Exemplary Center Research Articles

Exemplary centre and "terra incognita"; Excursions, diplomacy, and appropriation of colonial knowledge in Belu, Timor

Exemplary centre and "terra incognita"; Excursions, diplomacy, and appropriation of colonial knowledge in Belu, Timor

Great Hospitals: The History of Neurosurgery at the University of Vermont Medical Center–A Macroscopic Examination of Microscope-Savvy Pioneers

The University of Vermont's (UVM) Division of Neurosurgery is enshrined in a rich history of innovation and academic prowess, which have significantly contributed to making neurosurgery the field it is today. From humble beginnings, the department was started by one Raymond Madiford Peardon "Pete" Donaghy on a parenthetically watertight research budget amounting to $25 and shared space in a Quonset hut. Passion and commitment to progress, as well as an innate openness to collaboration, propelled Pete Donaghy, his colleagues, pupils, and successors to establish an exemplary center for treatment of neurosurgical disease, with multiple revolutionary accomplishments along the way. These accomplishments include the birth and promotion of microneurosurgery, the performance of the first extracranial to intracranial bypass, and the education of other neurosurgical giants. The New England Skull Base Course, held annually in UVM's "R.M. Peardon Donaghy Microvascular and Skull Base Laboratory," is a 3-day cadaver-based teaching course for neurosurgery and ear nose and throat residents throughout New England. The course bears testament to Donaghy's everlasting influence on the UVM Division of Neurosurgery and continues to positively affect the education of countless trainees. The purpose of this historical perspective is to outline the events and accomplishments that define the UVM Division of Neurosurgery's many contributions to the field at large and the ongoing efforts to honor Donaghy's example through maintaining a culture of humility, hard work, and commitment to neurosurgical innovation and education.

Fashion, Thresholds, and Borders

Fashion, Thresholds, and Borders

Initiative to Advance Trauma‐Informed Practice to Support Policy and Systems‐Level Culture Change

Research ObjectivePennsylvania has announced an initiative to prioritize state‐level action to become trauma informed, affecting culture, policy, and practice. The present study investigates support for the implementation and sustainability of trauma‐informed organizational, clinical, and milieu practices among rural behavioral health care providers.Study DesignA trauma‐informed care learning collaborative (TLC) following the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Breakthrough Series Model was developed and implemented by a behavioral health managed care organization as part of a larger initiation to change organizational culture to become trauma informed. Innovative strategies to support trauma‐informed practice adoption and sustainability include an organizational self‐assessment and rubric guiding designation of organizations as Trauma Informed Care Centers. Aims of this initiative include monitoring consumer screening rates for exposure to trauma and increase staff confidence over the 15‐month TLC, provide training in evidence based practices, and implement the organizational Trauma Informed Care Center designation strategy.Population StudiedTwenty‐two mental health and/or substance use disorder provider organizations of outpatient, ambulatory care in rural Pennsylvania to Medicaid‐enrolled adults and children; initiative participation requires the involvement of organizational leadership, clinical staff, non‐clinical staff, and consumers and family members.Principal FindingsBy the fifth quarter of the initiative, over two thirds (68%) of participating organizations self‐assessed as either showing sustainable improvement or demonstrating outstanding sustainable results. Consumer trauma screening rates improved markedly over time, from 39.2% in the first quarter to 76.5% of consumers screened by the fifth quarter. Over half of agencies (55%) report screening rates better than 90%. Staff training scaled up rapidly, with over 2900 staff educated in trauma informed care in the first 15 months of the initiative (e.g. Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Trauma 101, Seeking Safety). Supervisors monitored 3–77 staff members each month depending on provider organization; the percentage of staff reporting high confidence in delivering trauma informed care rose from 18.6% in the first quarter to 68.0% in the fifth. After 3 years, there are currently 17 provider organizations designated as trauma informed Care Centers, of which all 17 meet exemplary center standards.ConclusionsThe trauma informed initiative has yielded positive changes in both process and outcomes with sustained improvement indicating trauma informed culture change on a systems level. This initiative has improved quality of care and access to trauma informed care for consumers.Implications for Policy or PracticeA learning collaborative framework can support the practitioner‐level and organizational‐level changes necessary to disseminate and implement a set of aligned clinical and organizational practices such as trauma‐informed practices. A specialty center designation rubric can further bolster this adoption process by providing organizations with additional incentive and with a structure to advance practice implementation and sustainability.

