Exercise Goals Research Articles

How to encourage consumers' ongoing participation in physical exercise via feedback: Evidence from a longitudinal field experiment

Improving consumers' ongoing participation in physical activity is crucial to enhance consumer well-being. While many consumers may begin an exercise program, sustaining their continued participation often presents a significant challenge. This study tests the effectiveness of providing different ex post feedback reminders to motivate consumers' ongoing exercise. We developed feedback reminders across two dimensions. One dimension varied the feedback messages according to whether the messages attributed performance to participants' own efforts, and the other dimension used different personal pronouns to examine whether the deictic relational framing of the feedback mattered. We developed an exercise recording application embedded in WeChat to conduct an 8-week longitudinal field experiment in China. We find that when feedback messages were provided, participants in the “I/We” frame and “You frame + effort emphasized” treatment groups achieved their weekly exercise goals more frequently, especially for subjects with low self-regulation. However, when feedback was no longer provided, the influence of the “You frame + effort emphasized” treatment was even reversed.

Goal Orientation as a Predictor of Perceived Physical Literacy Among Fitness Participants: An Application of the Achievement Goal Theory

This study investigates the relationship between exercise goal orientation and perceived physical literacy among fitness center members, grounded in the Achievement Goal Theory. This study posits that goal orientation significantly influences how individuals engage in fitness activities, thus impacting their intrinsic motivation and physical literacy. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 393 participants via an online survey that assessed their goal orientation and perceived physical literacy. Statistical analyses included the normality test, independent sample t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression analysis. The findings indicate that mastery-oriented goals, which focus on personal growth and competence, are significant predictors of higher perceived physical literacy than performance-oriented goals that emphasize external validation. The study also identified notable demographic differences: younger individuals and those who frequently exercise exhibit stronger mastery orientations and higher levels of perceived physical literacy. Specifically, younger participants (18-24 years) reported higher confidence and knowledge in physical literacy than older participants (35 and above). Additionally, male students score higher on the perceived knowledge component of physical literacy than female students. Frequent exercisers (4 or more times per week) demonstrate higher levels of both goal orientation and perceived physical literacy. These insights underscore the need for tailored interventions that promote mastery goals while fostering lifelong engagement in physical activities. By bridging existing research gaps, this study contributes to the development of more effective fitness programs that enhance health and well-being through personalized approaches that account for individual differences in motivation and literacy.

The Impact of Physical Activity Enjoyment, Exercise Self-Efficacy, Recording Physical Activity, and Exercise Goal Setting on Physical Activity Levels of College Students

Physical inactivity has been established to be problematic for college students both short- and long-term. Their participation in physical activity (PA) is influenced by many factors which will be explored in this study. The purpose of the study was to examine the interrelationships of PA enjoyment, exercise goal setting, exercise self-efficacy, and recording PA behaviors and the impact on PA. One thousand four hundred and seventy-six students at a public university in the United States responded to a questionnaire consisting of validated survey instruments regarding PA levels and exercise behaviors between 2014 and 2018. Exercise self-efficacy, PA enjoyment and recording PA were direct positive predictors of PA. Our findings reinforce the positive influence between PA enjoyment, exercise self-efficacy, and establishing exercise goals with increased PA. Particularly, exercise goal setting and PA enjoyment not only directly impact PA but also influence other model variables, underscoring their significance in enhancing PA among college students.

Time under tension and mechanical variables in the bench press exercise at different rest intervals

