Excretory System Research Articles

Toxic Kidney Damage in Rats Following Subchronic Intraperitoneal Exposure to Element Oxide Nanoparticles.

Chronic diseases of the urogenital tract, such as bladder cancer, prostate cancer, reproductive disorders, and nephropathies, can develop under the effects of chemical hazards in the working environment. In this respect, nanosized particles generated as by-products in many industrial processes seem to be particularly dangerous to organs such as the testes and the kidneys. Nephrotoxicity of element oxide particles has been studied in animal experiments with repeated intraperitoneal injections of Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, PbO, CdO, CuO, and SeO nanoparticles (NPs) in total doses ranging from 4.5 to 45 mg/kg body weight of rats. NPs were synthesized by laser ablation. After cessation of exposure, we measured kidney weight and analyzed selected biochemical parameters in blood and urine, characterizing the state of the excretory system. We also examined histological sections of kidneys and estimated proportions of different cells in imprint smears of this organ. All element oxide NPs under investigation demonstrated a nephrotoxic effect following subchronic exposure. Following the exposure to SeO and SiO2 NPs, we observed a decrease in serum creatinine and urea, respectively. Exposure to Al2O3 NPs caused an increase in urinary creatinine and urea, while changes in total protein were controversial, as it increased under the effect of Al2O3 NPs and was reduced after exposure to CuO NPs. Histomorphological changes in kidneys are associated with desquamation of the epithelium (following the exposure to all NPs except those of Al2O3 and SiO2) and loss of the brush border (following the exposure to all NPs, except those of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2). The cytomorphological evaluation showed greater destruction of proximal sections of renal tubules. Compared to the controls, we observed statistically significant alterations in 42.1% (8 of 19) of parameters following the exposure to PbO, CuO, and SeO NPs in 21.1% (4 of 19)-following that, to CdO and Al2O3 NPs-and in 15.8% (3 of 19) and 10.5% (2 of 19) of indicators, following the exposure to TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. Histomorphological changes in kidneys are associated with desquamation of epithelium and loss of the brush border. The cytomorphological evaluation showed greater destruction of proximal sections of renal tubules. The severity of cyto- and histological structural changes in kidneys depends on the chemical nature of NPs. These alterations are not always consistent with biochemical ones, thus impeding early clinical diagnosis of renal damage. Unambiguous ranking of the NPs examined by the degree of their nephrotoxicity is difficult. Additional studies are necessary to establish key indicators of the nephrotoxic effect, which can facilitate early diagnosis of occupational and nonoccupational nephropathies.

Development of Canva Application-Based Learning Media on Excretion System in MTS An-Nur Buuts School, Palu

The research is motivated by the limited adoption of digital learning media and the continued reliance of science instructors on printed materials like as worksheets and less interactive learning media for teaching excretion system topics. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the objective of developing educational digital media utilizing the Canva program, which would be deemed reliable for implementation as a supplementary learning tool for the excretory system curriculum. This study employs the research and development approach utilizing the ADDIE Development Model, which encompasses the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation phases. The research employed a questionnaire as the primary instrument to assess the media validation and student feedback about the learning materials that were created. The findings of the media validation test indicated that the percentage result obtained was 75%. This suggests that the learning media that was generated is deemed legitimate for use in scientific education, specifically for teaching the excretion system topic. The assessment exam administered to the pupils yielded a score of 80.6. Based on the obtained percentages, it can be inferred that the generated learning media may be classified as satisfactory.

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Melalui Pembelajaran Quantum Teaching Mengenai Sistem Ekskresi

This research was structured with the aim of improving student learning outcomes through quantum teaching learning regarding the excretory system in science learning in Class VIII-E students of SMP Negeri 20 Tasikmalaya. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (CAR), in which the teacher is the executor of learning while the researcher is the observer. The research design uses the Kemmis and Mc. Taggart. This research was conducted in the even semester of the 2021/2022 school year, namely in March. The subjects of this study were students of Class VIII-E at SMP Negeri 20 Tasikmalaya which consisted of 33 students. The object of research is the active learning of students. Data collection techniques using observation and interviews. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of tables and graphs. The results showed that there was an increase in the active learning of students, namely in the first cycle an average of 74 (good category) and in the second cycle 81 (very good category), meaning that the learning outcomes in cycle II had fulfilled the Minimum Completeness Criteria of 75. This means there was an increase of 9.54%. Thus the use of the quantum teaching learning model regarding the excretory system in science learning can increase the learning activity of Class VIII-E students of SMP Negeri 20 Tasikmalaya.

