Exercise Period Research Articles

The Effect of Aerobic Activity on Changes in Cystatin C and Homocysteine Levels as Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Background and Objectives Chronic inflammation is associated with the development of various diseases, including atherosclerosis and diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of longterm selected aerobic exercises on changes in cystatin C and homocysteine in inactive and overweight middle-aged women. Subjects and Methods Thirty non-athlete middle-aged women (mean age: 46.06±6.97 years, weight: 71.82±9.11 kg, height: 156.9±5.24 cm, and body mass index: 29.2±4.11kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this project and were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups The experimental group performed selected aerobic exercises (65-75% of maximum heart rate) for eight weeks. Blood samples were taken before and 24 hours after the completion of the research protocol to measure the levels of cystatin C and homocysteine. Analysis of covariance was used for intergroup comparisons and paired t-test was used for intergroup comparisons. Results The results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in cystatin C (P=0.09) and homocysteine (P=0.07) after eight weeks of selected aerobic exercises. A significant decrease was observed in weight (P=0.001) and body mass index (P=0.002) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion Overall, the results of the present study showed that although the eight-week activity program improved the body composition of overweight middle-aged women, longer periods of aerobic exercise are required to examine clearer biochemical results.

Effects of adipokine chemerin on the improvement of islet function in diabetic mice by aerobic exercise and its mechanisms

Objective: To investigate the effects of adipokines chemerin on the improvement of islet function caused by exercise in mice with diabetes, and the possible mechanism of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Methods: Male ICR mice were randomly divided into a control group fed with normal diet (Con, n=6) and a diabetic modeling group fed with 60% kcal high-fat diet (n=44). After 6 weeks, the diabetic modeling group was once given a fasting intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (100 mg/kg). The successfully modeled mice were divided into diabetes group (DM), diabetes plus exercise group (EDM), and diabetes plus exercise and exogenous chemerin group (EDMC), 6 in each group. Mice in exercise groups participated in a six-week modest intensity treadmill running exercise with a gradually increased load. Mice in the EDMC group were intraperitoneally injected with exogenous chemerin (8 μg/kg) from the 4th week of the exercise period, six days per week, and one time per day. And the other groups were untreated. Adipose chemerin knockout mice were constructed. Then they and the control mice were divided into 6 groups (n=4): Normal diet control group (Con-ND), Normal diet chemerin knockout heterozygote mice group (Chemerin(+/-)-ND), Normal diet chemerin knockout homozygotes mice group(Chemerin(-/-)-ND), High-fat diet control group (Con-HFD), High-fat diet chemerin knockout heterozygote mice group (Chemerin(+/-)-HFD), High-fat diet chemerin knockout homozygotes mice group (Chemerin(-/-)-HFD). They were fed with normal or high-fat diet for 11 weeks and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted. After the mice of each group were executed under anesthesia, the samples such as pancreas and colon were collected. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS) levels in mice were measured, and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. HE staining was used to observe the structure of islets. ELISA was used to detect the GLP-1 level in serum. The mRNA levels of proglucagon (GCG) and chemerin in the colon were measured by real-time PCR. And the protein levels of GCG and chemerin in the colon were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with the DM group, the vacuolar degeneration and shrinkage of islet cells in the EDM group were reduced, the islet structure was improved, while the levels of FINS, HOMA-IR and FBG were decreased significantly (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The colon and serum chemerin levels were decreased significantly(P＜0.05), while the colonic GCG mRNA and protein levels were increased significantly (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). Compared with the EDM group, the islet cells in the EDMC group were shrunken, with unclear borders. The structure of the islets was damaged, and the levels of FINS, HOMA-IR and FBG were increased significantly (P＜0.01), while the mRNA and protein levels of GCG were decreased significantly (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). Compared with the Con-HFD group, the blood glucose at 30, 90 and 120 min after oral glucose in the chemerin (-/-)-HFD group was significantly lower (P＜0.01), and the area under the blood glucose time curve was significantly lower (P＜0.01). The islets had clear structure, regular shape and well-defined boundaries, while the serum GLP-1 and colonic GCG protein levels were increased significantly(P＜0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise improves the structure and function of pancreatic islets by reducing the level of chemerin in diabetes mice, which is related to the negative regulation of chemerin on GLP-1 level.