Purpose: To analyze the behavior of time under tension (TUT), total work (TW), power (PW), mean velocity (MV), and number of repetitions (NR) during the bench press exercise with distinct rest intervals. Methods: Twenty-one wrestling athletes (body mass: 81.27 ± 14.25kg; height: 1.74 ± 0.07m) completed 5 sets, each consisting of a maximum of 10 repetitions, with either a 1-minute rest interval (RI1) or a 3-minute rest interval (RI3). Results: TUT was higher in RI3 when compared to RI1 in set 5 (p<0.001). NR was higher in RI3 compared to RI1 in set 3 (p=0.016), set 4 (p=0.021), and set 5 (p<0.001). TW was higher in RI3 compared to RI1 in set 3 (p=0.005), set 4 (p=0.007), and set 5 (p<0.001). MV was higher in RI3 compared to RI1 in set 4 (p=0.029) and set 5 (p<0.001). PW was higher in RI3 compared to RI1 in set 4 (p=0.044) and set 5 (p<0.001). Conclusion: The behavior of consecutive sets with a similar number of repetitions but with an increase in TUT or sets with a similar TUT but with a lower number of repetitions were found. Third set appears to be a point of performance reduction worth considering depending on the exercise's goal. Keywords: time under tension; number of repetitions; bench press; rest interval between sets; mechanical variables.

The Pencil Exercise

Background: Voluntary posterior shoulder instability is a rare condition, with a prevalence of 0.5% to 2.6% in young adults, in which the patient is able to provoke a dislocation or subluxation through voluntary activation of the muscles. Studies have shown results that highlight the importance of abnormal cortical activation in this population and suggest physiotherapeutic treatment as first line. Indications: Currently, there are a wide range of options of physiotherapeutic treatment for this condition, such as muscle reinforcement, scapulohumeral coordination, and/or muscle activation with electrodes, all with acceptable results. Simple, low-cost neuromotor rehabilitation is based on the simplicity of a different approach. We believe that with distal-proximal neuromotor rehabilitation we can improve a physiological muscle function. Technique Description: The goal of the pencil exercise is to stimulate the cerebral cortex by making circular movements with a pen between the fingers, bridging abnormal voluntary stimulation and activation of the shoulder muscles, allowing the patient to focus, by the view, only on hand movements. Results: In this case, we have achieved the bypass of the abnormal voluntary stimulation and activation of the shoulder muscles and improve the patient's physiological shoulder function with the implementation of the pencil exercise. Conclusion: This technique may be an effective option for the treatment of voluntary posterior shoulder dislocation because it is based on the stimulation of the cerebral cortex and not on traditional physiotherapeutic or surgical interventions. It is important to note that more research is needed to validate the results of this technique and determine its long-term efficacy. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

Is the goal intrinsic or extrinsic? Examining self-determination theory researchers’ and the general publics’ perceptions of exercise goals.

Is the goal intrinsic or extrinsic? Examining self-determination theory researchers’ and the general publics’ perceptions of exercise goals.

Physical Activity Levels and Social Cognitive Theory Correlates among Adults with Crohn's Disease: Preliminary Results from a Cross-Sectional Analysis.

There is increasing research and clinical interest in physical activity (PA) as an adjuvant therapy for improving health outcomes among persons with Crohn's disease. To date, little is known regarding PA behavior and its cognitive and behavioral correlates in Crohn's disease. Thus, we assessed self-reported PA and its social cognitive theory (SCT) correlates in a sample of persons with Crohn's disease. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, disease activity, leisure-time PA, and SCT variables were collected from 30 participants with Crohn's disease (90% White, 60% female) through an online survey. SCT variables assessed included exercise self-efficacy, social support, outcome expectations, goal setting, and planning. Analyses involved comparing PA levels and SCT survey scores using independent sample t-tests and non-parametric bivariate correlations. The majority of participants were in clinical remission (60%) and over half (57%) were classified as physically active, yet the mean PA level was lower than normative values for adults. Females (n = 18) and participants who reported previous surgery for Crohn's disease (n = 18) were almost twice as physically active as male participants and those without a history of Crohn's disease-related surgery, respectively (p's < 0.05). Overall, participants who reported greater exercise goal setting behaviors had higher levels of PA (rs = 0.34; p < 0.05). These findings highlight lower overall levels of PA in persons with Crohn's disease, and exercise goal setting represents a potential target of behavior change interventions for increasing PA in this population.

