Concept Of Exclusion Research Articles

ILLUSTRATIONS OF EXTENDED WORKING LIVES: WHAT INSIGHTS DO THE CONCEPTS OF EXCLUSION AND PRECARITY OFFER?

Abstract Amanda Grenier will act as the discussant for the set of papers in this symposia session, bridging insights from European research with North American perspectives. Situated as an attempt to bridge research findings with a larger critical practice of theory-building theory, she will explore what the concepts of exclusion and precarity offer our interpretations of these papers, as well as how the findings of each contribute to the state of knowledge on exclusion and precarity. She will begin with a brief clarification of the definitions and conceptual boundaries of social exclusion and precarity carried out in Europe and North America and situate key findings of the papers as an effort to theorize older workers lives in contemporary conditions. For example, the well-known concept and domains of social exclusion can be considered to offer ways of understanding processes of exclusion at the mezzo level, as exercised through policies, practices, and/or place. Illustrations from the papers will be linked with existing work on exclusion. She will then draw attention to the concept of precarity as a lens of analysis to connect the micro-level vulnerabilities experienced in the working lives of older people with the shifting social and state structures that form the backdrop for older people’s lives (and the systems within which European research is carried out). Specific examples will be drawn from the set of papers, and a moderated question and answer period will follow.

Community-based natural resource management and social exclusion in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), which is aimed at ensuring meaningful participation of rural communities in decision-making and promoting sustainable utilisation of natural resources, has been criticised for excluding local communities from decision-making. Using the concept of social exclusion and a qualitative approach, the study's main objective was to analyse the exclusion faced by the minority Doma ethnic group in the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) programme in northern Zimbabwe. Findings showed that the Doma were excluded from decision-making related to wildlife management by powerful stakeholders, who included political elites, local authority officials, government conservation authorities, and the safari operator. The crux of this exclusion revolved around the large differences between their livelihood practices and those of the other stakeholders, their low-status position and peripheral location. The Doma also participated in their exclusion as they decided to take an indifferent approach to CAMPFIRE.

The mediating role of FoMO and the moderating role of narcissism in the impact of social exclusion on compulsive buying: a cross-cultural study

BackgroundThere is an interrelationship between the concepts of social exclusion, compulsive buying behavior, fear of missing out (FoMO), and narcissism. Nevertheless, the extent to which these concepts mediate or moderate their relationships with each other has not been efficiently investigated.ObjectiveThis research aims to investigate how FoMO mediates and narcissism moderates the correlation between social exclusion and compulsive buying behavior. In addition, the research aims to test a conceptual model and highlight the differences that may occur in the conceptual model proposed in two different countries.MethodsThis model was analyzed among 1007 university students (Turkey = 506, Denmark = 501). The study used scales to measure social exclusion, compulsive buying behavior, FoMO, and narcissism. The study employed PROCESS Model 4 to analyze direct and indirect (mediation) effects and PROCESS Model 59 to assess conditional (moderation) effects. Furthermore, the Johnson-Neyman technique was utilized to investigate interaction terms.ResultsThe findings indicate that those who face social exclusion tend to participate more in compulsive buying, and this connection is partly explained by FoMO. This suggests that individuals who encounter social exclusion may have an increased likelihood of experiencing FoMO, which may subsequently contribute to compulsive buying behavior. Furthermore, the moderating effect of narcissism differed between the Turkey and Danish samples. Specifically, in the Turkey sample, narcissism only modified the connection between social exclusion and FoMO, while in the Danish sample, it impacted both the connection between social exclusion and FoMO and the connection between FoMO and compulsive buying.ConclusionThe obtained results show that the regulating role of narcissism is different in Turkey and Denmark within the conceptual model we studied.