생활체육센터 프로그램이 참가자의 신체조성 및 혈중 코티졸 농도에 미치는 영향

This study has been undertaken regarding the influence of the living sports center program on the body build up and blood cortisol density of participants. For data processing, Subjects for the study were residents in B city P center members with a total of 12 persons (6 persons for exercise group and 7 persons for control group). SPSS 21.0 statistics was used to calculate the mean (M) and standard deviation (SD), and the analysis is made for each group and period, verification of difference for group and period. The noticeable level (α) on all statistics figures is set for .05. The frequency and period of exercise was implemented 4 times a week with 50 minutes (10 minutes of preparatory exercise, 40 minutes of main exercise and 10 minutes of wrap-up exercise) per session for a total of 8 weeks and the exercise intensity was 40~50% HRR in 1~4 weeks and 51~60% HRR in 5~8 weeks. Under this study outcome, the body fat rate showed noticeable difference in period and group, and the difference was not shown in period and group. The bodily fat volume showed noticeable difference in period, and group, period and group did not show noticeable difference. The cortisol showed noticeable difference in period, period and group and noticeable difference was now shown in group.

단기간 동안의 사이클 및 트레드밀 훈련이 비만 여성의 신체구성, 혈압 및 기초체력에 미치는 효과

The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effect (4 weeks) of cycle and treadmill training on body composition, blood pressure and physical fitness in obese women. Subjects of this study were 24 obese women and divided by randomized crossover design into 3 groups: control group (CG, n=8), cycle ergometer exercise group (CEG, n=8), treadmill exercise group (TEG, n=8). Body weight (BW), fat free mass (FFM), body fat mass (BFM), % body fat (%BF), body mass index (BMI) were measured for body composition. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured for blood pressure. Grip strength, back strength, sit-up, sit and reach, physical efficiency index (PEI) were measured for physical fitness level. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the difference according to the group and the exercise period. As the result of this study, BFM and BMI were significantly decreased in CEG, BFM and %BF were significantly decreased in TEG. Sit and reach, back strength and PEI was significantly higher than before training in CEG and TEG, sit-up was significantly higher than before training in CEG. There was no significant different between treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise in all measurement. Our finding suggested evidence that both cycle and treadmill exercise for short-duration are effective to decrease body fat and to increase back strength and cardiorespiratory endurance.

강도별 저항성 인터벌 트레이닝이 20대 여성의 심부담도와 혈중지질에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of intensity-specific training for 8 weeks on double product and blood lipids for women in their twenties.BR Method: The subjects of the study were women in their 20s living in the metropolitan area, who explained the purpose and method of this study in detail, and asked for consent from the people who voluntarily expressed their intention to participate. 22 subjects who volunteered were recruited. As the training method, high intensity interval training and moderate intensity interval training were applied, and the exercise period was set at 8 weeks. The homogeneity of the momentum between each training was secured through preliminary measurement. The measurement variables were double product and blood lipid. The statistical method was SPSS 25.0 version, and the mean and standard deviation were calculated using descriptive statistical analysis. Repeated measurement ANOVA was used to verify the effect of training for 8 weeks. The differences between groups were analyzed using a paired t-test. All statistical significance levels were set to α=.05.BR Result: The results of this study are as follows. 1) As a result of the double product, both high intensity interval training and moderate intensity interval training were improved (p.05, p.01). 2) In the case of blood lipids, HDL-C variables were significantly increased in the high-intensity interval training group (p.05).BR Conclusion: As a result of applying interval training by intensity to women, double product is improved in all training groups, and improvement in blood lipids is insignificant, but it is thought to be effective in the long term. Therefore, high-intensity interval training can help maintain the health of women in their twenties, and it is considered to be more effective training because it can also save time.

High-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training ameliorate the deteriorating acute effect of noise stress on corticosterone and testosterone in rats