Validity Test Development of Wizer.me-based Interactive Worksheet On Human Excretion System For Class VIII

When online learning was implemented, teachers are encouraged to use digital technology base for teaching. According to interview results with junior high school science teachers in Yogyakarta, Bekasi, and Lampung, the problem encountered is the lack of use of interactive worksheets because some teachers have not mastered today's technology. The material chosen is the eighth grade human excretory system because it has a complexity in many names of organs and processes that occur in these system. This research aims to develop, determine the validity and feasibility of interactive worksheet using Wizer.me on eighth grade human excretory system material. This research uses R&D methods and ADDIE model as a reference for research implementation. This article is limited to the development section, especially the validity test. To test the validity of the worksheets, the instrument sheets are used. There were two aspects that being validatet, material and media. This research had made 3 interactive worksheets using Wizer.me. The validation conducted by four validators consisting of one media expert, one material expert, and two science subject teachers. The results showed an average value of 93.2% with very valid criteria. Therefore, the interactive worksheets based on Wizer.me is eligible to be tested with revisions according to suggestions from the validators.

PENGEMBANGAN MULTIMEDIA INTERAKTIF BERBASIS FLASH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR DAN MOTIVASI ANAK USIA DINI

This study aims to develop Flash-based interactive multimedia for group B children to assist the learning process at TKIT Nusantara Banten. Flash-based interactive multimedia is used to help students master the excretory system material. This research includes research on development related to borg and gall. This product was developed based on original research as a Flash-based interactive multimedia product for group B children in plant subjects. The test subjects in this developmental research were expert subjects, namely excretory system material experts, learning media experts, linguists, as well as a sample of children of all ages. Group B was potential product users. Determination of sample subjects by random sampling method, namely 5 children for the main field experiment and 15 children for the field experiment. Research and development results: (1) The learning material development model takes place in several stages, namely information gathering, product planning that is being developed, initial forms of Flash-based multimedia products, initial field trials, initial modifications of Flash-based multimedia products, main field trials, operational products. assessment, actual activity test, final product evaluation and activity actual test (2) Learning materials can have a positive impact on group B children's learning outcomes if they obtain a score of 76.58% with the "Good" criterion. and student learning motivation is considered strong with a percentage of 80.3%.

Effect of Multimedia Utilization on Increasing Students Learning Outcomes

This study aims to determine the effect of using multimedia on improving student learning outcomes on excretory system material in class XI SMA YPK Pematangsiantar. The total population of 64 people consisting of 2 classes and samples were taken by random assignment so that 2 classes were obtained, namely the control class (XI-3) 32 people and the experimental class (XI-1) 32 people. The control class was treated without using multimedia power point and the experimental class was treated using multimedia power point. Data analysis was carried out by finding the average (, standard deviation (S) and hypothesis testing (t test) at the significance level = 0.05. From the results of the study, the average post-test for the control class was 88 and the experimental class was 90.13 with a difference in learning outcomes of 2.13. From the results of hypothesis testing (t test) obtained tcount (2.790) > ttable (1.99) at a significance level of 0.05 and degrees of freedom (dk) = 62, then Ho rejected and Hais accepted, meaning that there is an effect of using multimedia power point to improve student learning outcomes on the material of the human excretory system in class XI SMA YPK Pematangsiantar. It was concluded that there was an effect of using multimedia on improving student learning outcomes in the material of the human excretory system of class XI SMA YPK Pematangsiantar.

