Excretory System Research Articles

Form and Function in the Digenea, with an Emphasis on Host-Parasite and Parasite-Bacteria Interactions.

This review covers the general aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the major body systems in digenetic trematodes, with an emphasis on new knowledge of the area acquired since the publication of the second edition of this book in 2019. In addition to reporting on key recent advances in the morphology and physiology of tegumentary, sensory, neuromuscular, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems, and their roles in host-parasite interactions, this edition includes a section discussing the known and putative roles of bacteria in digenean biology and physiology. Furthermore, a brief discussion of current trends in the development of novel treatment and control strategies based on a better understanding of the trematode body systems and associated bacteria is provided.

RNA therapeutics for disorders of excretory system.

The excretory system is responsible for removing wastes from the human body, which plays a crucial role in our lives. Current treatments for diseases related to this system have shown several limitations; therefore, there is a rising need for novel methods. In this circumstance, RNA-based therapeutics have rapidly emerged as new and promising candidates. In fact, to date, a handful of potential drugs have passed the development step and entered the clinical pipeline. Among them, one drug received FDA approval to enter the global market, which is Oxlumo (Lumasiran) for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1. For other excretory diseases, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, urothelial cancer or renal cancer, RNA-based candidates are also being tested under clinical trials. Currently, the most potential types of RNA therapeutics to treat disorders of the excretory system are those based on small interfering RNA (siRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and messenger RNA (mRNA), Among them, siRNA therapeutics seem to be the most promising, including Oxlumo and two other developing drug candidates. This chapter will provide a general overview on the application of RNA therapeutics in disorders of the excretory system.

HPTLC Method Development and quantification of marker compound Gallic acid and Piperine in Ayurvedic Polyherbal formulations: Avipattikar Churna

Ayurvedic medications are becoming more and more well-liked and accepted globally because they are inexpensive and have no negative side effects. There is a chance that original medications will be adulterated with substances that chemically or physically mimic raw pharmaceuticals because of the increasing demand for herbal raw materials for the production of various classical as well as phytoformulation. Avipattikar Churna is an excellent Ayurvedic formulation for treating health issues resulting from an imbalance of Pitta dosha, such as acidity, heartburn, and indigestion. These issues might arise from bad eating habits, a sedentary lifestyle, or a lack of physical activity. Avipattikar Churna is also beneficial for ailments affecting the digestive and excretory systems' ability to operate normally. It counteracts the gastrointestinal tract's acid secretion and encourages the synthesis of digestive enzymes, which facilitate food absorption. Acid dyspepsia, often known as indigestion, is a condition marked by burning and sour vomit, nausea, heartburn (retrosternal burning), and burning in the throat. Avipattikar Churna is beneficial in treating these symptoms. The standardisation process, which can be carried out using a variety of methods and advanced techniques, conforms the identity, quality, and purity of herbal pharmaceuticals. The HPTLC method is superior to other methods since it may be used with herbal medications and is inexpensive, simple to use, and repeatable. For the purpose of evaluating the quality of Avipattikar Churna and identifying any changes made to the drug's composition, an HPTLC method has been devised. The existence and quantity of the marker compound in the sample are confirmed by the overlap of all relevant spectra with the marker. A gramme of Avipattikar Churna (AVC) methanolic extract contained 2.51 mg of piperine and 2.70 mg of gallic acid, the marker compounds.

Oral biofilm: Systemic and psychiatric implications

The oral cavity, being an excellent residence for a plethora of microbes, forms biofilm in various compartments. Acting as a preferable habitat with rich nutrients and other facilities, it hosts an array of bacteria, along with members of fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses that naturally or accidentally reside in the oral cavity. The dysbiosis of oral microbiota induces diseases and disorders in various physiological systems, including cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive, immune, and neurological systems, leading to various diseases and even cancer. Neurological and other disorders contribute to several psychiatric ailments. Hence, oral ill health not only leads to diseases such as periodontitis and tooth loss but might also result in unpredictable diseases, including carcinogenesis. Oral problems also lead to cognitive dysfunction, dementia, and other psychosocial embarrassments. The induction of these deadly diseases might be predicted by analyzing the oral microbial composition; therefore, the overabundance of microbes such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium in the oral microbiome might be used as the bioindicator of various diseases, proving the unequivocal role of oral biofilm in the onset of various systemic and psychiatric ailments.