The epistemological structure of mobilities


 Purpose
 
 This paper aims to revolve around two problems which, though imagined as different, can be addressed altogether. On one hand, the advance of terrorism as a major threat to the tourism industry, while – on the other – we discuss the ontological nature of tourism as a rite of passage, which is vital to keep the political legitimacy of officialdom. At the time, paradoxically, social scientists shrug off tourism as a naïve commercial activity, while the main tourist destinations are being attacked by jihadism. This suggests the disinterest of ones associates to the interests of others.
 
 
 
 Design/methodology/approach
 
 The author holds the thesis that tourism derives from ancient institutions, which illuminated in the growth of Occident and the formation of hospitality. Capitalism hides the importance of tourism as a mere trivialization as a bit-player. However, a closer look reminds precisely the opposite. The recent attacks perpetrated at main destinations reveal tourism as an exemplary (symbolic) center of the West, a source of authority and power for the existing hierarchal order.
 
 
 
 Findings
 
 The issue captivates the attention of scholars, officials and policymakers, and at the same time, epistemologists of tourism receive a fresh novel debate regarding the origins of tourism.
 
 
 
 Originality/value
 
 It is a great paradox that tourism would be selected as a target for jihadism but at the same time a naïve activity for social scientists or at the least by the French tradition. Despite the partisan criticism exerted on tourism as an alienatory force, this work showed two important aspects, which merits to be discussed. At a closer look, tourism should be understood as “a rite of passage” whose function associates to the revitalization of those glitches happened during the cycles of production. Second, and most important, tourism accommodates those frustrations to prevent acts of separatism or the rise of extreme conflict among classes.
 

Forced evictions, spatial (un)certainties and the making of exemplary centres in Indonesia

This article considers the relationship between forced evictions and the ‘exemplary centre’ through an examination of three urban waterfront sites in Indonesia in comparative perspective. How is the notion of the ‘exemplary centre’ related to forced evictions and the aspirations of marginalised populations in contemporary cities of Indonesia? What are the chances of asserting alternative ideologies when a capital‐centric and modernist vision of the city as ‘exemplary centre’ dominates official planning paradigms? Competing visions of the ‘exemplary centre’ arise from distinct centres of power, from the state level to the grassroots community level; however, the dominant state vision of urban space is often internalised by those most at risk of displacement by modernist projects. Strategies to thwart forced evictions in riverbank settlements in Jakarta, Solo, and Surabaya offer alternative imaginings of the ‘exemplary centre’ – imaginings that enable the urban poor to visualise their hopes and to overcome the spatial uncertainties that characterise their everyday lives. While these efforts indicate resistance to marginalisation, they also provide a distinct kind of ‘exemplary’ vision based on residents’ own understanding of ideal city living. Concurrently, some alignment to existing ‘exemplary centre’ narratives is traceable in the effort to assert these alternatives.

Typhoon Yolanda and post‐disaster resilience: Problems and challenges

After Typhoon Yolanda devastated the Philippines, ‘resilient’ was a term frequently used by the media, survivors, government officials and various other stakeholders in the city of Tacloban to describe those affected by the disaster. The focus of this article is therefore on how this term was articulated and experienced during this period. The analysis covers how resilience was discursively deployed to describe the condition of residents who were, in fact, often suffering from a double process of dispossession: once by the typhoon and once more by government policy and the inequitable distribution of relief goods and services due to the inadequacies of the disaster response. Despite these inadequacies, Tacloban was presented as ‘an exemplary centre’ of the post‐Typhoon Yolanda relief effort. I argue that the overarching rhetoric and strategies of resilience became rituals aimed at normalising modes of profit‐seeking and recreating the unequal socio‐economic status quo. These rituals occurred at multiple levels; however, the fortunes of Tacloban were indelibly intertwined with the political credibility and status pride of the Marcos/Romualdez family. I argue that ‘resilience’ is a complex, overused, manipulated and contested term and that a more transparent understanding of resilience for disaster relief and rehabilitation is needed.