Supplemental Material for Is the Goal Intrinsic or Extrinsic? Examining Self-Determination Theory Researchers’ and the General Publics’ Perceptions of Exercise Goals

Supplemental Material for Is the Goal Intrinsic or Extrinsic? Examining Self-Determination Theory Researchers’ and the General Publics’ Perceptions of Exercise Goals

Feasibility study of rehabilitation for cardiac patients aided by an artificial intelligence web-based programme: a randomised controlled trial (RECAP trial)—a study protocol

IntroductionCardiac rehabilitation (CR) delivered by rehabilitation specialists in a healthcare setting is effective in improving functional capacity and reducing readmission rates after cardiac surgery. It is also associated with a...

Observational signatures of Rotating compact objects in Plasma space–time

We have investigated the characteristics of shadows cast by the Kerr black hole in the presence of plasma and compared them to those of a rotating wormhole in a uniform plasma space–time for an observer at infinity. Interestingly, for the same uniform plasma density, the apparent shadow size of the rotating wormhole is always greater than that of the Kerr black hole. To further distinguish the two compact objects we studied the deflection angle and did a comparative study in the presence of the uniform and non-uniform plasma profiles. The goal of this whole exercise is to deepen our understanding of the observational phenomena of these astrophysical objects. The analysis reveals the importance of specific plasma distribution profiles, the impact of plasma on the shadow diameter, and the behavior of deflection angles in different plasma scenarios. We have calculated constraints on the plasma parameters by considering observational data and employing analytical formulations. Our work therefore provides valuable insights into the behavior of light rays near compact objects in plasma space–time.

Abstract P212: Adherence Trends to a Remotely Supervised Weight Loss and Exercise Training Intervention to Improve Rheumatoid Arthritis Cardiovascular Risk

Introduction: Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk for cardiometabolic disease. By improving traditional markers of cardiometabolic health, interventions that induce weight loss and increase physical activity may also reduce RA-related cardiometabolic disease risk. However, to achieve these health benefits, an individual must adhere to such interventions. To understand whether sustained behavioral modification is feasible for individuals with RA, assessing adherence to prescribed intervention components is needed. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that adherence to a daily step goal would be greater than adherence to more intensive intervention components. Methods: Older adults with RA and overweight/obesity (n = 20) were randomized and completed 16 weeks of “usual care” Counseling Health as Treatment (CHAT) or remotely Supervised Weight loss and Exercise Training (SWET). The SWET program consisted of caloric restriction (7% weight loss goal), aerobic training (AT; 150 minutes/week), and resistance training (RT; twice weekly). Both groups were given a daily goal of 6,000 steps. Pearson correlation analyses assessed for a relationship between baseline measures and average daily step count. Results: Participants were on average 66.7 ± 5.4 years old, Caucasian (65.0%), men (80.0%), with obesity (body mass index: 32.4 ± 2.9 kg/m 2 ). For SWET and CHAT, respectively, average daily step adherence was 117.8% (7065.6 ± 2117.0 steps/day) and 118.2% (7093.4 ± 2965.4 steps/day) (Figure 1A). Average adherence to SWET-only components was 84.0 ± 0.5% for AT, 83.0 ± 0.2% for RT, and 93.9 ± 0.1% for weigh-ins (Figure 1B). Step count adherence was unrelated to baseline measures. Conclusions: Step count adherence 1) was similar in both groups despite the intervention delivery strategy, and 2) exceeded other more intensive SWET intervention components (i.e., AT and RT). Findings highlight step counts as an achievable and sustainable RA exercise goal.

Qualitative Description of Exercise Perceptions and Experiences Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the High-Intensity Exercise to Attenuate Limitations and Train Habits Study.

The benefits of physical activity (PA), specifically exercise, among older adults in general are well known. Yet globally, there is concern regarding limited engagement in PA, increased obesity, and frailty among older people with human immunodeficiency virus related to low levels of PA. We conducted in-depth interviews among 30 older, sedentary people with human immunodeficiency virus participating in the ongoing High-Intensity Exercise to Attenuate Limitations and Train Habits (HEALTH study, NCT04550676) between February 2021 and August 2022. A semistructured interview guide, informed by two minds theory, which frames behavior change as an intention-behavior gap between 2 neurocognitive systems, was used to elicit data from participants. Interviews explored general exercise perceptions, self-efficacy for exercise, mobile health intervention tailoring, outcome expectations, and PA goals. Thirty interviews from 33 participants were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and deductive and inductive thematic analysis were used using Dedoose. Physical activity was defined as maintaining daily living activities and addressing health goals. Previous experiences with PA varied among participants and were influenced by chronic illnesses, including human immunodeficiency virus; motivation; work commitments; interest; and social support. Reported barriers to PA included antiretroviral adverse effects, comorbidities, aging, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in health status, body changes, and relationships were identified as benefits of PA. Conversations with healthcare providers supporting exercise goals were perceived to be important but rarely received by the participants. Understanding how older people with human immunodeficiency virus perceive PA is crucial to developing tailored strategies and structuring service delivery within the healthcare setting to promote a physically active life.

