Exclusion Factors Research Articles

Intraperitoneal Onlay Mesh (IPOM Plus) Repair Versus Extended-View Totally Extraperitoneal Rives-Stoppa (eTEP-RS) Repair in Primary Ventral Hernias: Experience With 50 Cases in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Primary ventral hernias are abnormal protrusions of abdominal viscera through the areas of weakness in the fascia of the abdominal wall. The aim of this study was to compare the benefits and complications, and the overall outcome in the Extended-View Totally Extraperitoneal Rives-Stoppa (eTEP-RS) repair versus Intraperitoneal Onlay Mesh (IPOM Plus) repair in the management of primaryventral hernias. Methods After obtaining institutional ethical committee clearance, this prospective comparative study between IPOM Plus and eTEP-RS was conducted in a tertiary care hospital from December 2020 to January 2022. A total of 50 patients presenting with primary ventral hernias were included in the study, of whom 25 underwent IPOM Plusand 25 underwent eTEP-RS repairs. Group selection was doneby simple randomization using the lottery method. Patients more than 18 years of age with primary ventral hernias presenting with a hernial defect width less than 6 cm, consenting to the study, were included in the study. Patients who did not fulfill the inclusion criteria, strangulated/obstructed hernias, recurrent/incisional hernias, connective tissue disorders, skin infections, enterocutaneous fistulas, pregnancy, morbid obesity, and parastomal hernias were exclusion factors. Results The mean intraoperative duration in the eTEP-RS group (192.3 ± 16.20 min) was significantly higher than in theIPOM Plus group (102.6 ± 16.78min, p=0.001). The mean duration of hospital stay in the IPOM Plus group (5.9 ± 2.19 days) was longer than in the eTEP-RS group (4.6 ± 3.17 days, p=0.02). The mean postoperative pain scores, from the Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), on days 1, 7, and 90 were 3.2 ± 1.11, 2.64 ± 1.11, and 1.68 ± 1.46in the IPOM Plus group and 1.84 ± 0.688, 0.76 ± 0.66 and 0.08 ± 0.40 in the eTEP-RS group, respectively(p=0.001). Conclusion Despite being a technically easy procedure requiring less intraoperative time, IPOM Plus had several disadvantages, such as increased postoperative pain, longer duration of hospital stays, higher chances of wound site seromas, and higher rates of postoperative paralytic ileus.On the other hand, eTEP-RS was a more challenging procedure requiring more intraoperative time; however, it had several advantages: less postoperative pain, less duration of hospital stay, early recovery, and fewer chances of seromasand paralytic ileus.However, more robust data is required to compare and validate the differences between both procedures' short- and long-term outcomes.

Potential of Nanomedicines as an Alternative for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer - A Review.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second in cases of cancer-related death. Polytherapy generates many adverse effects, leading the patient to give up. Nanotechnology has been studied in recent years to circumvent limitations. Groups composed of polymeric, lipid, and inorganic nanoparticles are the most purpose. Thus, the objective of this work is to bring information on how nanosystems can improve the chemotherapeutic treatment for colorectal cancer. Therefore, a search in journals such as "LILACS", "SciELO" and "PubMed/Medline" was performed, resulting in 25,000 articles found when applied the search engines "nanoparticle," "colorectal cancer," "malignant neoplasms," and "chemotherapy." After inclusion and exclusion factors, 24 articles remained, which were used as the basis for this integrative review. The results reveal that, regardless of the choice of matrix, nanoparticles showed an increase in bioavailability of the active, increasing the half-life by up to 13 times, modified release, as well as a significant reduction in tumor size, with cell viability up to 20% lower than the free drug tested, in different colorectal cancer cell lines, such as HCT-116, HT-29, and CaCo-2. However, more in vivo and clinical studies need to be performed, regardless of the formulation of its matrix, aiming at a higher rate of safety for patients and stability of the formulations, as well as knowledge of detailed indices of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, seeking to avoid further damage to the recipient organism.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Community-Based Learning Programs in Promoting Social Inclusion and Equity in Punjab

The presented study finds out how well community-based learning initiatives in Punjab can promote social inclusion & equity. This report acknowledges the ongoing difficulties that underprivileged groups in Punjab confront due to the factors of social exclusion or injustice. Programs for community-based learning have become recognised as promising instruments for resolving these problems by promoting inclusive behaviours and empowering people. By analysing their outcomes including highlighting the essential aspects that led to their effectiveness, this study aims to investigate how these initiatives helped to address the problems of social inclusion and equity. The research used a quantitative method approach for gathering and analysing data. To gauge their perceptions of changing social inclusion as well as equity, individuals involved in community-based learning in the province of Punjab were surveyed as part of the quantitative part.

