Exercise Machine Research Articles

Relationship Between Number of Different Lower-Limb Resistance Exercises Prescribed in a Program and Exercise Outcomes in People With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Regression.

We determine whether there is a relationship between the number of different lower-limb resistance exercises prescribed in a program and outcomes for people with knee osteoarthritis. We used a systematic review with meta-regression. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Embase up to January 4, 2024. We included randomized controlled trials that evaluated land-based resistance exercise for knee osteoarthritis compared with nonexercise interventions. We conducted meta-regressions between number of different exercises prescribed and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for pain and function. Covariates (intervention duration, frequency per week, use of resistance exercise machine[s], and comparator type) were applied to attempt to reduce between-study heterogeneity. Forty-four trials (3,364 participants) were included. The number of resistance exercises ranged from 1 to 12 (mean ± SD 5.0 ± 3.0). Meta-regression showed no relationship between the number of prescribed exercises and change in pain (slope coefficient: -0.04 SMD units [95% confidence interval {95% CI} -0.14 to 0.05]) or self-reported function (SMD -0.04 [95% CI -0.12 to 0.05]). There was substantial heterogeneity and evidence of publication bias. However, even after removing 31 trials that had overall unclear/high risk of bias, there was no change in relationships. There was no relationship between the number of different lower-limb resistance exercises prescribed in a program and change in knee pain or self-reported function. However, given that we were unable to account for all differences in program intensity, progression, and adherence, as well as the heterogeneity and overall low quality of included studies, our results should be interpreted with caution.

Effects of Sling-Suspension-Based Active Shoulder Joint Exercise on Shoulder Joint Subluxation, Pain, Muscle Strength, and Upper Limb Function in Patients with Subacute Stroke.

Background and Objectives: We investigated the effects of sling-suspension-based active shoulder joint exercise training on shoulder joint subluxation, pain, muscle strength, and upper extremity function in patients with subacute stroke. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients with subacute stroke were randomly assigned to either the sling-suspension-based active shoulder joint exercise (SASE) group (n = 14) or the motorized upper extremity exercise (MUEE) group (n = 14). The SASE group actively performed shoulder joint flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external and internal rotation, and horizontal abduction and adduction using a sling suspension system, whereas the MUEE group underwent an exercise program using a motorized upper extremity exercise machine. All participants underwent a 4-week intervention with 30 min of exercise once a day for 5 days a week. Additionally, both groups received general physical therapy and functional electrical stimulation for 30 min twice a day for 5 days a week. Shoulder joint subluxation was measured by radiographic examination before and after training, and pain was evaluated in the splenius, upper trapezius, and infraspinatus muscles using pressure parameters. In addition, a manual muscle tester was used to assess the muscle strength of the shoulder joint flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, and external and internal rotators, and the Fugl-Mayer Assessment (FMA) and Manual Functional Test (MFT) were used to evaluate upper extremity function. Results: A significant group-time interaction was observed for pain, with F-values of F(1, 26) = 7.470, p < 0.011 for the splenius and F(1, 26) = 9.623, p < 0.005 for the upper trapezius. A significant time-group interaction was observed for the muscle strength of the shoulder, with F-values of F(1, 26) = 13.211, p < 0.001; F(1, 26) = 4.974, p = 0.035 and F(1, 26) = 9.674, p = 0.004 for flexors, abductors, and external rotators, respectively. A significant time-group interaction was observed in the FMA, with F-values of F(1, 26) = 13.243, p < 0.001. When comparing the interaction effects between time and group for MFT scores, a significant difference was observed, with F-values of F(1, 26) = 32.386, p < 0.001. Conclusions: This study confirmed that sling-suspension-based active shoulder joint exercises are effective in improving shoulder joint subluxation, pain, muscle strength, and upper extremity function in patients with subacute stroke.

Differences in knee flexor and extensor force and kinematic variables in rural versus urban area female students in Romania.