Kelayakan Media Interaktif Berbasis Nearpod pada Materi Sistem Ekskresi di Kelas XI SMA

The rapid development of information technology in the era of globalization has changed the paradigm of society. Global demands for utilizing technology also influence education, which is always aligned as a form of effort to improve the quality of education. Nearpod is a media in the form of a web application that allows students and educators to interact face-to-face or remotely, and is able to provide innovative, interactive and effective learning experiences. The aim of this research is to develop nearpod-based interactive learning media on excretory system material in class XI. The method used is research and development with the ADDIE development model limited to the development stage. Validation was carried out by five validators with three aspects of media assessment, namely language, material and media aspects. The validator's assessment was tested using validity analysis using Aiken and reliability using ICC, and obtained a validity analysis result of 0.92 which was in the very high validity category, and a reliability analysis result of 0.796 which was in the good category, so it can be concluded that nearpod media is valid and feasible used in learning.

Improving Student Learning Outcomes Using Powtoon Media Apps

21st-century learning requires us to utilize technology to enhance learning. Powtoon is one of the media that can be used. The aim of this research is to demonstrate that the utilization of Powtoon video media can enhance student learning outcomes regarding the excretory system. This research utilizes a pre-experimental method employing a one-group pretest-posttest design. This research involved 80 students who were divided into three groups: the upper group, the middle group, and the lower group. Data collection techniques include observation, tests, and questionnaires. The data analysis technique employs a quantitative analysis approach. The research results show that: 1). the learning outcomes in the top group showed an N-gain of 0.68. 2) The learning outcomes in the medium group had an N-gain of 0.57. 3) The learning outcomes in the top group showed an N-gain of 0.66. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of Powtoon video media can enhance student learning outcomes. We recommend that if Powtoon media is used and created with greater creativity, it can effectively support the learning process.

DEVELOPMENT OF POWERPOINT-BASED INTERACTIVE LEARNING MEDIA ON CLASS VIII EXCRETORY SYSTEM MATERIAL SMP

Learning media had an important role in the learning process. The selection of appropriate learning media can increased students motivation and understanding in the teaching and learning process. One of the media that often used was PowerPoint, which can presented text, images, and animated videos. However, in one SMPN Riau, still used whiteboard as a learning. The aims of this research was to produced PowerPoint-based interactive learning media on the excretory system material that was feasible to used. This research followed the ADDIE development procedure through analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The validator declared the results of this study were very valid with an average score of 3.72. The practical test results obtained from the implementation of the media usage sheet and questionnaire responses of students achieved an average score of 92.16%, indicating very practical criteria. The effectiveness of the media was then evaluated based on the results of the post-test, which showed an average value of 87.5, which indicated very effective criteria. Thus the PowerPoint-based interactive learning media that has been developed is deemed fit to be used as a learning media.

Study of subchronic oral toxicity of Altric-Extra drug in laboratory animals

The purpose of the research is to determine main toxicological parameters in repeated intragastric administration of Altric-Extra for veterinary use to laboratory outbred rats.Materials and methods. White outbred rats were used as a test system in the study. The experiment used clinical, toxicological, biochemical and morphological research methods.Results and discussion. Altric-Extra doses of 325 and 650 mg/kg were toxic for the laboratory animals. When administered daily intragastrically to the rats in the above doses, the drug had a negative effect on the functional status of the hemopoietic organs, and excretory and digestive systems. The main target organ for this drug is the thymus. Functional disorders in the above organs and systems are irreversible as evidenced by the post-mortem examination, general blood analysis, and biochemical blood test obtained 10 days after the drug administration was completed.

Development of E-Student Worksheets-Based on Guided Inquiry Assisted by Augmented Reality and Three Dimension on Human Excretory System Topic

21st century places students as an active subjects in the learning process. Electronic Student Worksheets based on guided inquiry and assisted by Augmented Reality (AR) and three-dimensional (3D) technology can facilitate the learning process that can be students centered in the era of rapid technological developments and the pandemic covid-19. The purpose of this research was to produce an electronic student worksheets based on guided inquiry assisted by AR and 3D on valid and practical human excretory system topic to be used in science learning at the VIII grade junior high school level. This study used research and development (R&D) methods with a 4D development model consisting of the stages defining, designing, developing, and disseminating, but in this study, there was no disseminate stage. The electronic student W\worksheets was tested on a limited basis to 32 students of class VIII G SMP Negeri 24 Malang. This study E- Student Worksheet Based on Guided Inquiry Assisted By Augmented Reality and Three Dimension on valid and practical human excretory system material used in science learning at the VIII grade junior high school level. The validity of the developed E- Student Worksheet obtained a percentage of 98.02% with a very valid category. The practicality of the E- Student Worksheet in terms of the assessment process, students obtained a percentage of 97% with a very practical category. Meanwhile, the practicality of E- Student Worksheet in terms of student responses obtained a percentage of 93.25% with a very practical category.