Development of STEM-based Science E-Module on the Human Excretory System Topic

Teachers generally lack sufficient knowledge about STEM approaches, so teachers have difficulty developing STEM-based modules. Our research aims to develop a STEM-based science e-module on the human excretory system topic that is suitable for use by junior high school students. We use a type of research and development (R&D) concerning the Borg & Gall development model modified by Palilingan. Data collection techniques using interviews and questionnaires. The research instruments used interview sheets, product validation questionnaires, and product practicality questionnaires. The results showed that: (1) the validity test by learning media experts obtained a score of 98.33% and was included in the very valid category (no need for revision); (2) the validity test by subject matter experts shows a value of 99.17% and is included in the very valid category (no need for revision); and (3) limited trials in small groups show a value of 93.40% and are included in the very practical category. Based on the research that has been done, the STEM-based science e-module on the human excretory system topic that is suitable for use by junior high school students is appropriate for use by junior high school students.

The use of instructional media in the excretory system: a study on the perspectives of teachers and eleventh grade students of senior high school

Selection of learning media can affect the learning process that takes place in class. In addition, teachers are required to have the ability to use instructional media. This study aims to find out the types of learning media and how teachers get the learning media used in excretion system material. This survey research involved class XI students of public and private high schools in Palembang City, Indonesia. Samples of students were taken using the Stratified Cluster Random Sampling technique based on Accreditation A (266), Accreditation B (80) and Accreditation C (25) (n = 371) from 11 high schools in Palembang City. The sample of teachers was taken from the schools that were sampled in this study (Accreditation A 10 teachers, Accreditation B 3 teachers and Accreditation C 1 teacher) (n=14). The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire sheet for students and teachers. Questionnaire sheets were developed by taking into account learning indicators. The results of the student questionnaire showed that students were more interested in audio-visual and visual media. The audio-visual media that students like is learning videos, while the visual media that is preferred is the use of real objects and artificial objects. Meanwhile, the learning media most often used by teachers are audio-visual media and visual media. Students give a positive response to the media used by the teacher, even though the teacher does not develop the learning media himself. The results of this study are expected to assist teachers in choosing suitable learning media for use in biology lessons on excretory system material.

Developing critical thinking skills assessment of excretory system

This study aims to developing valid, reliable and practical Assessment to measure or to treat the critical thinkings skills of senior high school students on excretory system. The method used on this study is the development research (DR) that consists of synthesising theory and needs analyzes, step design (variable construction, indicator development, questions arrangement, making the instrumen, scoring and evaluation). Evaluation steps divided into three parts, namely: validation, reliability, and items analyzes. The quality of the test questions was determined by theoretical validation and empirical validation. The quality of the item was analised using the results of a field trial included the difficulty level, discriminatory power, and distractor. This study produced a valid questions in terms of content, construct, and language, with a final koefisien kappa above 0,61. The reliability of the test was 0,84. The result of students questionnaire analyzes in the phase of field trial gained an average of 3,60 (scale of 5). The average of value obtained from the student questionnaire indicates that the Critical Thinking Skills questions of exretory system is easy to use (practical). Thus, the development research produced 32 questions of critical thinking are valid, applicable, and easy to use.

The Development of Interactive Flipbook Teaching Supplement Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicokinetic Based on Laboratory Research

This study aims to describe the characteristics and analyze the feasibility of interactive flipbook teaching supplements on heavy metal toxicokinetic mechanisms based on laboratory research as supporting teaching materials in the learning process. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of the State University of Semarang and SMA N 12 Semarang. The type of research is research and development (RnD). The subjects of this study were material experts and media experts to assess the feasibility of materials and designs of laboratory research-based interactive flipbook teaching supplements, as well as students of class XII MIPA 4 and teachers of biology subjects at SMA N 12 Semarang to see the effectiveness of teaching supplements through response questionnaires response. The results showed that the characteristics of the interactive flipbook teaching supplement were developed to contain the results of the latest laboratory research as a learning resource for students, easy to use and exciting, and could help understand the material. The feasibility of interactive flipbook teaching supplements based on laboratory research is based on assessing material expert validators at 88.86% and media expert validators at 93.75%. Based on the responses of students and teachers, teaching supplements are considered exciting and suitable for use, with percentages of 86.39% and 96.25%, respectively. It shows that the interactive flipbook teaching supplement based on laboratory research produced in this study is considered to meet the characteristics of an interactive teaching supplement containing research and is suitable to be used to support the fulfillment of KD material on the digestive system and excretory system.