Foreword: Exemplary centre and beyond

The foreword to the special issue of Asia Pacific Viewpoint considers the concept of exemplary centre as it was formulated by Clifford Geertz in light of its potential and limitation to address issues of power and politics in the study of contemporary urbanism. The articles in this issue deal with topics of urban culture and politics in Southeast Asia.

Worlding aspirations and resilient futures: Framings of risk and contemporary city‐making in Metro Cebu, the Philippines

In the Philippines, calls for creating ‘global’, ‘sustainable’ and ‘resilient’ cities are placing urban poor communities in increasingly precarious positions. These communities have long been the targets of urban development and ‘modernisation’ efforts; more recently the erasure of informal settlements from Philippine cities is being bolstered at the behest of climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (DRM) agendas. In Metro Cebu, flood management has been at the heart of DRM and broader urban development discussions, and is serving as justification for the demolition and displacement of informal settler communities in areas classed as ‘danger zones’. Using Kusno's (2010) interpretation of the ‘exemplary centre’ as a point of departure, this paper interrogates the relationship between DRM, worlding aspirations (Roy and Ong, 2011) and market‐oriented urbanisation in Cebu, and considers the socio‐spatial implications of these intersecting processes for urban poor communities. Through analysing the contradictions inherent in framings of certain bodies and spaces as being ‘of risk’ or ‘at risk’ over others, I argue that the epistemologies of modernity, disaster risk and resilience endorsed and propagated by the state are facilitating processes of displacement and dispossession that serve elite commercial interests under the auspices of disaster resilience and pro‐poor development.

Introduction: The production and contestation of exemplary centres in Southeast Asia

The production and contestation of exemplary centres in Southeast Asia

The epistemological structure of mobilities

Purpose This paper aims to revolve around two problems which, though imagined as different, can be addressed altogether. On one hand, the advance of terrorism as a major threat to the tourism industry, while – on the other – we discuss the ontological nature of tourism as a rite of passage, which is vital to keep the political legitimacy of officialdom. At the time, paradoxically, social scientists shrug off tourism as a naïve commercial activity, while the main tourist destinations are being attacked by jihadism. This suggests the disinterest of ones associates to the interests of others. Design/methodology/approach The author holds the thesis that tourism derives from ancient institutions, which illuminated in the growth of Occident and the formation of hospitality. Capitalism hides the importance of tourism as a mere trivialization as a bit-player. However, a closer look reminds precisely the opposite. The recent attacks perpetrated at main destinations reveal tourism as an exemplary (symbolic) center of the West, a source of authority and power for the existing hierarchal order. Findings The issue captivates the attention of scholars, officials and policymakers, and at the same time, epistemologists of tourism receive a fresh novel debate regarding the origins of tourism. Originality/value It is a great paradox that tourism would be selected as a target for jihadism but at the same time a naïve activity for social scientists or at the least by the French tradition. Despite the partisan criticism exerted on tourism as an alienatory force, this work showed two important aspects, which merits to be discussed. At a closer look, tourism should be understood as “a rite of passage” whose function associates to the revitalization of those glitches happened during the cycles of production. Second, and most important, tourism accommodates those frustrations to prevent acts of separatism or the rise of extreme conflict among classes.