Colonization of chickens with competitive exclusion products results in extensive differences in metabolite composition in cecal digesta

The concept of competitive exclusion is well established in poultry and different products are used to suppress the multiplication of enteric pathogens in the chicken intestinal tract. While the effect has been repeatedly confirmed, the specific principles of competitive exclusion are less clear. The aim of the study was to compare metabolites in the cecal digesta of differently colonized chickens. Metabolites in the cecal contents of chickens treated with a commercial competitive exclusion product or with an experimental product consisting of 23 gut anaerobes or in control untreated chickens were determined by mass spectrometry. Extensive differences in metabolite composition among the digesta of all 3 groups of chickens were recorded. Out of 1,706 detected compounds, 495 and 279 were differently abundant in the chicks treated with a commercial or experimental competitive exclusion product in comparison to the control group, respectively. Soyasaponins, betaine, carnitine, glutamate, tyramine, phenylacetaldehyde, or 3-methyladenine were more abundant in the digesta of control chicks while 4-oxododecanedioic acid, nucleotides, dipeptides, amino acids (except for glutamate), and vitamins were enriched in the digesta of chickens colonized by competitive exclusion products. Metabolites enriched in the digesta of control chicks can be classified as of plant feed origin released in the digesta by degradative activities of the chicken. Some of these molecules disappeared from the digesta of chicks colonized by complex microbiota due to them being metabolized. Instead, nucleotides, amino acids, and vitamins increased in the digesta of colonized chicks as a consequence of the additional digestive potential brought to the cecum by microbiota from competitive exclusion products. It is therefore possible to affect metabolite profiles in the chicken cecum by its colonization with selected bacterial species.

To know, feel and do: an instructional practice of higher education for sustainable development

Purpose The importance of multidimensional and engaging instruction for sustainable development goals (SDGs) in higher education cannot be overstated. Such instructions should motivate students not only to memorize and contemplate these goals but also to actively participate in addressing SDG-related challenges. Consequently, this study aims to develop practical and appropriate instructional approaches to education for sustainable development (ESD) in higher education to enhance students’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviors concerning sustainability. Design/methodology/approach By using a quasi-experimental design, this ESD study was conducted at a university in central Taiwan. A total of 121 students from diverse academic backgrounds participated in the 16-week experiment, which was divided into three groups. Lecturing, thematic teaching and design-thinking strategies were applied to these respective groups. Findings The thematic-teaching and design-thinking groups displaying improved cognitive performance. However, the quantity results revealed that the design-thinking group surpassed the other two groups in sustainability knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and mind map tasks. The qualitative findings further indicated that design thinking – through multiple practical problem-solving activities – guided college students to think independently and sustainably, as well as enabled them to internalize the value of sustainable development. By implementing these effective approaches, the core goals of ESD-related personal and societal transformations may be realized. Practical implications This study proposed a goal-oriented ESD instructional model for educators, demonstrating the efficacy of design thinking in cultivating higher-order thinking and affection for ESD in students. Additionally, this study introduced an innovative evaluation approach – mind mapping – to the ESD domain, which may compensate for the limitations of the survey method. Originality/value This study provides empirical evidence for the effectiveness of design thinking and thematic-based pedagogies in sustainable development higher education. Additionally, it also offers a practical ESD instructional model with reference value for scholars and multi-domain instructors. Moreover, the study highlights that by examining organizational governance from the perspectives of design thinking and higher-order affection, sustainable and economic development need not be mutually exclusive concepts. Instead, pursuing SDGs can be viewed as investment opportunities for organizations rather than mere costs.

Hull 2017 UK City of Culture: A Public History Analysis

This research has focused on understanding how effectively Hull 2017 UK City of Culture incorporated public history into its programme. This has been determined in context to the characteristics of ‘good’ public history highlighted in the historiography, as well as in context to the aims behind the event. Hull 2017 failed not only in effectively incorporating civic pride-inducing, and social memory-changing, public history, but, also, consistently ‘good’ public history that was in line with the ideals of the historiography. However, this research has pragmatically illustrated that ‘good’ and ‘bad’ public history are not mutually exclusive concepts and, in turn, that it is overly simplistic to dismiss the case study as merely ‘bad’ public history. More broadly, this research has shown how historians should adopt critical flexibility, rather than rigid adherence, when engaging with theoretical ideals, incorporating distorting factors into their analyses, and being measured in their conclusions.

Populist Response to the Social Crisis in Denmark – How Iliberal-Authoritarian Populism Can Influence Newcomers?