Analisis Kemampuan Belajar Siswa dengan Penerapan Inkuiri pada Materi Sistem Ekskresi

Education plays an important role in improving the quality of human resources to create general welfare and educate the nation by forming a superior, quality, and competitive generation. This study aims to describe student learning outcomes in the biology learning process by using an inquiry learning model on the material of the human excretory system. This study uses the method of library research (library research), where the study is based on expert opinions about business ethics and its role in the company. In addition, this journal also uses the comparative study research method which aims to compare two or more variables to get answers or facts whether the comparison or not of the object under study. Based on the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the inquiry learning model can improve students' critical thinking skills in biology subjects on excretion material. The use of inquiry learning models makes students able to understand the material well, plays an active role during the learning process, and improves students' critical thinking skills.
 Keywords: Inquiry, Excretion, Students

Problem-Solving Ability with the Implementation Guided Discovery Model on Excretory System Material in Class XI of SMA Negeri 18 Medan

One of the demands of 21st-century learning is optimizing students' problem-solving abilities. The problem-solving ability of students at SMA Negeri 18 Medan is still low. One of the contributing factors to low problem-solving ability is the lack of application of learning devices and models that can activate students and are still teacher-centered. One learning model that can improve problem-solving skills is the guided discovery model. This study aims to analyze students' problem-solving abilities with the implementation of the guided discovery model, the implementation of guided discovery syntax in learning, and student responses to the guided discovery model on excretory system material. This type of research is quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest control group design. Sampling using random sampling technique, XI IPA 1 as guided discovery class and XI IPA 2 as direct instruction class. The instruments used consist of essay questions on problem-solving skills, syntax implementation observation sheets, and student response questionnaires. The data obtained are first tabulated, searched for averages, and then analyzed by normality tests and independent sample t-tests. From the results of the independent sample t-test, a significance value of 0.000<0.05 was obtained, indicating that students' problem-solving abilities with guided discovery models and direct instruction models differed significantly. The results showed that the problem-solving ability of grade XI students of SMA Negeri 18 Medan who were taught using the guided discovery model was very high (82.69), the implementation of the guided discovery model syntax with a percentage of 99%, and student responses to learning showed a positive response. Based on the results of the study, the guided discovery model is very appropriate to be used in training the problem-solving ability of grade XI students at SMA Negeri 18 Medan on excretory system material.

The Development of E-Leaflet Teaching Materials Using QR-Code in Human Excretory System Material

The Covid-19 pandemic was caused by the SARS CoV-2 virus which resulted in changes in almost all aspects of people's lives in the world. One of them occurred in the field of education. In the education sector, the learning process takes place online and requires a variety of additional technologies to support the learning process. During the online learning process, teaching materials are also needed that are appropriate to the conditions that occur. The purpose of this research was to develop appropriate teaching materials for use during the Covid-19 pandemic. The type of research used is research development or Research and Development (R&D).
 The validation test results carried out by media experts were 94.53% and the material expert validation results were 90.43%. In small-scale product trials, the final test results showed that only 13.9% of students did not pass. In the practicality questionnaire responses, students showed that 19% of students considered this teaching material practical and 81% considered this teaching material very practical. Whereas in the large-scale trial conducted in 3 classes with a total of 108 students, the final test results showed that only 7.4% of students did not pass. In the response questionnaire given to the teacher, the percentage results were 96.35% which was included in the very valid category. In the student response questionnaire, 11% of students considered this teaching material practical and the remaining 89% of students considered this teaching material very practical.
 Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that e-leaflet teaching materials using qr-codes on human excretory system material are feasible and practical to use in the online learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Development of a Reading Literacy Ability Test Refers on Problem-Based Biology Learning for High School Students