The Reform of Commercial Arbitration in Australia: Recent and Prospective Developments

International commercial arbitration (ICA) in Australia is growing, albeit not geometrically. These developments are attributable in part to new legislation adapted by the federal, state and territory governments that make arbitration in Australia more attractive to domestic and foreign parties. These include the preservation of the autonomy of the parties to choose their preferred form of arbitration, whether institutional or not, the fact that Australian courts are firmly committed to the principles of the rule of law, and that ICA awards are enforced consistent with international standards and laws that are incorporated into Australian federal, state and territorial law. Australia has ratified both the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards and the ICSID Convention in its domestic law. Both are included in section 40 of the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cth) (IAA). Australia’s accession to the New York Convention is without reservation and extends to all States and Territories within the country. Australia has an established record of recognizing international commercial arbitration. It was one of the first to adopt the 2006 amendments to the 1985 United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (the Model Law). It has long endorsed the principles embodied in that Model Law, including protection of the autonomy of parties to arbitration, flexibility in the conduct of arbitration and greater uniformity in arbitration across national jurisdictions. These tenets of arbitration were incorporated into the IAA by the 2010 amendment, as a reflection of international best practice. In accordance with the 2010 amendments to the IAA, disputing parties can no longer choose to exclude the application of the Model Law insofar as it is incorporated into the IAA. The IAA affirms the finality of arbitration awards and limits the grounds for judicial review. It also builds on the authority of arbitrators to grant interim awards and creates a regime to ensure confidentiality. The core principles regarding commercial arbitration embodied in the 2010 amendment are also reflected in uniform legislation across all Australian jurisdictions. They affirm the legitimacy of arbitration as a mechanism for dispute resolution and the significance of Australia as a center for the resolution of disputes. However, ICA in Australia continues to face concern over what are sometimes perceived to be protracted arbitral proceedings that are both dilatory and costly. The author has responded to these criticisms in a co-authored article which argues that comprehensive proceedings are often necessary in deciding complex arbitrations and the allegedly ‘judicialisation’ of the arbitral process is often misconceived and over-stated. In addition, there has been a signifi cant increase in resort to institutional arbitration in ICA proceedings, notably with the adoption of new Arbitration Rules by the Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (ACICA) and the establishment of the Australian International Dispute Centre (AIDC). There have also been increases in arbitrations since the revision of the IAA in June 2010 and recent amendments to domestic Commercial Arbitration Acts (CAAs). While Article 1(3) of the UNCITRAL Model Law stipulates that it only applies to international commercial arbitration, and not to domestic arbitration, the recently revised CAAs of states across Australia now replicate the Model Law with some variations. This chapter will focus on the Australian legal system and its role in arbitration. It will examine the development of ICA in Australia and the 2010 amendment to the IAA. It will consider the role of the Australian Centre of International Commercial Arbitration (ACICA) as an exemplary centre governing commercial arbitration. It will focus on Australia’s role in promoting arbitration within the Asia Pacific region, of which it is an integral part. It will explore Australia’s whole-hearted embrace of international arbitration as a viable alternative to court proceedings. Finally, it will support the conservative and formalist underpinnings of current arbitration reforms, including the need to elaborate on them, and render them more dynamic in operation.

La búsqueda del Paraíso Perdido, narrativas del turismo

Though tourism, for popular parlance, seems to be a naive activity, enrooted in superfluous explorations, which do not need further attention, the fact is that anthropology shows another thing. Tourism should be defined as a rite of passage where there are some crises of identity is based on two pillars. First and foremost, the quest of lost-paradise situates the subject before its needs to return to a safe exemplary centre where all needs are fulfilled. Secondly, the quest for purification is equaled to the logic of revitalization. The cycle of work and leisure are alternated indefinitely in the same way to sins and forgiveness. Last but not least, it is necessary to discuss the role played by mythical hero who visits the counties or communities where he will rule at a later day. This discourse, enmeshed with a whole portion of mythical narratives, not only can be equaled to English Grand Tour, but also to tourism.