Association between vitamin B12 deficiency and risk of Paediatric narcolepsy: Evidence from cross-sectional study and Mendelian randomization analysis

BackgroundNarcolepsy, a chronic neurologic sleep disorder, has sparked growing interest in the potential role of vitamin B12 in its pathogenic mechanism. However, research on this association has predominantly focused on adults. Our objective was to delineate the phenotypic and genetic connections between serum vitamin B12 levels and paediatric narcolepsy. MethodsTo investigate the causal relationship between vitamin B12 and paediatric narcolepsy, we conducted a retrospective analysis involving 60 narcolepsy patients and a matched control group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to identify independent factors influencing paediatric narcolepsy. Furthermore, a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to assess the causal connection between serum vitamin B12 levels and narcolepsy. ResultsPaediatric narcolepsy patients showed significantly lower serum levels of vitamin B12 and folate compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified serum vitamin B12 as the exclusive independent factor influencing paediatric narcolepsy (P < 0.001; OR = 0.96; 95%CI: 0.94–0.98). Additionally, IVW model results provided compelling evidence supporting a potential causal association between serum vitamin B12 levels and paediatric narcolepsy (OR: 0.958, 95% CI = 0.946–0.969, P = 0.001). ConclusionThis study establishes connections at both phenotypic and genetic levels, associating vitamin B12 deficiency with an increased risk of paediatric narcolepsy. These findings provide innovative perspectives for clinical strategies in the prevention and treatment of narcolepsy.

Treatment of osteoarthritis knee with bone marrow aspirate concentrate injection

To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) injections given intraarticularly as a potential treatment for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Data from 60 patients with knee osteoarthritis treated with BMAC injection at a single centre between December 2021 and December 2022 were retrospectively examined. We only included patients with idiopathic osteoarthritis. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis, prior knee surgery, ageless then 50 years or over 85 years, an active infection, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, rheumatological or another systemic condition, cancer, or immunosuppressive medication use were all exclusion factors. A single-spin manual approach was used to aspirate and concentrate bone marrow from the iliac crest. The Numeric pain scale (NPS) and Oxford knee score (OKS) were used to evaluate patients both before and after the treatment. A 12-month follow-up period was used. The statistical analysis comprised a total of 60 patients. With a mean age of 67 years (range 50-85), there were 42 females and 18 males. At the end of the follow-up period, the mean NPS reduced from 8.12 to 4.31 (p&amp;#60; 0.001) and the mean OKS rise from 22.30 to 34.74 (p &amp;#60;0.001). There were no problems. A single BMAC intra-articular injection is a dependable and safe technique that improves the clinical condition of knee OA.

Pulmonary Metastasectomy for Adrenocortical Carcinoma-Not If, but When.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) commonly metastasizes to the lungs, and pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) is utilized due to limited systemic options. All ACC patients with initially only lung metastases (LM) from a single institution constituted this observational case series. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses evaluated the association with potential prognostic factors and outcomes. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of the PM or, in those patients who did not undergo surgery, from the development of LM. A total of 75 ACC patients over a 45-year period met the criteria; 52 underwent PM, and 23 did not. The patients undergoing PM had a median OS of 3.1 years (95% CI: 2.4, 4.7 years) with the 5- and 10-year OS being 35.5% and 32.8%, respectively. The total resected LM did not impact the OS nor the DFS. The patients who developed LM after 11 months from the initial ACC resection had an improved OS (4.2 years; 95% CI: 3.2, NR; p = 0.0096) compared to those developing metastases earlier (2.4 years; 95% CI: 1.6, 2.8). Patients who underwent PM within 11 months of adrenalectomy demonstrated a reduced OS (2.2 years; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7) compared to those after 11 months (3.6 years, 95% CI: 2.6, NR; p = 0.0045). PM may provide benefit to those patients with LM at presentation (HR: 0.5; p = 0.2827), with the time to first PM as a time-varying covariate. PM appears to have a role in ACC patients. The number of nodules should not be an exclusion factor. Patients developing LM within a year of primary tumor resection may benefit from waiting before further surgeries, which may provide additional insight into who may benefit from PM.

