter 4. Hormonal Control During Exercise Chapter 5. Energy Expenditure and Fatigue Chapter 6. The Cardiovascular System and Its Control Chapter 7. The Respiratory System and Its Regulation Chapter 8. Cardiorespiratory Responses to Acute Exercise Chapter 9. Principles of Exercise Training.