Exercise Of Reproductive Rights Research Articles

Low Usage of Modern Contraceptives Among Women of Reproductive Age in Tanzania: Analysis Beyond Availability and Awareness Factors

Most studies on contraceptives have linked low use with awareness and problems of availability. However, these studies have not considered low or discontinuation of use of contraceptives to be a positive phenomenon where women exercise their reproductive rights or autonomy. Hence, this article has adopted a Marxist-Feminist theory of contraceptives to examine the association between socio-demographic factors and low usage of contraceptives among women of reproductive age. It also evaluates the influence of the availability and awareness on the use or non-use of contraceptives among such a group of women. The article is based on a cross- sectional case study conducted in Kigoma Rural District, Tanzania. The data were collected through questionnaires modified from TDHS, interviews with nurses, and an in-charge of a health facility. Secondary data were collected from TDHS (2016, 2022), Tanzania Service Delivery Point report, Stock Inventory Charts and Our World data sets. Quantitative analysis was performed through STATA 14, and secondary data was processed through content analysis. The study found that though the majority of the reproductive age are aware of contraceptives, most (80%) have not used them. We do not treat this as a problem, but an exercise of reproductive rights and autonomy by women. In addition, there is no significant evidence to prove any influence of socio-demographic factors on low use of contraceptives. Low use and discontinuation of contraceptives are associated with the need for more children by women, and the side effects of contraceptives. Therefore, we conclude that women should be left to decide when and how to use contraceptives: they should not be forced through direct or indirect health services.

Protection of the person’s reproductive rights in Ukraine and in the European countries

Reproductive rights reference to related human rights and freedoms goes to a basic right - the right to life and the continuation of the human race. They are based on the recognition of the fundamental rights of individuals and couples who independently decide the number, time intervals and possible ways of having children. Reproductive rights involve making procreative decisions in a non-discriminatory manner without interference from society, the state or any other subjects. The evolution of reproductive rights shows that at the initial stage of development it was important to identify and specify the scope and content of the basic right related to the parents' decision regarding the planned number of children and the time intervals between their births. This is a fundamental right that relates to making a decision about one's own fertility, so such rights can be defined as paternity and maternity rights.
 Reproductive rights can also be perceived as a special type of freedom associated with the possibility of self-determination and the right of a given person to control all aspects of his/her health. For this reason, it is important to ensure the implementation of reproductive rights without violence and coercion. In this context, the state needs to create the national mechanisms to effectively combat forms of sexual violence, including domestic violence, sexual exploitation of women and girls, sexual slavery and exploitation, forced prostitution and sexual harassment, trafficking in women and children. Violence should not be justified by moral, cultural or religious considerations. Reproductive decisions should be made without discrimination. The possibility of free exercise of reproductive rights is especially important for women for the growth of their role in the economic and political life of society and the state. In this regard, a woman's ability to independently make decisions regarding the disposal of her own body, the birth of children or not is evaluated as a basis for the exercise of other rights by women.

Èquipe, community, traditional values, and reproductive rights.

Gender stereotypes still surround women's reproductive health for several reasons. Moreover, in the last 20 years, women's access to essential reproductive healthcare is becoming an issue contributing to inequality and exacerbating different kinds of violence (cultural and structural). The patriarchal system, intimate partner violence, and traditional cultural and conservative values have a huge impact on women's access to contraceptive information, services, and induced abortion. Gender-based human rights violation has a higher impact on those women who are part of a minority or suffer a marginalized social or economic condition. In the present article, the behavior of migrant women's networks is examined as a case study when they come into contact with the health and care sector with the aim to highlight how, in the context of childbirth, they can suffer discriminatory and violent treatment by the community and groups that defend conservative and traditional values due to the exercise of reproductive rights. The investigated context was the Careggi Hospital in Florence, Italy, but in further investigation, the research will take place in different medium-sized cities such as Terni and Perugia. The chosen methodology was that of second-level sources and qualitative interviews with the health personnel who usually deals with these women (two focus groups involving 11 persons of the hospital équipe). This article has two aims: (1) to present the conflict between community behavior and the right to reproductive health and (2) to discuss aspects of IPV as degrading or violent treatment due to the exercise of reproductive rights. The main finding underlined the importance of considering the link between rights, identity, culture, and relationships with the community.

Obstacles to Exercising Reproductive Rights for Single Women in China and Legal Recommendations.