The multiple crises facing liberal democracies have given rise to political manifestations designed to annihilate any form of freedom and individuality by exposing the general public to populist danger. The EU refugee crisis of 2016 revealed a dramatic shift in social and political attitudes across the Scandinavian political spectrum, with ideological force catalyzing distinct social action and a change in the dynamics of the social composite. Based on the political and social study of populism and the effects that this ideology and philosophy have on Danish society, our study aims to reveal how the social anxiety of newcomers manifests itself interpersonally and interculturally. At the same time, we will try to determine the argumentative profile of the populist manifestation at the social and political level in order to observe the dynamics of the behavioural influence of the resident population of foreign origin and how populism and illiberalism attract these individuals. Such research is necessary in light of Denmark‘s political and social situation, especially after populist and Eurosceptic movements have consolidated their presence in national and regional political life. Our paper examines how the concepts of inequality and social exclusion have developed in the Danish political context and has a thesis on the interconnection between this development and populism and anti-establishment support in the black and Muslim communities. It is extremely important to investigate how populism influences social behaviour to anticipate possible countermeasures to anti-democratic and anti-liberal movements in the context of the perpetual development of the populist era.

Psychological and social aspects of people with epilepsy expressed through drawing: Pilot study

IntroductionFrequently, the psychological and social aspects of PWE go unnoticed in medical consultations. Even in spite of having seizure control, some people can experience a poor quality of life. The objective of the study was to determine if drawing facilitates the expression of the psychological and social difficulties of PWE. MethodsHermeneutic, qualitative, situated knowledge study located in the city of Medellín, Colombia. The participants were asked to make one or several drawings under the question “what it is like to live with epilepsy”. The drawings were analyzed with criteria of Gestalt psychology, semiotics, image–word relationship and context. ResultsSixteen drawings of ten participants were obtained. The drawings revealed the construction of an identity of otherness and negative emotionality due to epilepsy. The social concepts of restriction, prohibition, dependency, and exclusion appear in the drawings. The authors expose the ways to face adversity. ConclusionDrawing can expose and facilitate the expression of the psychological and social difficulties of PWE, which often go unnoticed in the medical office. Free drawing is an easy-to-use global tool that has been underused in the medical field.

Criminal Liability Exclusion: Theory, Current Legal Framework of the Criminal Code 2015 and Recommendations for Law Reform

Vietnamese Criminal Law stipulates the criminal liability exclusion, which is important to distinguish between non-criminal cases where criminal liability is excluded and criminal cases where criminal liability is applicable. Hence, in order to raise legal scholarly understanding, as well as to contribute to the fight against crime, respect and protect human rights, the article continues to clarify the concept, nature, and characteristics of the criminal liability exclusion, and assess the current provisions of the 2015 Criminal Code on cases where criminal liability is excluded. Finally, the author proposes recommendations for the law reform regarding criminal liability exclusion.
 
 

Beyond the Inclusion–Exclusion Binary: Right Mindfulness and Its Implications for Perceived Inclusion and Exclusion in the Workplace

AbstractThis study examines non-Western perceptions of inclusion and exclusion through an examination of right mindfulness practitioners in Vietnam. It contributes to the critical inclusion literature that problematizes inclusion by showing how right mindfulness practitioners rejected the concepts of inclusion and exclusion, and moreover, resisted attachments to feelings of inclusion or exclusion, treating both states as empty and non-enduring. Surprisingly, our study shows how inclusion can generate fear at fulfilling others’ collective expectations, whereas exclusion generated a sense of freedom arising from a release from those expectations. Further, our study traces these counter-intuitive findings to right mindfulness practitioners’ moral reasoning based upon Buddhism’s canonical philosophical ideas. We conclude by highlighting the pressing need for critical perspectives and for further non-Western perspectives to inclusion that contribute to a body of cross-cultural work.

Living in the Margins: Assessing Police Engagement as a Form of Victim Help-Seeking Through Legal Estrangement

ABSTRACT This paper offers one attempt to move police reporting literature into help-seeking contexts. The current study uses the legal estrangement framework to examine complex victim help-seeking decisions, in the form of police engagement, for individuals living in impoverished neighborhoods with high violent crime rates in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A thematic analysis was applied to semi-structured interviews and found help-seeking is a dynamic process. Among victims of color, the legal estrangement framework contextualizes the landscape of help-seeking decisions, while other socio-ecological and situational characteristics simultaneously influence help-seeking behaviors. Concepts of procedural injustice, vicarious marginalization, and structural exclusion are reflected in both help-seekers and non-help-seekers.