PurposeNoise has become an integral part of human life. Noise stress affect various physiological indices. In the present study, the effects of acute noise stress on corticosterone and testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio (T/C) in male rats, trained with two types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MCT) were evaluated. Methods42 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into seven groups, including the control group (C), control time (CT), exposure to acute noise stress (S), HIIT, MCT, HIIT with noise stress (HIIT + S), and MCT with noise stress (MCT + S). Exercise groups performed eight weeks of exercise training. One session of stress was induced in stress groups following the intervention (exercise or rest) period. Serum levels of corticosterone and T/C were measured through blood samples, taken 48 hours following the last session of exercise in the four exercise groups without noise stress and time control. Immediately after noise stress, blood samples were taken in 3 stress groups. ResultsSerum level of corticosterone in the MCT group was significantly higher than CT and HIIT groups (P = 0.001). Considering the effect of acute noise stress, corticosterone was significantly higher in HIIT + S and MCT + S, respectively, compared to the noise stress group (P < 0.001). Testosterone level of the noise stress group was significantly lower than CT group (P < 0.001). Testosterone level in the S group was significantly lower than other stress groups (MCT + S and HIIT + S) (P < 0.001). T/C in HIIT + S group was significantly higher compared to S and MCT + S groups (P < 0.001). ConclusionHIIT and MCT, by priority, ameliorated the deteriorating effect of noise stress on testosterone and T/C; and it appears that the intensity and mode of previous exercise training affect the hormonal response to noise stress.

S3312 Acute Decompensation of Late-Onset Glutaric Acidemia Type II in the Setting of Multifactorial Cirrhosis

Introduction: Glutaric acidemia type 2 (GA2), or multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), is a disorder of fatty acid oxidation, amino acid and choline metabolism. GA2 is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner by changes in the ETFA, ETFB, or ETFDH genes. The classic and most severe form of GA2 is neonatal onset. Our patient has symptoms of late onset disease, including fatigue, vomiting, episodic hyperammonemia, fatty infiltration of the liver, and an absence of congenital malformations. In acute decompensations, triggered by catabolism and/or intercurrent illness, individuals with GA2 may develop metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, elevation of transaminases, and hyperammonemia. Case Description/Methods: This case describes a 36-year-old gentleman with late onset glutaric acidemia type II, multifactorial cirrhosis from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the setting of a metabolic disorder, class III obesity, alcoholic associated liver disease, portal hypertension, splenic embolization, CHF, presented to the ED for confusion following progressive nausea and vomiting over five days, and was found to have elevated ammonia level at 165 mcmol/L. His vital signs were tachycardia of 133 bpm, hypertension of 221/133, he was afebrile in no respiratory distress. Physical exam was notable for a drowsy obese male oriented to self and place, diaphoretic, tachycardic, no JVD, no crackles, non-tender abdomen with normoactive bowel sounds, and asterixis. Initial lab studies were significant for platelets of 131k, potassium of 2.4 mmol/L, total bilirubin 3.7 mg/dL, AST 355 ALT 130 ALP 143 IU/L, and no detectable ethanol, acetaminophen or salicylates. Multiple factors can influence his ammonia level, including underlying cirrhosis and glutaric acidemia. His metabolic crisis was suspected due to a catabolic state from intake of high-protein diet, and was managed with 10% Dextrose IV fluids, levocarnitine, riboflavin, lactulose, low-protein low-fat diet with improvement in encephalopathy. Hypokalemia from decreased absorption and lactulose use resolved with potassium supplements and addition of spironolactone. Discussion: Metabolic disorders are rare but important to consider in patients that present with metabolic crisis. They can decompensate after periods of dehydration, exercise, alcohol ingestion or illnesses and develop hyperammonemia, transaminitis, metabolic acidosis. These individuals have a lifelong risk of intermittent episodes of metabolic crisis and prompt management is imperative to recovery.

Substantial Fat Loss in Physique Competitors Is Characterized by Increased Levels of Bile Acids, Very-Long Chain Fatty Acids, and Oxylipins.

Weight loss and increased physical activity may promote beneficial modulation of the metabolome, but limited evidence exists about how very low-level weight loss affects the metabolome in previously non-obese active individuals. Following a weight loss period (21.1 ± 3.1 weeks) leading to substantial fat mass loss of 52% (−7.9 ± 1.5 kg) and low body fat (12.7 ± 4.1%), the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolic signature of 24 previously young, healthy, and normal weight female physique athletes was investigated. We observed uniform increases (FDR < 0.05) in bile acids, very-long-chain free fatty acids (FFA), and oxylipins, together with reductions in unsaturated FFAs after weight loss. These widespread changes, especially in the bile acid profile, were most strongly explained (FDR < 0.05) by changes in android (visceral) fat mass. The reported changes did not persist, as all of them were reversed after the subsequent voluntary weight regain period (18.4 ± 2.9 weeks) and were unchanged in non-dieting controls (n = 16). Overall, we suggest that the reported changes in FFA, bile acid, and oxylipin profiles reflect metabolic adaptation to very low levels of fat mass after prolonged periods of intense exercise and low-energy availability. However, the effects of the aforementioned metabolome subclass alteration on metabolic homeostasis remain controversial, and more studies are warranted to unravel the complex physiology and potentially associated health implications. In the end, our study reinforced the view that transient weight loss seems to have little to no long-lasting molecular and physiological effects.