Reading literacy is a prerequisite for achieving 21st century skills. To measure students' reading literacy skills, the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture released a Minimum Competency Assessment program known as AKM. This study aims to develop a reading literacy test instrument refers on Problem-Based biology learning for high school students. The test was developed using references from the AKM test model.
 The type of research used is Research and Development (R&D) with a 4-D model. In this study, the data collected were qualitative data and quantitative data. The qualitative data is the design result of a reading literacy test. The quantitative data includes the validity of the content of the instrument, the characteristics of the question items, the implementation of Problem-Based biology learning, and the level of student literacy ability. The data is analyzed descriptively using a variety of appropriate criteria according to the type of data collected.
 The reading literacy ability test refers on Problem-Based biology learning contains questions in the form of multiple choice (6 items), complex multiple choice (12 items), matching (3 items), short answer question (2 items) and essay (7 items). The question items are arranged with the content of the informational text and the context of the scientific text on the excretory system material. The validity rate is very valid (93.14%). The test questions have a "medium" difficulty level with a P value of 0.671. The differentiating index of the question item is included in the "good" criteria with a value of Rpbis 0.380. The reliability of the question item is very high (Alpha 0.854). The functioning of the choices is categorized as good. The percentage of implementation the Problem-Based biology learning is very high (100%). The reading literacy level of class XI students of Godong 1 Public SHS is dominated by the proficient level (54%) while class XI students of Semarang 12 Public SHS are dominated by an advanced level (46%).
 Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the reading literacy test refers on Problem-Based biology learning developed is very valid to be used in measuring high school students' literacy ability.

PENGEMBANGAN E-MODUL INTERAKTIF DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISTEM EKSKRESI PADA MANUSIA

This research aimed to develop the interactive e-modules in improving learning outcomes of the excretory system in humans, furthermore it will be carried out effectively on the implementation of the products that have been developed. The method used in this research was Research and Development (R&D) by applying the ADDIE development model which consisted of five stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation with class VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Hulu Gurung as research subjects. Interactive E-Modules were developed using the Flip Pdf application Corporate with an html application file format, html software can be accessed using a laptop/computer or Android. The course material was equipped with learning videos made using the Camtasia application and interactive quizzes made directly using the Filip pdf Corporate application. At the end of the learning activity there was a formative test that was made using a Google form whose link is linked in the Flip pdf Corporate application. Based on the results of the analysis, it showed that there was a significant difference in student learning outcomes before and after the use of interactive e-modules and based on the effect size test, a value of 1.10 is obtained, then compared with the comparison table, 1.10 is included in the Strong Effect criteria or gives effect or the interactive e-module have been developed give the strong effect.

THE EFFECT OF PICTURE AND PICTURE COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF FLASHCARD MEDIA ON STUDENTS' LEARNING OUTCOMES AT SMA NEGERI 3 WAINGAPU

This study aims to determine the effect of the cooperative learning model type picture and picture assisted by flashcard media on students' biology learning outcomes in the subject of the human excretory system. This study is a quasi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample in this study was class XI MIPA2 (experimental class) using the picture and picture type cooperative learning model assisted by flashcard media and XI MIPA3 (control class) using the conventional learning model. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, conducted at SMA N 3 Waingapu, even semester, Academic Year 2022/2023. The research instruments were in the form of documentation and a written test of 50 multiple choice questions, consisting of 10 pretest questions and 15 posttest questions which were conducted in 2 meetings. The research data were analyzed using statistical tests, namely the Validity test, Reliability test, Normality test, Homogeneity test, t test (paired sample t test) using SPSS version 22. Based on the results of the analysis, the average posttest value for the experimental class was 77.70 and the control 55.2. The results of hypothesis testing with paired samples t test obtained sig (2-tailed) <0.05 (0.00 <0.05). This shows that there is an effect of using the picture and picture type cooperative learning model assisted by flashcard media on the biology learning outcomes of class XI students.

Development of Student Worksheets Based on Science Process Skills on Human Excretion System Materials

Development of Student Worksheets (LKPD) based on science process skills on human excretory system material presented in the form of an application on a smartphone which contains human excretion system material, stages of practicum activities and questions adapted to indicators of science process skills, which are expected to be able to train participants' thinking abilities educate. The research aims to find out: (1) the feasibility of developing science process skills-based LKPD (Student Worksheets): (2) the practicality of developing process skills-based LKPD (Student Worksheets); and (3) The effectiveness of developing LKPD (Student Worksheets) based on science process skills on human excretory system material. The development model in this study is 4D which consists of 4 stages, namely define, design, development, and disseminate the research subject of 30 students of class XI IPA MAS 12 Perbaungan. The research instruments are validation sheets for material experts, linguists, and media experts on feasibility testing, practitioner validation sheets to determine practicality, pretest and posttest sheets for effectiveness testing. The results of this study prove that the skill-based LKPD science process developed is declared very feasible with a percentage of 89.39%, very practical with a percentage of 81.94% and very effective with a high category of learning improvement that has been tested with n-gain with a score of 0.73 and excellent student response with a percentage of 81.58%. The results of this study prove that the developed science process skills-based learner worksheets are very feasible, very practical, and very effective to use in the learning process

TMEM132A regulates mouse hindgut morphogenesis and caudal development.