Inclusive education and school dropout of special needs students in Morocco: A spatial analysis

AbstractAs a specific driver for the transformation of education systems in Morocco, inclusive education is a process that aims to reduce the exclusion of children with disabilities. Indeed, few studies have analysed the exclusion factors that cause children with disabilities not to pursue their education. Based on this, the present paper explores the spatial effect of factors related to accessibility and school supply. The database is from the latest national survey of the 2014 General Census of Population and Housing for the 75 provinces of Morocco. The designated age group is children aged 10–14 years. Exploratory spatial analysis has allowed us to map the hotspots of school dropout risk. The results of the spatial heterogeneity show a deficit in the distribution of accessibilities and the supply of paramedical services. From economic policy, we emphasise the need for spatial equity in the geographic distribution of inclusive education provision. The equitable distribution of psychological conditions for school retention is a straightforward factor in the success of the inclusive education model in Morocco.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY IN INDIA

Objective: To assess the amount of proteinuria in preeclamptic pregnant women by comparing the spot urine protein/creatinine ratio with the traditional 24 h urine protein collection method. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the spot urine protein/creatinine ratio's diagnostic accuracy and usefulness for proteinuria in this particular patient group.&#x0D; Methods: transversal research. Ages 18 to 40, gestational age greater than 20 w, and a diagnosis of hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mmHg) with proteinuria are the selection criteria. Chronic renal illness, recurrent urinary tract infections, birth prior to a 24 h urine collection period are all considered exclusion factors.&#x0D; Results: 28.9 y is the mean age, with 45.55% primigravida and 65.55% multigravida. Systolic blood pressure: 94.98 mmHg±8.54. Abnormalities in liver function include total bilirubin (90%), ALT (60%), and AST (60%). Urine protein average over 24 h: 1884 mg/d±2562.&#x0D; Conclusion: India's HDP epidemiology is complicated and impacted by a wide range of variables. Research and medical interventions must be customized. Additional research is essential for managing and preventing problems in this multicultural country.

Radicalization to the right, secular (ish) pandemic politics and the normalization of the Greek Cypriot far right

AbstractOne of the many dimensions of the global tussle surrounding the Covid‐19 pandemic has been the rise of right‐wing radicalization. In this article, we investigate whether the pandemic offered an opportunity for the Greek Cypriot far‐right party, ELAM, to increase its visibility as an opposition force and in what ways. We also explore the transformations in populist rhetoric and practices in the Republic of Cyprus, seeking to identify patterns of persistence and evolution, particularly in how they handle scientific matters in their political stances. Similarly, we delve into the impact of far‐right populist politics on the political dynamics in Cyprus. Our findings indicate that pandemic politics were not the exclusive or primary factor in the normalization of the far right but rather served as an accelerator of preexisting trends. The party's handling of the pandemic and scientific principles signifies the diversity within the far‐right phenomenon rather than pointing to a universal pattern.

The Effect of Basic Sanitation, Caregiver’s Behavior, And Children’s Characteristics on The Occurrence of Diarrhea in Children Under Five