Development of Interactive Multimedia Learning Science-Biology Using Macromedia Flash 8 for Class VIII Students of SMPN 34 Padang

The purpose of this research is to produce interactive multimedia using Macromedia Flash 8 for class VIII students at SMPN 34 Padang with material on the respiratory system and human excretory system that is valid, practical and effective. The data collection instruments used were interactive multimedia validation sheets by 3 validator lecturers, interactive multimedia practicality questionnaires by science teachers and students, as well as observation sheets on cognitive, affective, psychomotor aspects and learning activities. The results of the validation assessment by the validator of interactive multimedia on material on the human respiratory system and excretory system showed an average value of 82.33% (very valid). The results of the practicality assessment by science teachers showed an average score of 85.51% (very practical) and the results of the practicality assessment by students showed an average score of 91.64% (very practical). The results of the effectiveness test of interactive multimedia using Macromedia Flash 8 from the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and student activity aspects show that interactive multimedia using Macromedia Flash 8 is very effective. Thus, it can be concluded that the interactive multimedia using Macromedia Flash 8 developed is very valid, very practical and very effective.

THE EFFECT OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING MODEL WITH STEM APPROACH TO STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINGKING SKILL ON HUMAN EXCRETION SYSTEM

This study was aimed to determine the effect of Project Based Learning Model with STEM approach to students' critical thinking skills on Human Excretion System material in class 8th grade at SMP Negeri 37 Medan. This research used quantitative methods with the type of research quasi experiment with pretest-posttest control group design. The sample of this study consisted of two classes randomly selected by simple random sampling technique, namely in class VIII-D and VIII-F. The first sample is an experimental class that was taught using the PjBL-STEM learning model, and the second sample is a control class that was taught using conventional learning methods. The research instrument that was used included critical thinking skills test instrument using essay questions totaling 5 questions. Analysis of research data used the Independent Sample T-Test test using SPSS version 26.0. The pretest data results of students' critical thinking skills in class VIII-D and class VIII-F are 33.71 and 29.35. After obtained the results of the initial ability of students by looking at the pretest results in both classes, class VIII-D was selected as the experimental class and class VII-F as the control class. The posttest data in the experimental class and control class are 80.00 and 52.58. Based on the hypothesis test, the calculated t value is 12.761 > t table 1.671, and the significance value is 0.000 < 𝛼, with 𝛼 = 0.05, so H0 is rejected and Ha was accepted, which meant that there was an effect of the PJBL-STEM model on the critical thinking skills of students on the material of the excretory system. The influence of the PJBL-STEM model on students' critical thinking skills was categorized as strong with a cohen's d value of 3.242. It can be concluded that the PJBL-STEM model have an effect on students' critical thinking skills with a strong effect category.

Feature Selection using Information Gain on the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Modified K-Nearest Neighbor (MKNN) Methods for Chronic Kidney Disease Classification

Purpose: Kidneys has an important role in the human excretory system. Unhealthy kidneys can affect kidney function. It is important to know the symptoms of chronic kidney disease. One data mining technique that can be applied is the classification technique to determine whether a person has chronic kidney disease or not based on the symptoms (attributes) obtained from medical records. The symptoms of chronic kidney disease obtained amount to 24 symptoms or attributes,Methods/Study design/approach: In this research, the classification of chronic kidney disease is performed using the information gain feature selection method and the KNN and MKNN classification methods. The number of data used is 400 data with 2 classes, namely chronic kidney disease (CKD) and non-chronic kidney disease (non-CKD).Result/Findings: Based on the test results, it was found that the hemo (Hemoglobin) attribute has the highest information gain value, which is 0.6255. The best accuracy for the KNN classification method is 96.61%, and for the MKNN method, it is 98%. Novelty/Originality/Value: The purpose of information gain feature selection is to choose features or attributes that significantly influence chronic kidney disease. Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Information Gain, KNN, MKNN

Safety of the Drug Prospekta: a Preclinical Study of Acute and Repeated Dose Toxicity.

General toxic effect of the drug Prospekta (modified affinity purified antibodies to the brain-specific S100 protein) was studied on mature male and female mice and rats: acute toxicity with double intragastric and intraperitoneal administration of the maximum permissible doses at a 2-h interval, repeated dose toxicity with intragastric administration of the maximum permissible and close to therapeutic doses for 6 months. No lethal and toxic effects on animals were observed, including no toxic effects on vital systems, i.e., CNS and cardiovascular system, as well systems with the functions that may be temporarily disrupted (excretory and digestive systems). All the differences between animals of the experimental and control groups varied within the physiological range. It can be concluded that the drug produces no general toxic effect on laboratory animals.