Patients' experiences in community health centres under the health-care reform: research findings from a cross-sectional study using the Primary Care Assessment Tool in China

BackgroundChina is reshaping its health-care system to orient towards primary care. We developed a short instrument on the basis of the Primary Care Assessment Tool-Adult Edition (PCAT-AE) to assess patients' experiences of primary-care delivery in community health centres, the major primary-care provider in urban areas. MethodsA multistage cluster sampling method was used to select seven geographical regions in southern China where the population's ageing and gender structure is similar to that of China's overall population. A validated PCAT-AE (Mandarin Chinese short version) with 33 PCAT items on a four-point Likert-type scale was used, with higher scores representing better primary-care experiences. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China, and the Survey and Behaviour Research Ethics Committee of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (TB106179/MD10606). All study participants provided written consent. FindingsThe overall response rate of adult subjects interviewed at community health centres was 85·8% (3360 of 3916). Both frequent (2237) and less-frequent service users (1123) were surveyed, among which 1122 (33%) patients had an optimum PCAT score (higher than the third quantile of the score range—ie, above 99 of 132). The proportion of subjects with optimum scores in individual primary-care domains ranged from 62·1% (95%CI 59·8–64·3) in the comprehensiveness of service attribute to only 16·6% (14·7–18·7) in the community orientation attribute. Among all subjects, those with social medical insurance were more likely to report optimum primary care experience (adjusted odds ratio 2·30, 95% CI 1·92–2·75) than those uninsured. In the stratified analysis among subjects who were uninsured, those attending community health centres owned and managed by the government as their usual source of primary care had the highest PCAT scores compared with other models of community health centres owned and managed by secondary or tertiary hospitals (95·16 vs 90·18; p=0·0001) or by private investors (95·16 vs 87·80; p<0·0001), as a result of better first-contact care and coordination of care. InterpretationThe study suggests an urgent need to understand and address how social medical insurance coverage could affect patients' experiences. The community health centre model with a government-dominant top-down approach seems to be most effective in solving conundrums for China's health-care reform. FundingThis study was funded by the Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre; Department of Health, Guangdong province (C2009006/2009–2013); Department of Education, Guangdong province (BKZZ2011047/2010–2013); Medical Research Fund, Chinese Medical Association (2010-08-05); and Community Health Research Fund, Community Health Association of China (2012-2-91). HHXW was supported by a postdoctoral research fellowship in the Hong Kong–Scotland Partners in Post Doctoral Research programme, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and the Scottish Government (S-CUHK402/12). JJW is supported by Guangdong Exemplary Centres for Exploratory Teaching in Higher Education Institutions—General Practice Exploratory Teaching Centre (GDJG-2010-N38-35, Guangdong Department of Education) and The Ninth Round of Guangdong Key Disciplines—General Practice (GDJY-2012-N13-85, Guangdong Department of Education), both of which he leads.

Effect of employment and social medical insurance on hospital admissions for people living with multimorbidity in China: analysis of a large community household survey