The various facets of orthorexic eating behavior: five case reports of individuals with supposed orthorexia nervosa

BackgroundOrthorexia nervosa, defined as a fixation on eating healthy according to subjective criteria, is recently being discussed as another variant of disordered eating behavior. Further characteristics are rigid adherence to nutritional rules, anxieties and avoidance behavior in the context of eating as well as a focus on health, not on body shape or weight loss, which is supposed to differentiate orthorexic from other disordered eating behavior. Although diagnostic criteria have been suggested, they have rarely been used in case reports published to date. Hence, the aim of this study was to present five individuals with supposed orthorexia nervosa, using preliminary diagnostic criteria to assess their eating behavior.Case presentationThe five cases (three females, two males) reveal the great variety of disordered eating behavior. Fear of unhealthy overweight (case A), supposed orthorexic eating behavior as a coping strategy for anorexia nervosa (case B), the exclusive consumption of animal products with a total exclusion of fruits and vegetables (case C), the fixation on exercise and athletic goals (case D) as well as a focus on a vegan diet and unprocessed foods (case E) are facets of orthorexia nervosa with varying degrees of impairment.ConclusionsIt is concluded that orthorexia nervosa manifests itself in very different ways and that more research is needed in order to determine whether it could be a useful additional category of disordered eating behavior.

Development and application of a home-based exercise program for patients with cardiovascular disease: a feasibility study

BackgroundCardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recommended for patients with cardiovascular disease. However, the participation and completion rates for hospital-based CR are low, and home-based CR has been suggested as an alternative. This study aimed to develop a home-based CR program and assess the feasibility of the program over a 6-week period in patients with left ventricular dysfunction or a history of myocardial infarction.MethodsThis feasibility study consisted of two phases. The initial phase (Study 1) focused on developing the home-based exercise protocol. Systematic approaches to developing evidence-based home-based exercise intervention were implemented including systematic review, patient surveys, and expert consensus. Study 2 aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a 6-week home-based CR program that was based on the results of Study 1. Study 2 included two exercise education sessions and four telephone counseling sessions. During this stage of the exercise program, the participants exercised on two separate days and their experiences while performing the aerobic and resistance exercises were surveyed. Eight participants participated in Study 1 and 16 participated in Study 2.ResultsParticipants expressed overall satisfaction with the exercise program in Study 1. Heart rate increased in response to exercise, but this did not correspond with perceived exertion. The aim of the home-based CR exercise program was for participants to achieve exercise goals (≥150 min/week of aerobic type exercises as well as at least twice weekly resistance exercise using own body weights). We aimed to increase compliance and adherence to the home-based CR program. In Study 2, 13 out of 16 participants (81.3%) completed the 6-week home-based CR program, with a participation rate of 100% in both exercise education and phone counseling sessions. Adherence to the home-based exercise protocol was 83.1% and no serious adverse events were observed. At the beginning of the study, only three out of 13 participants (23.1%) met the requirements for both aerobic and resistance exercises, but at the end of the 6-week program, 10 out of 13 participants (76.9%) fulfilled the requirements.ConclusionThe exercise program developed in this study was safe and feasible, and the 6-week home-based CR program was feasible for patients with cardiovascular disease without any reported adverse effects.