Genomic Fabrics of the Excretory System's Functional Pathways Remodeled in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most frequent form of kidney cancer. Metastatic stages of ccRCC reduce the five-year survival rate to 15%. In this report, we analyze the ccRCC-induced remodeling of the five KEGG-constructed excretory functional pathways in a surgically removed right kidney and its metastasis in the chest wall from the perspective of the Genomic Fabric Paradigm (GFP). The GFP characterizes every single gene in each region by these independent variables: the average expression level (AVE), relative expression variability (REV), and expression correlation (COR) with each other gene. While the traditional approach is limited to only AVE analysis, the novel REV analysis identifies the genes whose correct expression level is critical for cell survival and proliferation. The COR analysis determines the real gene networks responsible for functional pathways. The analyses covered the pathways for aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, collecting duct acid secretion, endocrine and other factor-regulated sodium reabsorption, proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation, and vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption. The present study confirms the conclusion of our previously published articles on prostate and kidney cancers that even equally graded cancer nodules from the same tumor have different transcriptomic topologies. Therefore, the personalization of anti-cancer therapy should go beyond the individual, to his/her major cancer nodules.

Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) and Cardiovascular Complications of Obesity: Searching for Potential Biomarkers.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), a family of proteins that support cellular proteostasis and perform a protective function under various stress conditions, such as high temperature, intoxication, inflammation, or tissue hypoxia, constitute a promising group of possible biochemical markers for obesity and cardiovascular diseases. HSP27 is involved in essential cellular processes occurring in conditions of obesity and its cardiometabolic complications; it has protective properties, and its secretion may indicate a cellular response to stress. HSP40 plays a controversial role in the pathogenesis of obesity. HSP60 is involved in various pathological processes of the cardiovascular, immune, excretory, and nervous systems and is associated with obesity and concomitant diseases. The hypersecretion of HSP60 is associated with poor prognosis; hence, this protein may become a target for further research on obesity and its cardiovascular complications. According to most studies, intracellular HSP70 is an obesity-promoting factor, whereas extracellular HSP70 exhibited inconsistent dynamics across different patient groups and diagnoses. HSPs are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular pathology. However, in the context of cardiovascular and metabolic pathology, these proteins require further investigation.

Animating the excretory system: An interactive learning tool for eighth grade students

In Biology class, students face problems understanding the material that seems abstract to observe, such as biological system mechanisms. This study was aimed at developing interactive learning media products based on animated videos using the Unity application in the excretory system lesson for eighth grade and determine the response of teachers and students. This study adapted the ADDIE model to develop interactive learning media. The steps in this study are analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The findings indicate that the content quality and media quality percentages are 83.35% (very feasible category) and 92.75% (very viable category) respectively. Furthermore, students scored the product in average 84.5% (very feasible category). Meanwhile, the science teachers assessed the product in average 91.7% (very viable category) from the teachers. The results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test also showed a significant difference between the students’ pretest and posttest results. It can be concluded that the interactive learning media based on animated videos can be used as an alternative learning media in the excretory system lesson for eighth grade students.

Exploring the cytotoxicity mechanisms of copper ions and copper oxide nanoparticles in cells from the excretory system

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are widely applied in various products, including food, cosmetic, biomedical, and environmental goods. Despite their broad use, potential risks are still associated with these NPs, therefore, the aim of this study is to delve deeper into the cytotoxic effects of 85 nm CuO NPs on kidney MDCK and liver AML-12 cells, representing cell models from the excretory system. Our findings pointed out that the viability of both cell lines decreased in a concentration-dependent manner when exposed to CuO NPs. Additionally, CuO NPs induced the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, thereby arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in MDCK and AML-12 cells. Importantly, unlike others our study uncovered distinctive forms of cellular death induced by CuO NPs in these cell lines. MDCK cells exhibited a combination of apoptosis and autophagy while early apoptosis was predominant in AML-12 cells. Moreover, the role of Cu2+ ions and CuO NPs in exerting cytotoxic effects was investigated, revealing that MDCK cells were affected by both copper ions and NPs. In contrast, AML-12 cells experienced toxic effects solely from CuO NPs.These findings provide crucial insights into the different cell death mechanisms caused either by CuO NPs or Cu2+ ions in excretory system cells in vitro. Nevertheless, further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms at the in vivo level, ensuring the safe use of CuO NPs. The results suggest that specific concentrations of metal oxide NPs can impact the physiology of cells within the excretory system of various mammals, including humans, and pave the way for comparing the toxic effects between ions and nanoparticles for further nanotoxicological studies.