BackgroundChina's comprehensive health-care reform was embarked on in 2009, targeting health-care financing, care delivery, drug supply, and hospital reform. The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which being people with multiple long-term disorders who are unemployed and uninsured are prevented from accessing hospital inpatient care. MethodsWe analysed data from a large community household survey of about 5% of the general resident population with household registry in three prefectures in southern China in 2011. Close-ended questions on demographics, socioeconomics, and lifestyle behaviours were derived from the National Health Services Survey (NHSS) 2008. Open-ended questions on chronic disorders (clinically diagnosed or being treated) and admissions to hospitals at the secondary level or above in the previous 12 months were designed by a research panel. The multistage sample designs and sampling weights were taken into account in the binary logistic regression analysis of the survey response. We cross-validated self-reported chronic disorders with paper-based medical reports obtained from previous health-care visits and annual check-ups. Multimorbidity was defined as having two or more chronic disorders from a validated list of 40 morbidities. Findings124 829 residents (aged ≥20 years) from 53 760 households participated in the survey. In the previous 12 months, 7211 (5·8%, 95% CI 5·7–5·9) residents had at least one admission to hospital, of whom 3002 (42%, 40·8–42·4) had multimorbidity. Admission to hospital was associated with the number of chronic disorders (≥4 disorders vs none: adjusted odds ratio 17·13 [95%CI 16·15–18·16]), having social medical insurance (1·41 [1·37–1·44]), household income per head (highest household income group vs the lowest household income group: 1·80 [1·74–1·85]), and unemployment (1·61 [1·55–1·66]). We found a statistically significant interaction between employment status and the presence of medical insurance on hospital admission, meaning that patients who were unemployed and not covered by a social medical insurance were least likely to be admitted to a hospital (0·50, 0·47–0·52). InterpretationThe ability to pay a medical bill seems to be significantly predictive of inpatient service use for multimorbidity. A better designed social medical insurance system with more government contribution would be of particular necessity to improve equitable access to health care, particularly for people with less affordability because of unemployment. FundingDepartment of Health, Guangdong province, China (C2009006/2009–2013), Department of Education, Guangdong province, China (BKZZ2011047/2010–2013), Medical Research Fund, Chinese Medical Association, China (2010-08-05), and Community Health Research Fund, Community Health Association of China, China (2012-2-91). HHXW was supported by a postdoctoral research fellowship in the Hong Kong-Scotland Partners in Post Doctoral Research programme, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, and the Scottish Government, UK (S-CUHK402/12). JJW is supported by Guangdong Exemplary Centres for Exploratory Teaching in Higher Education Institutions – General Practice Exploratory Teaching Centre [GDJG-2010-N38-35, Guangdong Department of Education, China], and The Ninth Round of Guangdong Key Disciplines – General Practice [GDJY-2012-N13-85, Guangdong Department of Education, China], both of which he leads. The Scottish School of Primary Care partly supported SWM's post and the development of the National Research Programme on Multimorbidity, which he leads.

The Archipelagix Paradox: Island, Cities, and the Modern States, 1808-2008

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From Metaphors of Empire to Enactments of State: Popular Religious Movements and Health in Rural North China

Classical descriptions of popular religion in China have noted how the pantheon of deities constitutes a celestial administration organized and approached much like a bureaucratic state. While the view of popular religion as a mere reflection of imperial rule seems inadequate, the idea of the imperial metaphor points to an intimate relation between religious practices and the state that merits attention. This article examines how the state—not only the long-defunct imperial bureaucracy but also the Maoist state—is imagined as a central provider of cosmic order in religious practices in a rural township in Hebei Province. Like many other places in the People's Republic of China, the township has seen a revival of popular religion in recent decades. This revival has often been described as a rebounding and selective adaptation of traditions that had been suppressed by the socialist state. Intellectuals tend to describe this development in terms of an increased tolerance for “cultural” practices; but the fact is that local cosmology puts the state at the very heart of popular religion. In terms of local cosmology, the state is an ideal cosmic order, an exemplary center responsive to the needs of ordinary people, and the present apparatus of governance is but an imperfect actualization of this ideal state that may just as well make itself manifest in the form of popular religion. The bifurcation of the state into two terms, a state idea and a state system, suggests that one might approach the state system and popular religion as both enactments of the state idea. Instead of presenting the relation between the state system and popular religion in terms of a metaphorical or oppositional logic between two terms, local cosmology offers a third term and claims that the state system and popular religion both embody, more and less successfully, a single principle of cosmic order. This article is an attempt to use the cosmological conception of the state as a basis for theorizing anew the relationship between the state system and popular religion. Describing how various manifestations of popular religion from Falungong to Christian sectarianism offer healing and social support in a Hebei township, the article suggests that popular religion does not so much stand for the state as a representation, as it stands in for the state as an alternative enactment.

Exemplary Centers and Musical Elsewheres: On Authenticity and Autonomy in Indonesian Indie Music

Otentitas dan otonomi adalah dua kepentingan yang mendasar bagi musisi indie di seluruh dunia. Artikel ini membahas bagaimana pengaruh dua kepentingan tersebut terhadap sound dan style musik indie di Indonesia, sebuah tempat yang berjarak ribuan mil dari tempat asal musik indie. Artikel ini menguji upaya musisi indie Indonesia untuk menunjukkan otentitas dan otonomi dengan pendekatan satu dari dua strategi: (1) menunjukkan kontinuitas selarah dan estetis antara gerakan indie asing yang dianggap “otentik,” dan beberapa keragaman lokal mereka, dan (2) mendiversikasi secara radikal pengaruh-pengaruh genre supaya membuatnya mustahil dalam menempatkan sebuah band pada kategori manapun selain “indie.”