The study aimed to identify and explain the typical differences in low-intensity high-volume resistance training (LIHV-RT) performances for major muscle groups between rural versus urban young female students to establish the relevant set of quantitative and qualitative resistance training parameters. The study sample included 46 recreational active female students at the Transilvania University of Brașov, (mean ± SD age, 20 ± 1year; body mass, 60 ± 3kg; height, 160 ± 4cm) grouped urban vs. rural. The study used modified resistance exercise machines for the hamstring- and quadricep-group muscles, equipped with a dynamometer and sensors for identifying developed forces and accelerations. A number of 368 tests were performed, representing two attempts for each subject, for knee flexion and knee extension exercises, with two different loads. For the performance analysis some variables were considered: the maximum number of repetition until failure, maximum force developed, maximum acceleration, the duration of the set and the mean time per repetition. The maximum number of repetition to failure shows a significant higher value for rural than urban in case of knee flexion (d = 0.98 [0.32, 1.54] for load 1(L1) and d = 0.65 [0.03, 1.21] for load 2(L2)) and in case of knee extension (d = 1.89 [1.11, 2.48] for L1 and d = 1.67 [0.92, 2.25] for L2). The total duration of the sets shows a significant higher value for rural than urban in case of knee flexion (d = 0.84 [0.19, 1.39] for L2) and in case of knee extension (d = 1.46 [0.74, 2.03] for L1 and d = 1.56 [0.98, 2.14] for L2). Additionally we found differences in the quality of the relevant repetitions execution and in the impulse developed during the LIHV- MNRF sets. The study's main finding was that there are differences in LIHV-RT performances knee flexion and knee extension antagonistic exercises, between rural and urban female students. We concluded that the obtained results allow teachers to understand the optimal design of RT programs for the different groups of participants, in order to adapt their teaching techniques so that their final objectives are achieved, insisting on particular aspects of the theoretical or practical contents.

Treadmill Bicycle By IJISRT

The treadmill bicycle is an innovative exercise machine that aids in fitness and well-being. It resembles a regular bike but with a moving treadmill belt.This bike allows you to run or walk while pedaling at the same time, making it easy to use and comfortable with handlebars and a seat. When you use the treadmill to walk or run, you have the opportunity to control your speed and balance while pedaling, resulting in a full-body workout. This exercise is beneficial in terms of burning calories, improving your heart health, and working out your leg and arm muscles. Furthermore, it's an excellent choice for outdoor exercise, such as in parks or on trails, and it's also environmentally friendly. The best part is that it's gentle on your joints, so even if you have trouble moving around, you can still use it. The treadmill bicycle is designed to combine the enjoyment of biking with the benefits of walking or running on a treadmill, making exercise more enjoyable Everyone can access it.

EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION USING STATIONARY EXERCISE BICYCLE COUPLED WITH WIND TURBINE REGULATOR

The small power generation using exercise bicycle is one of the current areas patronized by researchers. This is due to the two major benefits obtainable from the exercise machine, the benefit of exercising one’s body and the utilization of electrical power generated. Wind turbine regulator is specifically designed to regulate the output voltage of a wind turbine generator, which is characterized by varying speed and hence varying output power. The exercise bicycle driven alternator has a similarity with wind turbine generator in terms of variable speed, especially when ridden by different personalities. This paper demonstrates how small power can be generated using exercise bicycle. Further, the paper analyzes the performance of the by regulating its output using small wind turbine regulator. The result shows that, a regulated output within the range of 12V is obtained for all the tested loads, which makes the system more compatible with all types of 12V DC loads. Also the excitation voltage of the machine is improved from 4.5V (1.22A) using the diodes rectifier to 2.5V (0.81A) when the wind turbine regulator is used. With the improved power generation in this work the exercise bicycle will be a better alternative source for small power generation which can be used in DC lightings, DC fans, charging batteries and laboratory experiments.