Background: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of death and high rates of morbidity in children under five worldwide. In Indonesia, diarrhea is an endemic disease that can increase mortality. The factors can influence the incidence of diarrhea, such as the characteristics of caregivers (education, work, behavior), characteristics of children under five (nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding), and basic sanitation (clean water facilities, healthy latrines, sewage treatment, waste disposal). Purpose: To know the effect of basic sanitation, caregiver’s behavior, and children’s characteristic factors on the occurrence of diarrhea in children under five. Research Method: This study is an observational analysis with a cross-sectional study design in X Health Center Y city. They were taking a sample using simple random sampling with 450 caregivers and children under five who had diarrhea in the last three months. The caregivers filled out a questionnaire, and the researcher observed the basic sanitation in the respondents’ houses. The data was analyzed by multivariate using a logistic regression test. Result: The multivariate showed that were four independent variables which significantly influenced the incidence of diarrhea, such as exclusive breastfeeding factor p=0,000 (p&lt;0.05) OR 10,1(CI95% 3,64-27,98), latrine facilities p=0.003 (p&lt;0.05) OR 5,1(CI95%1,71-15,17), garbage facilities p=0,000 (p &lt;0.05) OR 23,2(CI95%7,19-74,6), and behavior p=0,000 (p&lt;0.05) OR 188,3(CI95%48,66-729,33), R Square was 89.7%. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between basic sanitation, caregiver’s behavior, and children’s characteristics with the occurrence of diarrhea in children under five. They should continuously educate the caregiver about clean and healthy behavior, counseling on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for infants, and intervention for basic sanitation such as closing the waste disposal. It needs a Health Center and caregivers’ support to prevent the occurrence of diarrhea in Children.

Empowering soft conductive elastomers with self-reinforcement and remarkable resilience via phase-locking ions.

Endowing soft and long-range stretchable elastomers with exceptional strength, resilience, and ion-conductivity is crucial for high-performance flexible sensors. However, achieving this entails significant challenges due to intrinsic yet mutually exclusive structural factors. In this work, a series of self-reinforcing ion-conductive elastomers (SRICEs) is thus designed to meet the advanced but challenging requirements. The SRICEs behave like a soft/hard dual-phase separated micro-structure, which is optimized through a straightforward preferential assembly strategy (PAS) to ensure that the subsequently introduced ions are locked in the soft phase. Meanwhile, the interaction between ions and soft segments is meticulously tailored to achieve self-reinforcement through strain-induced crystallization. Consequently, an outstanding ultimate strength of approximately ∼51.0 MPa and an exceptional instant resilient efficiency of ∼92.9% are attained. To the best knowledge of the authors, these are the record-high values achieved simultaneously in one ion-conductive elastomer. Furthermore, the resultant toughness of ∼202.4 MJ m-3 is significantly higher, while the modulus of ∼5.0 MPa is lower than that of most reported robust ion-conductive elastomers. This unique combination of properties makes it suitable for advanced flexible applications, e.g. grid-free position recognition sensors. This work provides guidance for designing soft yet robust ion-conductive elastomers and optimizing their mechanical properties.

Influence of Donnan and dielectric exclusion on ion sorption in sulfonated polysulfones

The Donnan – Manning model accurately describes the thermodynamic properties (e.g., ion sorption) of many charged polymers equilibrated with aqueous electrolytes, such as the commercial ion exchange membranes CR61 and Nafion. It less accurately describes the ion sorption properties of sulfonated polysulfone, which is a promising desalination membrane polymer. One possible explanation is that other ionic interactions that are not included in the Donnan – Manning model, e.g., dielectric exclusion (or ion solvation effects) that can be described via the Born model, may have a significant influence on ion sorption in sulfonated polysulfones. We developed a model to account for the influence of both Donnan – Manning and dielectric exclusion factors on ion sorption properties and applied it to sulfonated polysulfones and Nafion. This Donnan – Manning – Born model described the ion sorption properties of sulfonated polysulfones more accurately than the Donnan – Manning model alone. The Donnan – Manning – Born model also predicted ion sorption properties in Nafion with improved accuracy relative to Donnan – Manning predictions, but the improvement was less significant than in the sulfonated polysulfone case. These results provide an approach for quantifying the influence of dielectric exclusion on ion sorption in charged polymers and could be particularly important for materials where dielectric exclusion is relevant.