Limits of stability and falls during a multicomponent exercise program in faller older adults: A retrospective cohort study

Background/ObjetivesMulticomponent exercise programs have been demonstrated to prevent falls in older adults. However, the underlying responsible mechanisms are not clear. We aimed to analyze the association between changes in the limits of stability (LOS) as a relevant balance component, and falls occurrence during a multicomponent physical exercise program. MethodsRetrospective study, including ninety-one participants who had experienced a fall in the previous year, and were attended in a falls unit. All of them were included in a twice-a-week multicomponent exercise program during 16 weeks. Pre- and post-program measurements were collected for leg press, gait speed, the short physical performance battery (SPPB), and LOS (point of excursion [POE] and maximal excursion [MEX]) with posturography. Falls occurrence was assessed between the beginning and the completion of the exercise program (16 week). ResultsThe mean age was 77.2 years, and 72 were female. Thirty-two participants fell at least once during the exercise period. The global baseline POE was 47.6 %, and the MEX was 64.7 %, and there were no differences between fallers and nonfallers. Nonfallers presented greater improvements in POE (6.3 % versus 1.3 %; p < .05) and MEX (9.2 % versus 3.0 %; p < .01) than fallers. The POE and MEX were independently associated with a reduced probability of having had a fall, OR: 0.95 (95 % CI: 0.91 to 0.99) and 0.94 (95 % CI: 0.90 to 0.99), respectively. Changes in SPPB results or leg press strength were not associated with decreased falls. Adjusted probability of fall occurrence decreased by 5 % and 6 % per 1 % improvement in absolute values in POE and MEX, respectively. ConclusionsImprovements in LOS after a multicomponent physical exercise program in older adults with previous falls may be associated with a decreased occurrence of falls.

Cardiometabolic determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness at rest, during exercise and post-exercise periods

We aimed to assess the relationship between cardiorepiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic parameters among young Nigerian adults. 100 young adults (50 males, 50 females) aged 20-30 years, selected from College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria, participated in the study. Subjects’ demographic data and medical information were obtained through the use of structured pre-exercise health and lifestyle screening questionnaire, physical examination and morphometric measurements. Exercise test was carried out using a mechanically braked magnetic ergometer bicycle at an incremental workload of 30 W every 2 min until the subject reached a volitional exhaustion. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at rest, during exercise and at post-exercise periods. Data indicated a significantly (Ρ&lt;0.05) lower resting HR and rate pressure product (RPP), but higher targeted HR reserve, %RPP increase, peak oxygen pulse, cardiac output, exercise duration and work rate compared with the intermediate and unfit groups in both sexes. Age and BMI adjusted correlation test also indicated significant associations between peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and resting HR, resting RPP, targeted HR reserve, oxygen pulse, cardiac output, % RPP increase, actual HR reserve, exercise duration, and work rate. In contrast, resting BP, resting pulse pressure, peak systolic blood pressure (SBP), peak HR, percentage maximum HR, SBP recovery and HR recovery did not correlate with peak VO2. The present findings suggest that a multiple approach involving both metabolic and cardiovascular interventions might be appropriate when implementing strategies to enhance CRF and improve general well-being.

Peripheral fatigue and hormone responses to branched-chain amino acids ingestion and exercise in recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) can boost anabolism through an increase in the internal concentration of BCAA, which leads to facilitating anabolic hormone release to stimulate the power of the muscles. Studies on administration of BCAA to minimize fatigue substances during long periods of high intensity exercise have been conducted. However, there are disagreements concerning the results of these studies. A comprehensive search was performed on electronic databases up to November 2021 for trials evaluating the effects of BCAA on recovery following exercise. Mean ± standard deviation of follow-up cortisol, insulin, ammonia, and lactate concentrations were extracted to calculate the effect size for meta-analysis. A total of 146 participants for cortisol and 279 participants for lactate were found from the 7 and 15 studies, respectively. The results revealed a significant effect of BCAA supplementation on cortisol concentration during 120≤ min post exercise follow-up. Moreover, without considering follow-up times, an overall analysis showed that BCAA was effective in reducing blood lactate in aerobic exercise and the trained status of athletes. The advantages of BCAA administration relate to a reduction in cortisol concentration after 2h and ameliorated muscle function because of a probable attenuation of fatigue substances immediately after exercise.