Comparison of Different Modes of Exercise on Cognitive Function and Mood among Older Adults in Mexico

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate comparison of different modes of exercise on cognitive function and mood among older adults in Mexico&#x0D; Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.&#x0D; Findings: The study on older adults in Mexico found that regular physical exercise, regardless of the mode, improved cognitive function, particularly memory and executive functions. Aerobic exercises like walking and swimming were effective in enhancing mood by reducing depression and anxiety symptoms. Resistance training benefited attention and concentration. Group exercise sessions and personalized programs boosted adherence and motivation, contributing to improved cognitive outcomes and mood among older adults in Mexico.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The cognitive reserve theory, the neurotrophic theory &amp; the socioemotional selectivity theory may be used to anchor future studies comparison of different modes of exercise on cognitive function and mood among older adults in Mexico Develop practical guidelines for creating customized workout playlists based on individual preferences and exercise goals. Collaborate with workplace wellness programs to incorporate music into physical fitness initiatives. Advocate for policies that support the use of music in corporate fitness centers and wellness activities to improve employee engagement and well-being.

Education About Correct Exercise and the Effectiveness of Measuring Pulse Rate Before, During and After Exercise

Exercise is highly essential to maintain good health, especially in the current era heavily reliant on technology. Moreover, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that has led to changes in the education system, shifting from in-person to online learning, the use of gadgets has surged while physical activities like sports have declined. The increased use of gadgets underscores the need for awareness and education regarding the importance of exercise and how to do it correctly. This outreach program aims to enhance understanding of the significance of exercise and proper exercise techniques, as well as improve knowledge and skills in setting exercise goals and measuring heart rate before, during, and after physical activity.This program was attended by 60 participants who were 11th-grade students from SMA N 1 Pekalongan. The activity took place on Saturdays, starting from 8:00 AM to 2:00 PM. The outreach team consisted of four lecturers and two students from the Physical Education Program at Muhammadiyah University Pekajangan Pekalongan. Based on the pre-test and post-test results, there was an improvement in participants' understanding of proper exercise techniques and the effectiveness of heart rate measurement before, during, and after exercise. In conclusion, students' understanding of the importance of proper exercise and its relation to heart rate measurement needs to be enhanced, and one effective way is through educational activities, training, and guidance. These activities aim to empower students to engage in independent physical activity and reduce the use of gadgets that contribute to sedentary behavior in today's generation. Additionally, some recommendations for schools as part of the follow-up plan include increasing the quantity of physical activities within the school environment, optimizing the promotion of a healthy and active lifestyle among students, and teachers serving as role models for students in maintaining health and fitness through proper exercise.

Characterization of early non-responders within behavioral weight loss treatment.

Given that low early (4 weeks) weight loss (WL) predicts longer-term WL, the purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with poor early WL. 438 adults with overweight/obesity participating in an Internet-delivered behavioral WL program provided weights at baseline and 4 weeks. Participants were stratified by percent WL at 4 weeks: LOW: <2% WL, MEDIUM: 2 to <4% WL, HIGH: ≥4% WL and groups were compared on baseline variables (demographics, physical activity, and psychosocial measures) and 4-week intervention adherence. 37.4%, 40.9%, and 21.7% of participants had LOW, MEDIUM, and HIGH early WL respectively. LOW was more likely to be female compared to HIGH and less likely to be non-Hispanic White compared to MEDIUM and HIGH (p's<0.05). After controlling for demographic differences, LOW had lower baseline physical activity compared to HIGH and watched fewer video lessons, self-monitored calorie intake and weight on fewer days, and were less likely to achieve the exercise goal compared to MEDIUM and HIGH (p's<0.05). Findings can inform future adaptive interventions which tailor treatment based upon early WL to improve WL outcomes for more individuals.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY CORRELATES AMONG POSTOPERATIVE PERSONS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS

Abstract INTRODUCTION There is increasing research and clinical interest in physical activity (PA) behavior among persons with Crohn's disease (CD), but little is known regarding PA and its correlates among postoperative persons with CD. This is important as most patients with CD will require surgery within 10 years of diagnosis which may drastically alter PA levels and its benefits for CD. As found in past studies with other patient populations (e.g., colorectal cancer survivors), understanding the cognitive and behavioral factors associated with PA engagement among postoperative adults with CD is useful for informing the development of PA behavior change interventions for this population. This cross-sectional study examined self-reported PA levels and its associations with social cognitive theory (SCT) variables among postoperative persons with CD. METHODS Participants included 30 persons with CD who completed an online survey between November 2022 and June 2023. Of those participants, 18 reported a history of CD-related surgery. The survey assessed demographic and clinical characteristics, disease activity (Harvey-Bradshaw Index), leisure time exercise (Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and related SCT variables (exercise self-efficacy, social support, outcome expectations, goal setting, and planning). Analyses included independent sample t-tests and non-parametric bivariate correlations (rs) for comparing PA levels and SCT survey scores among participants with and without a history of surgery. RESULTS There were differences in PA and SCT variables based on surgical history. Postoperative participants engaged in significantly more PA (t = 2.17, p = 0.04) and reported greater outcome expectations (t = 2.45, p = 0.02) and goal setting (t = 2.22, p = 0.04) scores compared with CD participants without a history of surgery. Among postoperative participants, only exercise goal setting was significantly correlated with PA (rs = .53, p = 0.03) such that postoperative participants with greater exercise goal setting behaviors reported higher levels of PA. None of the SCT variables were significantly associated with PA in the sample of participants without a history of surgery. CONCLUSIONS This study yielded novel findings regarding PA behavior and its SCT correlates in a small sample of postoperative persons with CD. The results suggest the need for further research into exercise goal setting as a potential target of behavior change interventions for increasing PA among postoperative persons with CD.

Effects of Different Types of Music on Exercise Performance and Enjoyment among College Students in Germany

Purpose: The aim of the study was to effects of different types of music on exercise performance and enjoyment among college students in Germany&#x0D; Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.&#x0D; Findings: This study examined the impact of different music genres on exercise performance and enjoyment among German college students. While exercise performance didn't significantly differ across conditions, enjoyment levels varied significantly. Classical music led to the highest enjoyment, followed by pop music, while rock music resulted in the lowest enjoyment. The study suggests that music choice during exercise can enhance enjoyment, with classical music having a positive influence, and rock music potentially having a negative impact on mood and motivation.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Arousal Theory, attention restoration theory &amp; expectancy theory may be used to anchor future studies on effects of different types of music on exercise performance and enjoyment among college students in Germany. Develop practical guidelines for creating customized workout playlists based on individual preferences and exercise goals. Collaborate with workplace wellness programs to incorporate music into physical fitness initiatives. Advocate for policies that support the use of music in corporate fitness centers and wellness activities to improve employee engagement and well-being.

Enhancing digital health services: A machine learning approach to personalized exercise goal setting.

The utilization of digital health has increased recently, and these services provide extensive guidance to encourage users to exercise frequently by setting daily exercise goals to promote a healthy lifestyle. These comprehensive guides evolved from the consideration of various personalized behavioral factors. Nevertheless, existing approaches frequently neglect the users' dynamic behavior and the changing in their health conditions. This study aims to fill this gap by developing a machine learning algorithm that dynamically updates auto-suggestion exercise goals using retrospective data and realistic behavior trajectory. We conducted a methodological study by designing a deep reinforcement learning algorithm to evaluate exercise performance, considering fitness-fatigue effects. The deep reinforcement learning algorithm combines deep learning techniques to analyze time series data and infer user's exercise behavior. In addition, we use the asynchronous advantage actor-critic algorithm for reinforcement learning to determine the optimal exercise intensity through exploration and exploitation. The personalized exercise data and biometric data used in this study were collected from publicly available datasets, encompassing walking, sports logs, and running. In our study, we conducted the statistical analyses/inferential tests to compare the effectiveness of machine learning approach in exercise goal setting across different exercise goal-setting strategies. The 95% confidence intervals demonstrated the robustness of these findings, emphasizing the superior outcomes of the machine learning approach. Our study demonstrates the adaptability of machine learning algorithm to users' exercise preferences and behaviors in exercise goal setting, emphasizing the substantial influence of goal design on service effectiveness.