Kiosk 2R-TB-12 - Novel Endotypes in Hfpef Identified Using Exercise Stress CMR and Machine Learning

Kiosk 2R-TB-12 - Novel Endotypes in Hfpef Identified Using Exercise Stress CMR and Machine Learning

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ НЕДОСТАТОЧНОСТИ ТАЗОВОГО ДНА У ЖЕНЩИН РЕПРОДУКТИВНОГО ВОЗРАСТА

The aim of the study: to assess the significance of the study of the state of the pelvic floor in women of reproductive age who have risk factors for the development of pelvic organ plolapse; to evaluate the effectiveness of an electric exercise machine in combination with Kegel exercises in the preven-tion of pelvic organ prolapse. Matherial and methods: 363 women with a history of vaginal childbirth were examined, which, depending on parity and body mass index, were divided into 4 groups. Ultra-sound measurement of the height of the tendon center of the perineum, the width of the muscle bun-dles of the levator legs (m. bulbospongiosus, m. bulbocavernosus), the angle of urethral incline (alpha angle), vesico-urethral angle (betta angle), the length of the urethra was performed. The results of the study: obtained indicate the expediency of performing ultrasound scans with study of the muscles that form the pelvic floor in women who gave birth with perineal trauma, for early detection of pelvic floor insolvency. The effectiveness of using electric exercise machines in combination with a set of physical exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles in women with preclinical manifestations of pelvic floor muscle failure has been proven.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ НЕДОСТАТОЧНОСТИ ТАЗОВОГО ДНА У ЖЕНЩИН РЕПРОДУКТИВНОГО ВОЗРАСТА

The aim of the study: to assess the significance of the study of the state of the pelvic floor in women of reproductive age who have risk factors for the development of pelvic organ plolapse; to evaluate the effectiveness of an electric exercise machine in combination with Kegel exercises in the preven-tion of pelvic organ prolapse. Matherial and methods: 363 women with a history of vaginal childbirth were examined, which, depending on parity and body mass index, were divided into 4 groups. Ultra-sound measurement of the height of the tendon center of the perineum, the width of the muscle bun-dles of the levator legs (m. bulbospongiosus, m. bulbocavernosus), the angle of urethral incline (alpha angle), vesico-urethral angle (betta angle), the length of the urethra was performed. The results of the study: obtained indicate the expediency of performing ultrasound scans with study of the muscles that form the pelvic floor in women who gave birth with perineal trauma, for early detection of pelvic floor insolvency. The effectiveness of using electric exercise machines in combination with a set of physical exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles in women with preclinical manifestations of pelvic floor muscle failure has been proven.

A Full-State Reliability Analysis Method for Remanufactured Machine Tools Based on Meta Action and a Markov Chain Using an Exercise Machine (EM) as an Example

The reliability of an RMT can be regarded as an important indicator customers can use to recognize its quality; however, it is difficult to implement a full-state reliability analysis of an RMT due to its complicated structural functions. Therefore, a full-state reliability analysis model is proposed herein based on meta action (MA) and a Markov chain for remanufactured exercise machine tools (REMTs). First, an analysis was carried out on individual levels by integrating the MAU decomposition method, and an MAU fault tree model was established layer by layer for the REMT. Second, full-state modeling was performed in view of the MAU characteristics of the REMT, whose operation processes are divided into MAU normal and failure states. A Markov decision-making process was introduced to integrate MAU states and establish our model, which was solved by means of an analytical method for the evaluation of reliability. Finally, an example of a remanufactured machine tool spindle is given to verify the effectiveness of the method.

Inclusion of a connected adaptive resistance exercise machine in a 6-week training regimen with collegiate basketball players

In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of incorporating connected adaptive resistance exercise (CARE) into a training regimen with collegiate basketball players on lower body performance metrics. Thirty-two male participants (aged 18-26) with collegiate basketball experience trained thrice weekly for 6 weeks with a periodized training program that included CARE and were randomized 1:1 and blinded to an intervention group (n = 16; where the CARE used accentuated eccentric loading (AEL)) or an active control group (n = 16; where the CARE did not use accentuated eccentric loading (ACTL)). Standard anthropomorphic measures along with one repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat, vertical jump height, and peak power were assessed prior to and following completion of the training regimen. Both groups demonstrated significant increases in 1-RM back squat, jump height, and peak power (both p &lt; .001). However, AEL yielded significantly greater improvements compared to ACTL across these measures (p &lt;.001, g = 0.91; p &lt;.001, g = 0.89; p &lt;.001, g = 0.92, respectively). The findings of the present study demonstrate that the inclusion of CARE may be a superior strategy for improving performance variables of lower-body strength, peak power and jump height for male collegiate basketball players.