Caudal developmental defects, including caudal regression, caudal dysgenesis and sirenomelia, are devastating conditions affecting the skeletal, nervous, digestive, reproductive and excretory systems. Defects in mesodermal migration and blood supply to the caudal region have been identified as possible causes of caudal developmental defects, but neither satisfactorily explains the structural malformations in all three germ layers. Here, we describe caudal developmental defects in transmembrane protein 132a (Tmem132a) mutant mice, including skeletal, posterior neural tube closure, genitourinary tract and hindgut defects. We show that, in Tmem132a mutant embryos, visceral endoderm fails to be excluded from the medial region of early hindgut, leading directly to the loss or malformation of cloaca-derived genitourinary and gastrointestinal structures, and indirectly to the neural tube and kidney/ureter defects. We find that TMEM132A mediates intercellular interaction, and physically interacts with planar cell polarity (PCP) regulators CELSR1 and FZD6. Genetically, Tmem132a regulates neural tube closure synergistically with another PCP regulator Vangl2. In summary, we have identified Tmem132a as a new regulator of PCP, and hindgut malformation as the underlying cause of developmental defects in multiple caudal structures.

Effect of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on Growth, Diarrhea and Intestinal Bacteria of Newly Weaned Piglets.

As an environmentally-friendly agent, slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) was introduced in drinking water of newly weaned piglets for diarrhea prevention. In total, 72 piglets were employed and 3% SAEW was added into the normal temperature and warm (30 °C) tap water, respectively, for this 33-day feeding experiment. It was found that the total bacteria and coliforms in the drinking water were reduced by 70% and 100%, respectively, with the addition of 3% SAEW. After SAEW treatment, the average daily water and feed intakes of piglets were increased during the first 16 days, and the diarrhea rate was reduced by 100%, with not one case of diarrhea recorded at the end of the experiment. The microbiome results demonstrated that SAEW decreased the diversity of caecum bacteria with normal tap water supplied, and increased the richness of the caecum bacteria with warm tap water supplied. SAEW also increased the abundance of potentially beneficial genera Sutterella and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 and reduced the abundance of pathogenic Faecalibacterium. Moreover, twelve metabolic functions belonging to the cluster of metabolism and organismal functions, including digestion and the endocrine and excretory systems, were greatly enhanced. Correlation analysis indicated that the influence of intestinal pathogens on water and feed intakes and the diarrhea of piglets were decreased by SAEW. The results suggest that SAEW can be used as an antibiotic substitute to prevent diarrhea in newly weaned piglets.

A Cadaveric Series on Urovascular Anomalies

Abstract Congenital anomalies of the urogenital system are a wide spectrum of variations. The multiplex embryogenesis of the kidney can lead to variations in the excretory system and vascularity to it. It poses a risk to conditions such as vesicoureteral reflux, obstruction, stenosis of one or both orifices, ureterocoele, and in surgical and radiological procedures. Vascular variations such as aberrant or accessory renal vessels can cause possible compression on the ureters and is important clinically. Hence, this case series was aimed to bring out various urovascular anomalies noticed for 2 years during dissection for 1st-year medical students. Of the four cases, accessory renal arteries were noted in two, whereas aberrant renal arteries were seen in the other two. The accessory and aberrant renal arteries had a smaller caliber when compared with the main renal arteries. Variations with a preponderance to arterial origin were seen with notable differences in the size of the kidney. When these arteries are present, the size of the kidney on that side is greater than the other side. In addition, they were also associated with other anomalies such as complete bifid ureter, incomplete rotation, retroaortic left renal vein, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Developmental anomalies may not confine to a single anomaly but a heterogeneous deviation in a single case per se, which must be identified and explored. This might help the surgeons in transplantation procedures and endovascular interventions.