Comparison of Support Provided by Prophylactic Athletic Tape Following Exposure to Moisture and Exercise

Prophylactic athletic tape is often used to provide additional ankle support and reduce potential injury in both wet and dry environments. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of prophylactic athletic tape on ankle range of motion following exposure to moisture and exercise. Following exercise, range of motion increased slightly but remained below baseline and postexercise control values for all tape conditions. The novel synthetic tape maintained greater ankle support following the exercise period for wet condition in inversion and eversion. Cotton and novel synthetic adhesive tapes provided improved ankle stability following exercise, whether wet or dry, as compared with the use of no tape.

A modified Kalman filter-based model for core temperature estimation during exercise and recovery with/without personal cooling interventions

One of the most important parameters to consider while analysing heat related illness is the human body core temperature. It is therefore required to monitor real-time core temperature in an ambulatory situation for industrial workers, athletes, military personnel, and a variety of other people. As conventional methods of monitoring core temperature are unsuitable for ambulatory use or prohibitively expensive, it is necessary to develop a reliable, inexpensive and non-invasive method for real-time measurement of core temperature. Kalman filter based models for core temperature estimation are found promising to meet these requirements. In this work, we have highlighted one of the major shortcomings of the existing extended Kalman filter model and proposed a modification. The modified extended Kalman filter based model has better performance compared to the existing model in estimating the core temperature as it considers two separate measurement models for exercise and recovery periods. The proposed modified model is validated using human trials data which includes participants wearing regular clothing and different types of personal cooling clothing. It is found that the proposed modified model can predict core temperature more accurately (bias= −0.03 to −0.06°C, LoA=±0.14 – ±0.32°C, and RMSE=0.09–0.16°C) as compared to the existing model (bias=−0.03 – 0.08°C, LoA=±0.26 – ±0.33°C, and RMSE=0.14°C–0.18°C). Personal cooling intervention minimises core temperature rise significantly and thus helps in heat stress mitigation. It is observed that the proposed modified model can estimate core temperature more accurately for cooling intervention cases and intermittent working cases as compared to the existing model. It can be used effectively in an ambulatory setting, but for situations where higher accuracy is required and invasiveness of the method is not a concern, direct contact method of core temperature is always preferred as the proposed model has varying accuracy levels between individuals.

Discussion on Repolarization Reserve between Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Normal Controls.

Objective To investigate the repolarization reserve of normal controls (NCs) and patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods From January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2018, 200 age- and gender-matched inpatients in the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University and Heji Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College were selected for treadmill exercise test (TET), including 67 patients in the myocardial ischemia group, 66 patients in the suspected myocardial ischemia group, and 67 patients in the normal control group. Coronary angiography (CAG) was performed on 49 of 133 patients in the myocardial ischemia group and the suspected myocardial ischemia group, and 9 positives and 40 negatives were identified. The heart rate (HR) and QT interval of TET examiners before exercise, during exercise (90 beats/min, 120 beats/min, maximum HR), and in the recovery period (1 minute and 3 minutes after exercise) were reviewed, and QTc values were calculated after being corrected by BaZett's. Results The mean QTc values in NCs were all below 452 ms, before exercise, during exercise (90 beats/min, 120 beats/min and maximum HR), and during the recovery period (1 minute and 3 minutes after exercise). The comparison results of the RR interval between the two groups revealed P > 0.05, indicating no statistical significance. Significant differences were present when comparing the QT intervals when the HRs were 90 beats/minute and 120 beats/minute during exercise (P < 0.05). And comparing the QTc values, it was found that the QTc values during different exercise periods were statistically different between groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions NCs have good repolarization reserve. CAG can confirm true myocardial ischemia patients (i.e., patients with CHD) among myocardial ischemia and suspected myocardial ischemia patients screened by TET. Patients with positive CAG have poor repolarization reserve as QT interval represents ventricular repolarization adaptability.