Analysis of Student Learning Difficulties in Online Learning Excretory System Material at Junior High School of SMP Negeri 2 Pinogaluman

Online learning is a learning system that uses internet media in the learning process. Applications that are usually used in online learning are WhatsApp, Youtube, google meet, google Classroom, and other online media. This study aims to determine the difficulties experienced by students during the online learning process on excretory system material at SMP Negeri 2 Pinogaluman. The subjects of the study were classes VIIIA and VIIIB SMP Negeri 2 Pinogaluman for the 2021/2022 Academic Year with a total of 40 respondents. The form of research is Quantitative Description. Data collection techniques in this study were carried out by survey method, namely by distributing questionnaires using internal factors consisting of cognitive, affective, interest, motivation, and intelligence indicators and using external factors consisting of indicators of the family environment, community environment, and government environment to students. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that students experience learning difficulties during the online learning process of excretory system material. The percentage of internal factors and external factors that affect learning difficulties is 66% which indicates that student response is low so that students experience high learning difficulties. Students experience difficulties in cognitive aspects with an average low percentage of  reasoning ability of  49%

Post-testicular sperm maturation in ancient holostean species

Fish speciation was accompanied by changes in the urogenital system anatomy. In evolutionarily modern Teleostei, male reproductive tracts are fully separated from the excretory system, while in evolutionarily ancient Chondrostei and Holostei, the excretory and reproductive tracts are not separated. Sturgeon post-testicular sperm maturation (PTSM) occurring as a result of sperm/urine mixing is phenomenologically well described, while, in holosteans, functional intimacy of seminal ducts with kidney ducts and the existence of PTSM still need to be addressed. In Lepisosteus platostomus (Holostei), sperm samples were collected from testes (TS), efferent ducts (EDS), and Wolffian ducts (WDS). While WDS was motile, no motility was found in TS and EDS. The existence of PTSM was checked by in vitro PTSM procedure. After TS and EDS incubation in seminal fluid from WDS, no more than 5% motile spermatozoa were observed in TS, whereas in EDS the motility percentage was up to 75%. Experimental dyeing of urogenital ducts in gars and sturgeons revealed some differences in the interconnection between sperm ducts and kidneys. It is concluded that post-testicular sperm maturation occurs in gars and suggests that infraclass Holostei occupies an intermediate evolutionary position between Teleostei and Chondrostei in the anatomical arrangement of the urogenital system.

Development of Minimum Competency Assessment (AKM) Model Test for Learning Biology Excretion System Materials for Measuring Science Literacy in SMA Negeri 1 Bandar

The results of the 2018 PISA study show that the ability of students in Indonesia in scientific literacy shows an average score of 389, so scientific literacy is still low. The Ministry of Education and Culture released the Independent Learning Program to replace the National Examination (UN) assessment system with a Minimum Competency Assessment (AKM) and character surveys. Therefore, it is necessary to develop AKM questions on the excretory system material to measure scientific literacy in students. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of the AKM model questions, analyze differences in student learning outcomes and student responses related to the AKM model questions at SMA Negeri 1 Bandar, Batang Regency. This research refers to the development of questions according to Djemari Mardapi which consists of 7 stages that have been modified, The subjects of this study were students of class XI MIPA 4 (experimental class) and class XI MIPA 5 (control class). Analysis of the items on the test results of the AKM model test using Microsoft Excel software and SPSS v.19 software. That is to calculate validity, difficulty index, discriminating power and reliability estimation. Data on the results of differences in student learning averages were measured using a test instrument for the AKM model and student response data was measured using a questionnaire instrument. The results of the study obtained from 25 questions that were tested on students there were 23 valid questions and 2 invalid questions, the results of the difficulty level on the items obtained 12 very easy questions and 13 easy questions, the results of the differentiating power were in the good category and the results of the reliability estimation of items The questions are included in the very high category, and the results of the difference in the average learning outcomes in the experimental class and control class are 73.61> 61.44. The increase in the average learning outcomes of experimental and control class students in their scientific literacy skills was significantly different with an N-gain value of 58.28 > 25.08. The experimental class gave a very good response and the control class gave a good response to the development of the AKM model questions. Thus, it can be concluded that the development of the AKM model test questions can measure students' scientific literacy skills.