Accessible exercise for wheelchair users: comparing the usability of two adapted exercise machines

Introduction Exercise is an important occupation for wheelchair users. Limited access to adapted aerobic exercise equipment in the community and lack of knowledge on how to exercise are barriers to exercise participation among wheelchair users. To address these barriers, the adapted rower (aROW) and adapted skier (aSKI) exercise machines and educational materials were created. Purpose 1) To compare wheelchair users’ perspectives of the effectiveness and usability of the aROW and aSKI. 2) To explore perceptions of educational materials to support use of the machines. Materials and Methods A sequential, mixed-methods study design was used. Six wheelchair users trialled the machines, and completed an interview and two usability questionnaires. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic and conventional content analysis. Usability scores of both machines were compared using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Results Data show high usability of the aROW and aSKI. More set up challenges were reported for the aROW than the aSKI. Participants perceived both machines provided effective cardiovascular workouts, and each met their exercise goals differently. Participants preferred the instructional videos over instructional sheets and provided suggestions for improving both. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed no statistically significant difference in usability between the aROW and aSKI. Conclusion Implementing the aROW and aSKI in the community may address some equity issues that wheelchair users face by providing more aerobic exercise options. Results will inform educational material revisions to support use of the machines.

INCREASE STUDENTS' INTEREST THROUGH THE MBT-03 TRAINING MACHINE APPLICATION INTO AK GUN PRACTICE COURSE

This article aims to briefly assess the advantages and limitations of the BT-03 shooting machine when it is applied to the practical teaching of the practical module of National Defense and Security Education (NDSE) at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education. Through surveying the Likert scale (5 levels) with 340 students and 28 experts, the author conducted quantitative statistical analysis to compare the interest of learners and lecturers after their experience with this device. The results showed that both students and lecturers highly appreciated all 10 observed variables affecting the excitement through the application of the MBT-03 exercise machine. This is the basis for universities and national defense education centers to consult and invest in shooting machines that combine information technology in teaching. Thereby, it helps to innovate teaching methods in a positive way and contributes to improving the quality of NDSE.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0046/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Study of the effectiveness of the method of correction of postural disorder in 10-14-year-old schoolchildren using physical exercises and massage

At present, the scientific and methodical literature has accumulated a lot of data on the positive effect of corrective exercises in scoliosis, the latest, modern methods of their implementation have been developed and implemented in the practice of treatment, a large number of aids have been invented in the form of exercise machines, Yevminov’s board, sports accessories and equipment, various types of massage, but the problem remains not fully studied and needs research.&#x0D; Today, there are many new technologies and methods in the world, which are aimed at additional diagnosis, prevention and treatment of scoliosis. For the purpose of diagnosis, the methods of Chaplin, Ferguson, Kob, Lekumu, O. Sminko are widely used in clinical practice, and scoliosis can also be diagnosed using a scoliometer, X-ray diagnostics, computer tomography, and magnetic resonance therapy. Parents, teachers themselves can diagnose/see visually the curvature of the spine in a child by some signs, but subjective methods of assessing scoliosis do not provide quantitative characteristics of posture, instead, objective methods provide detailed objective information about the condition of the spine and changes in the shape and orientation of the body in space and consult a doctor for a more detailed diagnosis. The issue of specifics of massage techniques and techniques for scoliosis of various degrees of development, as well as its place in the complex of rehabilitation measures, has not been practically resolved, which is a significant drawback. Therefore, the issue of prevention and correction of posture disorders is one of the important problems of physical education of students and an urgent problem of modern times.&#x0D; Analysis of scientific and methodical literature; observation is carried out for the correct selection of control and experimental groups; testing motor abilities using special tests, each of which allows to assess the level of physical activity, and comparison before and after the experiment; the experiment involves the creation of new methods of rehabilitation; method of mathematical processing of results.