The Formation of Biaoquan and Zhequan as a Pair of Philosophical Concepts in Chinese Buddhism

The general consensus in the field of Buddhist studies is that the terms “biaoquan” and “zhequan” are a pair of Buddhist philosophical concepts often used to designate two diametrically opposed forms of rhetoric. The former term constitutes its affirmative statement, while the latter defines a fact in negative terms—known in Christian theology as cataphatic and apophatic uses of language, respectively. Looking at the terms for which biaoquan and zhequan initially served as translations, especially in Xuanzang’s works, it would seem that these two concepts have not always appeared as a related pair representing the above-mentioned affirmative–negative dichotomy. The former could designate both affirmation (*vidhi) as well as the general activity of speech, syllables, and words (nāma). In the case of zhequan, it corresponds, in different texts, to the three Indian Buddhist concepts of negation (*pratiṣedha, *vyāvṛtti, *nivṛtti), implicative negation (paryudāsa), and exclusion of others (anyāpoha), with each use of the term “zhequan” carrying a different set of meanings and associated doctrines. Indeed, in various texts, the concept of zhequan might be opposed to the concept of biaoquan (*vidhi *sadhana) or opposed to pure negation (prasajya), or it might be applied on its own with no opposing concept. However, as Chinese Buddhism continued to develop throughout the Tang, biaoquan and zhequan came to be firmly associated and popularized as a pair of opposites. Looking at the doctrinal as well as the translation history of these two terms, this paper focuses on how they were used as a pair of opposing philosophical concepts, followed by an analysis of the profound influence of these two concepts on Chinese Buddhism.

Social inclusion, social exclusion, and the role of leaders in avoiding—or promoting—societal collapse

AbstractNot since the late 1850s has the United States seen the portents leading to a major political crisis be so numerous and grave. Over the last two decades, local and national social capital has steeply declined, culminating in a near‐collapse of social capital within the last 6 years. The potential for a national political crisis is now more plausible, making a dramatic crisis (e.g., bloodless revolt, a civil war, or secession) conceivable within a generation. This article reviews the interlocking concepts of social inclusion, social exclusion, radicalization, and societal collapse and draws from these concepts to elucidate the antecedents to major political crises. We connect these observations to the central role of political and administrative leadership in a democratic society in challenging times. Integrative recommendations for combating extremism and radicalization are provided to highlight key strategies for restoring social capital and stability.

Arbejdet med inklusion - og mod eksklusion?

Several Danish museums have worked with inclusion in the past 10 years in order to create more diverse representations. However, these initiatives are often short term and fail to facilitate institutional change in the long run. If we instead of working with inclusion begin to focus on the mechanisms of exclusion, the museums (and the researchers working with them) might be able to facilitate the wanted transformation. When we begin to understand how mechanisms of exclusion can take place even among those with egalitarian ideals, we do not only begin to understand why there was a need to include in the first place – we might also be able to better understand the changes that we see in current times: With MeToo and BlackLivesMatter, there has undeniably been a change in public discourse and the changes can be tracked to focus of the Danish museums’ exhibitions. This change can potentially also be explained when working with the concept of uintentional exclusion - or rather; by looking at the potential responses to uintentional exclusion found in the small, daily actions performed at a museum.

Medicalization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: a Historical-Critical Analysis

Medicalization, in the sense of expansion of medicine in different aspects of human life and ultimately the transformation of medicine into a tool of social control and domination, is a common interpenetration in the literature. This concept, since its inception in the mid-twentieth century, has been an exclusive critique of modern medicine, meaning that branch of medicine based on biomedical paradigm. In this article, we argue that the conceptual shortcoming of this view and the reduction of medicalization to only one medical paradigm, lead to appear medicalization in the new outfit in the name of demedicalization and with more harmful aspects. By focusing on biomedical paradigm or biomedicalization, we neglected other types of medicalization like paramedicalization or CAMization, meaning expansion of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in different aspects of human life. This negligence makes the space to misuse of medicalization for more medicalizing issues. In the following, Iranian Traditional Medicine has been examined as one of the examples of CAM. By presenting historical examples, in the contrast of common understanding of many medical sociologists, we showed that medicalization is not an exclusive concept around modern medicine and its root go back hundreds of year, not just the last hundred year and not only in the western world.