Reproductive rights represent an intrinsic and pivotal human entitlement, encompassing legal protection for procreation. Essential to this framework is the recognition that single women equally deserve reproductive rights. Although Chinese legislation refrains from overtly disallowing reproductive rights for single women, the interplay of conventional marriage norms and family planning policies has inadvertently tied these rights to marital status, consequently constraining single women's ability to assert them. The establishment of a robust legal structure to ensure reproductive rights for single women would profoundly contribute to advancing a harmonious evolution of China's population dynamics. We employ meticulous textual scrutiny to analyze comprehensively the stipulations concerning women's reproductive liberties within the framework of Chinese jurisprudence. Furthermore, we engage in empirical inquiry to enumerate and elucidate the multifarious constraints placed upon the reproductive freedoms of unmarried women in the Chinese context. This endeavor entails a detailed exposition and incisive examination of China's limitations imposed upon the reproductive rights of single women, encompassing both legal strictures and policy dimensions. The absence of legal endorsement and safeguarding has given rise to substantial impediments to the exercise of reproductive rights among single women in China. Not only do endeavors to assert reproductive rights on behalf of single women encounter intricate challenges in judicial implementation, but they also encounter manifold barriers within national policies. This predicament not only subjects single women to considerable psychological strain but also contradicts the overarching objective of achieving a harmonized population development trajectory in China. China should expedite the development of a legal framework for protecting reproductive rights that includes provisions for supporting single women to have children. This legal apparatus should efficaciously enshrine and shield the reproductive rights of single women, thus playing a pivotal role in advancing a more equitable and well-balanced trajectory of population development.

Privacy and Reproductive Health: Curtailing Rights and Choices

Digital identification (ID) and data-driven systems have become central to the delivery of welfare and health services in the global South. These policies are designed to monitor and control developmental indicators, with some negative repercussions for women. They also impact the exercise of reproductive rights and access to health and welfare, in addition to informational privacy. This paper aims to understand the various axes along which digitalisation and data collection systems impact the exercise of the right to privacy, including reproductive rights. It focuses on two specific services that have been a target of digital and analog monitoring over the past decade – conditional cash transfers tied to maternal health, and abortion services. Through interviews with women patients, their families, and health providers in New Delhi, it found that monitoring systems can restrict women’s access to critical services. Extensive procedural requirements introduced for better targeting of welfare schemes, such as Aadhaar linked bank accounts and income and caste certifications acted as significant barriers to access. These requirements particularly impacted women who carry stigma when accessing abortion services, including poor and unmarried women, and adolescents. Health providers were forced to prioritise data collection over inclusive delivery of services. Data collection for Aadhaar-linked databases without informed consent was rampant, with repercussions for women’s informational privacy. Reproductive rights and various dimensions of privacy, including informational privacy and decisional autonomy are thus intrinsically linked. Future research on digital health needs to further probe these interlinkages and broaden the definition of the right to privacy.

Advances in Medically-assisted procreation technologies: can malpractice claims and "reproductive damage" be identified.

Medically assisted procreation and assisted reproductive techniques have made giant strides over the past decades, enabling countless couples to achieve parenthood. Still, the ethical and moral concerns that have come to the fore as a result of ART's rise pose a multi-faceted issue that lawmakers have struggled to keep up with; procedures such as heterologous fertilization are strictly regulated, and even banned, in several nations around the globe, among which Italy, where a controversial piece of legislation was passed in 2004; such a reform has been partly nullified by court decisions, among which the Italian Constitutional Court and even the European Court of Human Rights. Relevant scientific articles were identified from Medline, Cochrane Central, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASE and Google Scholar, through February 2020, by using the following keywords: "assisted reproductive techniques", "heterologous fertilization", "European rulings on ART", "reproductive damages". The rise of ART has laid bare a shortage of adequate legal tools for the purpose of guaranteeing the exercise of reproductive rights for all. Hence, the harmonization of regulations, at least at the European level, is greatly needed in order to ensure equality of parental opportunities for all.

O direito à fertilização “in vitro” no Brasil: análise jurídico-literária à luz da obra “Admirável mundo novo”

Consiste em análise jurídico-literária do contexto atual brasileiro para o exercício dos direitos reprodutivos e, em especial, do direito à fertilização in vitro, reconhecido pela Corte Interamericana no emblemático caso Artavia Murillo, para evidenciar a indissociabilidade da teoria e da prática, principalmente no que concerne à esfera dos direitos e das garantias nos âmbitos interno e internacional global de proteção sob o enfoque da obra Admirável mundo novo, do teor da última resolução do CFM - Conselho Federal de Medicina sobre o tema e das normas que compõem o sistema protetivo de modo geral que afetam diretamente à autonomia reprodutiva por meio de pesquisa teórica, bibliográfica e exploratória.