Beyond the exemplary centre: knowledge, power, and sovereign bodies in Java

The article explores the formative effects of forms of esoteric knowledge associated with Sundanese and Javanese martial arts in Indonesia. Those in possession of such knowledge are held to be efficacious and able to act in an intercessory capacity, mediating relations with the denizens of the unseen world, the alam ghaib, to afford protection to themselves and others. It is knowledge that implies a link to and ability to mediate relations with a higher form of authority. More recently, these forms of knowledge and its transmission have been transformed in modern, nationalist martial arts schools in which relationships based upon devotion to the martial arts teacher are reorientated towards the state as the progenitor of knowledge and material gain. Tracing these transformations, I argue that the portrayal of power as some form of ‘potency’ in academic accounts has obscured a model in which power is perceived to be relational, hierarchical, and instantiated through performance – a model sensitive to the role that violence plays as both a coercive and compelling force, and which accurately reflects the intrinsic instability of political authority consolidated through personal relations. In this respect, similarities in conceptions of power that circulate in Indonesia and more widely in Southeast Asia are not merely cultural, but rather reflect pragmatic concerns with the material relations of power. Résumé L'article explore les effets formateurs de formes de savoir ésotérique associées aux arts martiaux de la Sonde et de Java, en Indonésie. Les détenteurs de ce savoir ont la réputation d'être efficaces et capables d'agir en tant qu'intercesseurs, intermédiaires des relations avec les habitants du monde invisible, les alam ghaib, afin d'obtenir la protection de ceux-ci pour eux-mêmes et pour les autres. C'est le savoir qui implique un lien avec une forme d'autorité supérieure et la capacité de servir d'intermédiaire avec celle-ci. Ces formes de savoir et leur transmission se sont transformées plus récemment en écoles d'arts martiaux modernes et nationalistes, dans lesquelles les relations basées sur la dévotion au maître d'arts martiaux sont réorientées vers l'État, source de savoir et de gains matériels. En retraçant ces transformations, l'auteur avance que la représentation savante du pouvoir comme une forme de « puissance virile » a occulté un modèle dans lequel le pouvoir est perçu comme relationnel, hiérarchique et réalisé dans la performance : un modèle sensible au rôle que joue la violence comme force à la fois coercitive et persuasive, et qui reflète fidèlement l'instabilité inhérente à l'autorité politique consolidée par les relations personnelles. À cet égard, les similitudes entre les conceptions du pouvoir qui ont cours en Indonésie et, plus largement, en Asie du Sud-est ne sont pas seulement culturelles mais reflètent des préoccupations pragmatiques sur les médiations matérielles du pouvoir.

Summit theatre: exemplary governmentality and environmental diplomacy in Johannesburg and Copenhagen

Global summits – such as the 2002 Johannesburg Summit and the 2009 Copenhagen COP15 – can be seen as theatrical techniques of environmental governmentality. Summits such as these, which do not produce new international agreements or strengthen environmental regimes, are commonly regarded as failures. However, they can also be viewed as moments of political theatre, performative enactments of legitimacy and authority, and sites for the communication of particular examples of responsible conduct. This political theatre is not a distraction from the real business of governing the global environment, but rather it is a primary technique of government at a distance. Summits function as ‘exemplary centres’ for a global audience, although their mobilisation of particular stages, scripts, casts and audiences remains open to subversion and conflict. The symbolic, theatrical and performative dimensions of summitry are rarely theorised, but their implications are profound, not only for responses to the ecological crisis, but for the nature and character of global politics and the potential for resistance and dissent.