Progress, decolonization and global justice: a tragic view

Abstract What does making progress in global justice mean? What are the barriers to progress? This article introduces the notion of tragic progress, against assertions by International Relations realists that tragedy and progress are mutually exclusive concepts, and as a complement to notions of ‘pragmatic progress’ and ‘bounded progress’ offered by IR constructivists and philosophical pragmatists. Tragic progress refers to the disruptive and often painful process of self-examination spurred by contexts of crisis, both for individuals and for wider collectives. Focusing on the multiperspectival structure of tragic narratives, tragic reversals and the moments of recognition they invite, I argue that the devices of tragedy direct our attention to mechanisms for unlearning, and stimulate the pursuit of self-knowledge and transformation in contexts of crisis as a basis for social change. The contemporary crisis of international order can be interpreted as a tragic reversal for its practitioners and adherents, with the potential to generate moments of recognition that increase their receptivity to polymorphic claims of justice, many of which have been buried, muffled or repressed. The call to decolonize international order can be interpreted as a call for tragic progress, which consists of unlearning colonial subjectivities, practices and commitments, thereby opening up opportunities to make possibility out of dispossession, slavery, genocide, and other social, political and moral horrors of our time.

О ВЛИЯНИИ ЦИФРОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ НА ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ТРУДА И ЗАНЯТОСТИ УЯЗВИМЫХ ГРУПП РАБОТНИКОВ

Introduction: the article is devoted to the current and future impact of digital technologies, thanks to which remote work and location-based platform employment have emerged, and also the impact of artificial intelligence technologies and neurotechnologies on the labor relations that involve vulnerable groups of workers, including legal relations in the field of employment. Purpose: to describe approaches to the understanding of vulnerability in economics, sociology, and legal science, to trace the impact of digi-tal technologies on labor and employment of vulnerable groups, and to identify issues and risks. Methods:the methodological basis of the research consists of universal, general scientific methods as well as some special methods (system-structural, formal-legal, comparative legal methods). Results: vulnerability is correlated with poverty, and both monetary and non-monetary approaches to the phenomenon of po-verty are described; vulnerability is considered in the context of the concept of social exclusion, which fo-cuses on the breakdown of social ties. From a legal perspective, the approach applied in the study is based on the assumption that vulnerability of an individual or social group is associated with a higher (compared to others) risk of becoming a victim of human rights violations, including being limited in the ability to exercise the rights and freedoms guaranteed to everyone. The perceptions of vulnerability de-velop primarily in international law. At the national level, vulnerability of certain social groups is inter-branch in nature, which is manifested in exemptions and preferences established for them by both pri-vate and public branches of law. In Russian labor law, the term ‘vulnerable groups’ is not used, although, in actual fact, it forms the basis for differentiating the legal regulation of labor of certain categories of workers. The differentiation of the legal status of vulnerable groups is associated with the manifestation of the compensatory function of the welfare state. Conclusions: the use of digital technologies does not automatically bring advantages and benefits to vulnerable groups, but in the absence of adequate regu-lation can greatly increase social inequality and discrimination. It is advisable to develop the legal regula-tion of remote work performed by vulnerable groups of workers toward internal differentiation, taking into account their specific needs. Rights and guarantees, at least in the field of occupational safety and health, should be progressively extended to those employed on location-based platforms. It is necessary to include location-based workers in social insurance systems; provide them with an expanded range of rights and guarantees in the world of work. The risks of artificial intelligence, neurotechnologies, and workplace automation being introduced are currently associated with the deepening and scaling of dis-crimination, as well as with an imperceptible replacement of labor relations by precarious employment, which may affect vulnerable groups of workers the most. The paper proposes directions for improving legal regulation in this area. An assumption is made that the mass introduction of neurotechnology in the future will change the understanding of the nature of vulnerability and its criteria.