STROKE PARAMETER ANALYSIS PERFORMING A COMPETITION DISTANCE (200 M) ON WATER

Canoe sprint is a water sport (under natural conditions, it takes place on water); therefore, for the most part, research is carried out under laboratory conditions, when the load is performed on various special exercise machines (ergometers) that try to simulate natural conditions as closely as possible since doing research in natural conditions is very challenging. However, technological development and recently available specific devices allow to go forward and overcome these challenges. The aim of the research is to provide information on stroke parameters for a 200 m distance with maximum effort in natural conditions of the sport – on water, provided by the only device currently available on the market that measures the power and force applied to the stroke, and result comparison with similar research done by other authors. Dynamometry was used as the primary method to obtain indicators on power and force applied to the paddle, using a specialized device – canoe sprint power meter (One Giant Leap, Nelson, New Zealand). The average force value to the brace in a 200 m distance between all 87 braces was found to be 456.2 ± 8.7 N.

Power Generation using Gym Machine

Abstract: Renewable energy sources have become increasingly important as conventional sources deplete. This project involves a gym machine that harnesses power from human users to function both as an exercise machine and power generator. The machine's reciprocating motion is converted into rotary motion using a flywheel arrangement, which is then increased via a gear box, allowing for the generation of electrical energy using an alternator. The power generated through this pull-up/pull-down method is highly efficient, as 95% of the exerted effort is converted into energy. This system serves two purposes by creating resistance in the movement of the forearm and simultaneously generating power from this motion. This project is a creative and innovative way to utilize renewable energy sources while also promoting exercise and physical fitness.

Connective Adaptive Resistance Exercise (CARE) Machines for Accentuated Eccentric and Eccentric-Only Exercise: Introduction to an Emerging Concept

Eccentric resistance exercise emphasizes active muscle lengthening against resistance. In the past 15 years, researchers and practitioners have expressed considerable interest in accentuated eccentric (i.e., eccentric overload) and eccentric-only resistance exercise as strategies for enhancing performance and preventing and rehabilitating injuries. However, delivery of eccentric resistance exercise has been challenging because of equipment limitations. Previously, we briefly introduced the concept of connected adaptive resistance exercise (CARE)—the integration of software and hardware to provide a resistance that adjusts in real time and in response to the individual’s volitional force within and between repetitions. The aim of the current paper is to expand this discussion and explain the potential for CARE technology to improve the delivery of eccentric resistance exercise in various settings. First, we overview existing resistance exercise equipment and highlight its limitations for delivering eccentric resistance exercise. Second, we describe CARE and explain how it can accomplish accentuated eccentric and eccentric-only resistance exercise in a new way. We supplement this discussion with preliminary data collected with CARE technology in laboratory and non-laboratory environments. Finally, we discuss the potential for CARE technology to deliver eccentric resistance exercise for various purposes, e.g., research studies, rehabilitation programs, and home-based or telehealth interventions. Overall, CARE technology appears to permit completion of eccentric resistance exercise feasibly in both laboratory and non-laboratory environments and thus has implications for researchers and practitioners in the fields of sports medicine, physiotherapy, exercise physiology, and strength and conditioning. Nevertheless, formal investigations into the impact of CARE technology on participation in eccentric resistance exercise and clinical outcomes are still required.

Fabrication of Treadmill Bicycle by using Chain Drive

This project deals with the design and fabrication of the treadmill cycle. The treadmills are not used to harness power, but as exercise machines for running or walking in one place, we are utilizing same principle for travelling a shorter distances. The motion of the machine is achieved by transferring the human’s energy to the machine through the concept of treadmill. This machine can be helpful for travelling to short distances as well as used for exercise to the peoples. Using this machine, allotting a separate time for their exercise is not needed. The same action performed on the treadmill is used in this machine for the movement of the machine. As we (the operator), walks forward, the machine moves forward.