COMPARATIVE AGE FEATURES OF CLINIC AND PATHOGENETIC ASPECTS OF SCHOOL DISADAPTATION

Purpose: a comparative study of age-related clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of the main factors of school exclusion [SE]. Material and methods. The main methods of investigation were clinical-epidemiological and psychological. We additionally used psychopathological, paraclinic, and catamnesis methods. Observation of children with impaired adaptation was carried out in conditions of children’s clinics and psycho-neurological clinics (7-11 years, n=950) and (12-17 years, and n=550). The clinical manifestations and the main factors of the pathogenesis of school disadaptation in the comparative-age aspect (7-11 years old, n = 950) and (12-17 years old, n = 550). More significant factors of risk, together with the psycho-social ones (conditions of the micro-social sphere of family and school), are genetic and cerebral organic. Results and discussion/ The feature found by children and teenagers disadaptation is its massive somatization, which is characterized by polymorph vegetative and visceral disorders in different organs and systems (digestive, skin, respiratory, moving, heart-vessel, secretory, endocrine) and painful manifestation.

Why now? Causal Attributions for Unemployment in Older People in Spain, Based on Their Life Experiences

In a society marked by commerce and competitiveness, age has become an exclusion factor in employment, which affects people aged over 45 years. Based on the voices of the affected individuals in the Spanish context, this study explores the perceived causal attributions for their unemployment situation along with their experiences of job success. We conducted a multi-case study from an autobiographical perspective with ten participants, using in-depth interviews and reflective dialogue around life experiences. The results reveal, from a relational approach, the main attributions that emerged during the discourse. In spite of their singularities, the results indicate that the discourses generate shared identity traits, although there is an agreement in indicating age discrimination as one of the main determinants.

Inclusive cultural heritage in Europe: co-designing an accessible user experience for digital architectural conservation

ABSTRACT The lack of accessibility to the information associated with European built heritage is a significant factor of exclusion that precludes many European citizens from appropriating a shared cultural heritage. Nowadays, three-dimensional scanning, modelling, and rendering technologies provide many highly effective tools to virtually access the available digital heritage of many European buildings in different historical periods through images, videos, texts, libraries, or specific databases of information associated with historical-scientific knowledge. However, several factors, such as the availability of human, economic, and technical resources, the heterogeneity of the standards and the lack of regulations, still hinder the possibility of translating data into usable content for a wider audience and the chances of creating collaboration between professional experts and scholars. Considering that, the paper focuses on defining the User Experience (UX) of INCEPTION’s web platform, a European-funded multidisciplinary research project that has adopted new web technologies to develop open-source three-dimensional models of cultural heritage buildings for digital architectural conservation. The paper evaluates the importance of adopting a User-Centred Design (UCD) approach and involving stakeholders and end-users throughout the design development process, as they actively contributed to fostering more accessibility and inclusiveness for the final INCEPTION’s web configuration.

Luchas y desarraigos por la tierra y resistencias juveniles por el derecho a la ciudad en el postconflicto: una mirada a la construcción de paz desde la periferia de Bogotá

This text gives an account of an investigation carried out from the year 2022, in the El Recuerdo Sur neighborhood of Ciudad Bolívar-Bogotá, whose purpose is to contribute to the generation of public space and the claim to the right to the city and that has unfolded other understandings about the need to look at the periphery, its social struggles and collective resistances in a post-conflict perspective. The article gives an account, therefore, of the methodological exercise in the accompaniment and dialogue with this community that helped to make visible factors of marginality and social exclusion associated with these struggles and resistance and the role that young people play in this process and that they particularly make of the territory a network of disputes that are embodied in forms of social claims, which account for a historicity of displaced and uprooted popular colonizers as an effect of social and political violence in Colombia.

Diag-IoU Loss for Object Detection

Existing IoU-based loss functions have achieved promising performance for bounding box regression in object detection. However, they cannot fully reflect the relation between the predicted and target boxes in the case of box inclusions, and might thus deteriorate detection accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we design a novel similarity measurement based on the box diagonal called Diag-IoU to well represent the divergence between the predicted and target boxes even in the case of box inclusions, and thus achieve superior localization accuracy and fast convergence. In particular, we equivalently represent a rectangular box with its box diagonal, which contains exclusive and informative geometrical factors, and define the Diag-IoU based on the similarities of a set of sampled point pairs from the predicted and target box diagonals. Based on the Diag-IoU, we design a general Diag-IoU loss, which can provide holistic information in measuring two boxes and thus differentiate the two boxes in the case of box inclusions. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we apply the Diag-IoU loss to several representative object detectors, including YOLO v5s, Faster R-CNN, and FCOS. Extensive experiments on the synthetic data and two challenging object detection benchmark datasets, i.e., MS COCO and PASCAL VOC, demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed Diag-IoU loss compared to previous IoU-based losses as well as other metrics.