Religions and low fertility today

Our understanding of whether, to what extent, and under which conditions religions nowadays influence birth levels depends on research. It is important to seek answers to two fundamental questions. The first question is about the role of religiosity and religious affiliation in the deterministic cause of low fertility and family planning in recent times. The second question deals with the influence of religious institutions on birth levels and the exercise of reproductive rights at the global level and within certain population groups over recent decades. To that end, the paper provides an overview of theoretical examinations of the connection between religions and fertility, empirical studies addressing low completed fertility, birth control, or sexual behaviour in relation to religiosity or religious affiliation of individuals, as well as the influence of religious institutions on fertility transition and the respect of human rights in this field. A review of the recent studies of various populations characterised by low birth levels shows that religiosity, especially practising religion, encourages people to uphold traditional values, attitudes, and behaviours that are directly or indirectly related to the concepts of marriage and childbearing. Moreover, it sheds light on some examples of religious institutions? concrete opposition to progress in this area, while also highlighting contradictory cases of religions supporting pro-found contemporary changes in reproductive behaviour.

Direitos reprodutivos, planejamento familiar e reprodução humana assistida no Brasil no atual estado da arte

Os avanços da ciência e da tecnologia reprodutiva chegaram a patamares nunca antes imaginados, proporcionando a homens e mulheres impossibilitados de procriar pelos meios naturais a possibilidade de realizar o sonho da filiação, todavia, a ausência de lei específica no Brasil tem conduzido a abusos e momentos de insegurança jurídica. Ao mesmo tempo, as transformações no conceito de família no Brasil conduziram-na a um formato livre, onde a procriação não se apresenta mais como função, mas como meio de constituir ou aumentar a entidade familiar, e cujo planejamento e exercício de direitos reprodutivos cabem exclusivamente àqueles que a compõem. Este artigo se propõe a demonstrar a relação existente entre direitos reprodutivos, planejamento familiar e reprodução humana assistida e analisar as normas que disciplinam deste tipo de tratamento médico hodiernamente no território brasileiro.

Reproductive practises: Kurdish women responding to patriarchy

This is an interpretive study of reproductive practise among Kurdish rural–urban migrant women in Van, Turkey. Van is one of the eastern provinces where Kurdish-speaking population is concentrated and high fertility persists despite the rapid fertility decline in the country. In order to explore the social dynamics behind the divergent fertility trend, this paper examines women's reproductive experiences in a migrant neighbourhood from a feminist perspective. Women and men in the studied neighbourhood have experienced considerable socioeconomic insecurities resulting from the destructive mass displacement in the 1990s. In an environment of insecurity, women's access to public spaces and reproductive healthcare was considerably hindered. This paper argues that Kurdish migrant women's enduring high fertility can be closely related to the form of patriarchy reconfigured in a way to minimise women's autonomy which is essential for the exercise of reproductive rights.

‘I Had a Guilty Conscience Because I Wasn't Going to Marry Her’: Ethical Dilemmas for Mexican Men in their Sexual Relationships with Women

In Mexico's predominantly Catholic culture, the enjoyment of sexual rights faces many challenges, both at the political and the personal level. Although often connected, the meanings of sexuality and reproduction are fundamentally different and so, correspondingly, are possibilities for the exercise of reproductive rights versus sexual rights. Such views are ‘gendered’ by the idea that women's desire and sexual activity should be controlled and men's masculinity should be affirmed through sexual performance. Drawing on in-depth research conducted among young Mexican men in rural communities, this article examines the ‘ethics’ implicit in men's accounts when talking about sexual desires, pleasures and practices with women. Findings point to the need for a stronger ethics of sexual citizenship in Mexico as part of enabling conditions for the exercise of both men's and women's sexual rights.

Fertility and Coercion

This essay is based on lectures given at the University of Chicago Law School and Kings College in Cambridge England in 1995. The author offers a discourse on the rights and consequences within norms and laws of reproduction and general issues panic-based reasoning the consequences of population expansion the social development of women and the justification for or lack thereof of coercive birth control. It is argued that public policies that promote social development gender equity and individual responsibility of the family are appropriate population solutions. A theory of justice should value personal liberty and basic autonomy including the exercise of reproductive rights. Impoverished people value well-being and economic security even if they do not value in fact freedom or reproductive freedom in particular. The denial of reproductive freedom in favor of coercive restrictions can be justified if at all only by strong positive consequences such as well-being and economic security. There is little evidence of such a trade-off. There is some evidence that coercion works faster than what can be achieved by social change and development. Coercive family planning has serious consequences for reproductive freedom infant mortality and female infanticide. There is no contrary argument against reproductive rights which as a Jeremy Bentham term hinge on acceptable consequences. Libertarians such as Robert Nozick assign rights as a force of their own. The author strikes a balance and presents arguments for a consequential system incorporating the fulfillment of rights among other goals.