Heart rate and gas exchange dynamic responses to multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB) in early- and late-pubertal boys and girls.

Natural patterns of physical activity in youth are characterized by brief periods of exercise of varying intensity interspersed with rest. To better understand systemic physiologic response mechanisms in children and adolescents, we examined five responses [heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen uptake (V̇O2), carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2), and minute ventilation (V̇E), measured breath‐by‐breath] to multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB). Two groups of healthy participants (early pubertal: 17 female, 20 male; late‐pubertal: 23 female, 21 male) performed five consecutive 2‐min bouts of constant work rate cycle‐ergometer exercise interspersed with 1‐min of rest during separate sessions of low‐ or high‐intensity (~40% or 80% peak work, respectively). For each 2‐min on‐transient and 1‐min off‐transient we calculated the average value of each cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variable (Y̅). There were significant MBEB changes in 67 of 80 on‐ and off‐transients. Y̅ increased bout‐to‐bout for all CPET variables, and the magnitude of increase was greater in the high‐intensity exercise. We measured the metabolic cost of MBEB, scaled to work performed, for the entire 15 min and found significantly higher V̇O2, V̇CO2, and V̇E costs in the early‐pubertal participants for both low‐ and high‐intensity MBEB. To reduce breath‐by‐breath variability in estimation of CPET variable kinetics, we time‐interpolated (second‐by‐second), superimposed, and averaged responses. Reasonable estimates of τ (<20% coefficient of variation) were found only for on‐transients of HR and V̇O2. There was a remarkable reduction in τHR following the first exercise bout in all groups. Natural patterns of physical activity shape cardiorespiratory responses in healthy children and adolescents. Protocols that measure the effect of a previous bout on the kinetics of subsequent bouts may aid in the clinical utility of CPET.

The Effects of High-Intensity Power Training versus Traditional Resistance Training on Exercise Performance.

Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) features short, repeated bursts of relatively vigorous exercise with intermittent periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. High-intensity power training (HIPT), in combination with HIIT and traditional resistance training (TRT), is characterized as multijoint high-intensity resistance exercises with low interset rest periods. HIPT requires people to finish the exercise as fast as possible, which increases acute physiological demands. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences between eight-week HIPT or TRT on exercise performance. Methods: Twenty-four college students were recruited and randomly assigned to either the HIPT or TRT group in a counterbalanced order. The power of upper and lower limbs (50% 1RM bench press and vertical jump) and anaerobic power were tested before and after the training (weeks 0 and 9). The results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Friedman’s test with a significance level of α = 0.05 to compare the effects of the intervention on exercise performance. Results: There were significant differences in the explosive force of the upper and lower limbs between the pretest and post-test in both the HIPT and TRT groups (p < 0.05). However, only the HIPT group showed a significant difference in the mean power on the Wingate anaerobic test between the pretest and post-test (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both HIPT and TRT can improve upper and lower limb explosive force. HIPT is an efficient training protocol, which took less time and produced a better improvement in mean anaerobic power.

2021년 상속법 관련 주요 판례 회고

In this article, I examined the main precedents of the inheritance law sentenced in 2021. The subjects of these judgments are as follows: ① Supreme Court judgment on June 10, 2021, concerning the partition of inherited property by agreement and the period of exercise of the creditor’s right of revocation, ② Supreme Court judgment on February 25, 2021, regarding acceptance of qualified acceptance declaration and the effect of special qualified acceptance, ③ Supreme Court judgment on June 10, 2021, concerning the method of returning legal reserve of inheritance and the standard time for calculating the value. In conclusion, I agree with the judgments ② and ③ above, but disagree with the judgment ①. I hope that this article will contribute a little to advance the subsequent discussions surrounding these rulings.