A Critical Review of Social Exclusion and Inclusion among Immigrant and Refugee Women

International and global migration has risen over the last 50 years, and this trend is not expected to change. Immigrants and refugees make sociocultural and economic contributions to settlement states; however, this does not always mean that they feel included or welcomed. Social exclusion as a determinant of health reflects the social inequalities of some groups in a population over others. Immigrants and refugees are excluded from participating in social, economic, civic, and political domains within Western settlement countries; women experience greater social exclusion because of intersecting social identities and the interplay between sociostructural systems that create inequalities within host societies. To explore this phenomenon more fully, we conducted a critical review of how social exclusion and inclusion are experienced by women settling in Western contexts and the factors that impact daily life and health. Intersectionality was the lens with which we situated, examined, and analyzed the findings of the critical review to inform the development of a conceptual model. A five-stage process was used to comprehensively review the literature using six databases. Sixty papers were included in the review. The conceptual model highlighted two overarching themes that were further distinguished by micro-, meso-, and macro-level factors of exclusion and inclusion. The first theme considers the causes and outcomes of social exclusion represented as social determinants in the context of settlement and includes social environment, social supports, language ability, discrimination and racism, settlement and identity, income and employment, education and professional credentials, institutions, and government services. The second theme of social inclusionary processes consisted of social capital, social and civic participation, empowerment, and policies and settlement programs. The conceptual model advances knowledge of potential improvements required in formal settlement programs and the importance of informal programs that collectively may enhance inclusion for immigrant/refugee women and their families in Western contexts.

Effective criteria in the public-private partnership in developing countries to apply the sustainable development goals: GAN-based decision support system for the renewable electrical system, case study Syria

The cost of generating electricity in developing countries surpasses the government's ability to sustain it, necessitating the involvement of the private sector in this service provision through public-private partnerships (PPPs) contracts. In Syria, the electricity system has been highly susceptible to damage as a result of the ongoing crisis, leading to frequent and prolonged blackouts. This research focuses on addressing the need for a comprehensive system that aids decision-making for PPPs contracts in the country. By employing a combination of studies, reports, and interviews with domain experts, significant general and exclusive factors that guide decision-makers in PPPs contracts are identified and organized into questionnaires. These questionnaires are then filled out by professionals engaged in PPPs contracts. The collected data is analyzed and validated using SPSS software. However, due to insufficient data collected, generative adversarial neural networks (GAN) are utilized to enhance the research data. Additionally, Expert Choice and the analytic hierarchy process are employed to calculate weights for each factor. Remarkably, the calculated weights for both general and exclusive factors align with real-life strategies. General factors primarily address the financial and commercial considerations associated with PPPs, while exclusive factors primarily focus on the operational aspects of the electrical power system. These factors are arranged in descending order of effectiveness, enabling stakeholders to determine whether the private sector should be engaged in the project or if it should remain within the public sector's purview. The proposed system has demonstrated its reliability and can serve as a promising starting point for PPPs contracts.

A REVIEW ON AGNIKARMA AND ITS PROBABLE MODE OF ACTION

Salyatantra is one among the important and vital branches of Ayurveda, which consists of various surgical and para surgical procedures. Agnikarma or thermal cauterization is the foremost among these para surgical procedures. It means application of heat to the body part directly or indirectly with help of different materials to prevent or to cure a disease. It is a potent and minimally invasive para surgical procedure which has wide application in chronic conditions as well as in emergency management. Agnikarma has been given special place in surgery by Susruta and the disease treated by Agnikarma never reoccurs. Clinically it is considered as prime para surgical procedure and it provide relief in certain diseases which are not cured by herbal medicine, surgical interventions and alkaline cauterization. Based on specific heat retention and transmission capacity of different substances acharyas had prescribed different materials for cauterizing specific body parts. Most commonly Agnikarma is indicated in neurogenic pain, tendinopathies, or in diseases of skin, vein, ligament, bone or joint where pain is an exclusive factor. The preventive, curative and haemostatic properties of Agnikarma were known even centuries back.