Fabrication of Cross Trainer with Bicycle

Abstract: The construction of a cross trainer with a bicycle is the subject of this study. We employ the same approach for shorter distances by using the cross trainer as an exercise machine that allows us to run and walk at the same time. By the idea of a cross trainer, the motion of the machine is produced by transferring human energy to the machine. This device can be utilized by people for exercise as well as for shorter distance transport. It is unnecessary to set up a specific time for their exercise when using this equipment. The movement of the machine is controlled by the same action as on the cross trainer. The machine advances as we (the operator) walk by utilizing the chains.An training machine that combines the low-impact elliptical action with the pedaling motion of a stationary bicycle is a cross trainer with a bicycle function. This is a thorough workout that works the upper and lower bodies. It is appropriate for persons who wish to increase their cardiovascular fitness, lose weight, and tone their muscles because it offers a wide range of motion and muscle activation. It is a common option for folks looking for a lowimpact and effective workout and is available in gyms, fitness facilities, as well as some houses.

Muscle strength and activity in men and women performing maximal effort biceps curl exercise on a new machine that automates eccentric overload and drop setting

PurposeConnected adaptive resistance exercise (CARE) machines are new equipment purported to adjust resistances within and between repetitions to make eccentric (ECC) overload and drop sets more feasible. Here, we examined muscle strength, endurance, electromyographic activity (EMG), and perceptions of fatigue during unilateral bicep curl exercise with a CARE machine and dumbbells. We also tested for sex differences in muscle fatigability.MethodsTwelve men and nine women attempted 25 consecutive coupled maximal ECC–concentric (CON) repetitions (ECCmax–CONmax) on a CARE machine. Participants also completed a CON one repetition maximum (1RM) and repetitions-to-failure tests with 60 and 80% 1RM dumbbells.ResultsMaximal strength on the CARE machine was greater during the ECC than CON phase, illustrating ECC overload (men: 27.1 ± 6.8, 14.7 ± 2.0 kg; women: 16.7 ± 4.7, 7.6 ± 1.4 kg). These maximal resistances demanded large neural drive. Biceps brachii EMG amplitude relative to CON dumbbell 1RM EMG was 140.1 ± 40.2% (ECC) and 96.7 ± 25.0% (CON) for men and 165.1 ± 61.1% (ECC) and 89.4 ± 20.4% (CON) for women. The machine’s drop setting algorithm permitted 25 consecutive maximal effort repetitions without stopping. By comparison, participants completed fewer repetitions-to-failure with the submaximal dumbbells (e.g., 60%1RM—men: 12.3 ± 4.4; women: 15.6 ± 4.7 repetitions). By the 25th CARE repetition, participants reported heightened biceps fatigue (~ 8 of 10) and exhibited large decreases in ECC strength (men: 63.5 ± 11.6%; women: 44.1 ± 8.0%), CON strength (men: 77.5 ± 6.5%; women: 62.5 ± 12.8%), ECC EMG (men: 38.6 ± 20.4%; women: 26.2 ± 18.3%), and CON EMG (men: 36.8 ± 20.4%; women: 23.1 ± 18.4%).ConclusionECC overload and drop sets occurred automatically and feasibly with CARE technology and caused greater strength and EMG loss in men than women.

침대 연동 이동식 재활 운동기 개발을 위한 침대-운동기 도킹 메커니즘

본 논문에서는 침대와 연동되는 재활 운동기 시스템에 적용하기 위한 침대-운동기 도킹 메커니즘을 제안 할 것이다. 연구의 최종 목표는 요양원 및 요양병원에서 침대 위주의 생활을 하는 고령자 및 환자를 위한 이동식 운동기 시스템을 개발 하는 것이다. 이를 위한 이동식 운동기 시스템은 운동 시 발생하는 하중 및 환자의 체중 등의 부하에 대해 안정적인 자세를 유지할 수 있어야 한다. 운동기를 침대에 안정적으로 고정시킬 수 있으면 운동기를 소형, 경량의 이동식으로 제작 할 수 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 운동기와 침대를 기계적으로 결합하는 도킹 메커니즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 도킹 메커니즘은 간단한 페달의 조작으로 운동기를 침대에 큰 힘으로 정확한 위치에 고정할 수 있다. 제안하는 도킹 메커니즘의 특징 및 장점을 설명하기 위해 기구학적 해석 및 간단히 제작된 실험 모델을 활용한 실험 결과를 제시할 것이다.