Feasibility of a preoperative strengthening exercise program on postoperative function in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty: a pilot randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThere are conflicting results on the effect of preoperative exercise programs on long-term function and little evidence on short-term function. The aim is to assess the feasibility of a preoperative strengthening exercise program in patients undergoing hip or knee joint arthroplasty in terms of trial design, recruitment, and follow-up rates.MethodsA randomized controlled feasibility study with patients undergoing hip or knee joint arthroplasty. Patients were randomized to a preoperative strengthening exercise program or standard of care. Feasibility outcome measures were recruitment rate (≥ 50%) and loss to follow-up (≤ 15%).ResultsOf the 129 eligible participants, 63 participants consented to participate in the study (49%), and 27 were successfully randomized prior to surgery (43%). All 27 participants completed the baseline assessment. Of these, 6 (22%) had surgery during the exercise period. Of the remaining 21 participants, 20 (95%) completed the pre-surgery assessment. The study was terminated before five participants could be eligible for the 6-month assessment. Sixteen (76%) participants completed the 6-week post-surgery assessment. Twelve participants completed the 6-month assessment (75%).ConclusionGiven the recruitment rate, randomization barriers, and study participant loss to follow-up, the study was discontinued since it was not considered feasible in this current form at our clinical site despite modifications made to the protocol. Future investigations into a modified intervention via telerehabilitation should be explored.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03483519. Retrospectively registered in March 2018.

FReSCO: Flow Reconstruction and Segmentation for low-latency Cardiac Output monitoring using deep artifact suppression and segmentation.

PurposeReal‐time monitoring of cardiac output (CO) requires low‐latency reconstruction and segmentation of real‐time phase‐contrast MR, which has previously been difficult to perform. Here we propose a deep learning framework for “FReSCO” (Flow Reconstruction and Segmentation for low latency Cardiac Output monitoring).MethodsDeep artifact suppression and segmentation U‐Nets were independently trained. Breath‐hold spiral phase‐contrast MR data (N = 516) were synthetically undersampled using a variable‐density spiral sampling pattern and gridded to create aliased data for training of the artifact suppression U‐net. A subset of the data (N = 96) was segmented and used to train the segmentation U‐net. Real‐time spiral phase‐contrast MR was prospectively acquired and then reconstructed and segmented using the trained models (FReSCO) at low latency at the scanner in 10 healthy subjects during rest, exercise, and recovery periods. Cardiac output obtained via FReSCO was compared with a reference rest CO and rest and exercise compressed‐sensing CO.ResultsThe FReSCO framework was demonstrated prospectively at the scanner. Beat‐to‐beat heartrate, stroke volume, and CO could be visualized with a mean latency of 622 ms. No significant differences were noted when compared with reference at rest (bias = −0.21 ± 0.50 L/min, p = 0.246) or compressed sensing at peak exercise (bias = 0.12 ± 0.48 L/min, p = 0.458).ConclusionsThe FReSCO framework was successfully demonstrated for real‐time monitoring of CO during exercise and could provide a convenient tool for assessment of the hemodynamic response to a range of stressors.

Brain Neuroplasticity Effects on the Occurrence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and the Effect of this Injury on Brain Function and Structure: A Systematic Review

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of brain neuroplasticity on the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and on brain function and structure before and after ligament reconstruction and after a period of rehabilitation exercises. Materials &amp; Methods: In this review study, a search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, MedLine, Pedro, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Databases as well as national databases on related studies published from 1970 to 2021 using keywords in Persian and English related to the research topic. Results: The initial search yielded 65 articles. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 articles were selected for review of which 5 articles prospectively examined the effect of brain neuroplasticity on the incidence of ACL injury. Their results showed that the brains of people with ACL injury was different from the uninjured people, especially in the motor-sensory part of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, which caused errors during movement planning of these persons. Ten articles examined the effect of ACL injury before reconstruction on brain function and structure and reported that changes occur in the level of motor-sensory cortex of the brain at least two weeks after the injury; after one year, these structural and functional changes were widely increased in injured people compared to healthy people. These studies also showed that the ligament dysfunction and the damage to mechanical receptors cause the reorganization of the central nervous system. In injured people, the control activity of motor-visual areas and their need for visual feedback have increased. Seven articles examined these changes after ligament reconstruction and showed that the brain neuroplasticity or functional and structural changes resulting from the injury not only did not return to normal conditions, but also increased after a while despite the reconstruction. Two articles examined these changes after a period of rehabilitation exercises and showed that functional and Conclusion: The changes in the brain after ACL injury not only persist after ligament reconstruction, but also increase after reconstruction. The common rehabilitation exercises whose main focus is not on eliminating these functional and structural changes in the brain cannot overdrive this negative neuroplasticity after injury which is one of the important causes of secondary injury and subsequent complications. In developing exercises to prevent ACL injury and for rehabilitation, it is better to use the new principles of motor learning and exercises related to visual feedback along with conventional exercises to overdrive negative neuroplasticity created in the brain and create positive neuroplasticity to support ACL.