On the triple exclusion of older adults during COVID-19: Technology, digital literacy and social isolation

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the relationship between older adults and digital technology became complicated. Prior to the pandemic, some older adults may have faced a double exclusion due to a lack of digital literacy and social interaction, and the pandemic-imposed transition to nearly all aspects of life being online magnified the requirement for people to be increasingly digitally literate. This paper presents an exploratory analysis to understand how the increased online nature of the world during the pandemic may have impacted older adults’ relationship with digital technology by expanding on a prior study of older adults who, pre-pandemic, self-identified as occasional or non-users of digital technology. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 12 of these people during the pandemic. Our findings demonstrate the ways that their risk of precarity became heightened and how they began to use digital technology more frequently, strengthening and applying their digital literacy skills to remain virtually connected with friends and family. Further, the paper advances the concept of a triple exclusion for older adults who are non-users of digital technology and describes how digital literacy and remaining virtually connected can work in tandem, helping older adults to remain included in society.

"Holy Seed" in Isaiah 6:13: Echo of an Exclusive Concept of Israel’s Identity

The last phrase in Isa 6:1–13, in which critical exegesis sees an element of a post-exilic suplement to an existing text, communicates the thought of surviving the announced destruction of the little remainder referred to as the “holy seed.” The problem considered in the presented study is the meaning of the term “holy seed” in Isa 6:13bβ, the possible context and the historical motive for inserting this phrase into the text of Isa 6, as well as the place of this complementary interference in the historical process of formation of Isa 6. The article presents literary and historical-critical analyses of the terms “seed” and “holy people” relating to the people of God and Israel, especially the expression “holy seed,” which in the Old Testament, apart from Isa 6:13bβ, occurs only in Ezra 9:2, while it appears more often in the Book of Jubilees and in the Aramaic Levi Document. The results of the research lead to the thesis that the supplement in Isa 6:13bβ is a testimony to the last interferences in the composition of Isaiah, behind which stood literati from the Zadokite circles of the Hasmonean period. The prophetic statement in Isa 6:13bβ redefines Israel as God’s people, separate from other nations. For this people there is hope for survival in a small remnant that remains aware of its election and holiness, and faithful to the covenant. This remnant of the people will prove to be the holy seed.

The concept of exclusivity when the fundamentalists

ﻴــــدور اﻟﺒﺤــــث اﻷﺼــــوﻟﻲ ﻓــــﻲ ﻫــــذا اﻟﻤوﻀــــوع ﺤــــوﻝ دﻻﻟــــﺔ ﺠﻤﻠــــﺔ اﻟﺤﺼــــر ﻋﻠــــﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻬوم ٬ وﻟﺒﻴﺎن ذﻟك ﺴﻨﺘﺤدث ﻋن ﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺼر ﺜم ﻋن ﻤﻔﻬوﻤﻬﺎ. ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺼــــر ﻟﻐــــﺔً ﻤﻌــــﺎ ٍن ﻤﺘﻌــــددة ٬ ﻤﻨﻬــــﺎ: اﻟﺘﻀــــﻴﻴق واﻟﺤــــﺒس وﻀــــﻴق اﻟﺼــــدر واﻟﺒﺨــــﻝ واﻟﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨطق واﻟﻤﻨﻊ (١) . واﺼطﻼﺤﺎً: ﺘﺨﺼﻴص ﺸﻲء ﺒﺸﻲء أو أﻤر ﺒﺂﺨر ﺒطرﻴق ﻤﺨﺼوص (٢) . وﺘﺘﺄﻟف ﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺼر ﻤن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر اﻵﺘﻴﺔ: .١ اﻟﻤﻘﺼـــــور ﻋﻠﻴـــــﻪ: وﻫـــو اﻟـــذي ﻴﺤﺘـــﻝ ﻤرﻛـــز اﻟﻤوﻀـــوع ﻓـــﻲ ﺠﻤﻠـــﺔ اﻟﻘﺼـــر ﻓﻴﺤﻤـــﻝ ﻋﻠﻴـــﻪ اﻟﻤﻘﺼور ﺼﻔﺔ ﻛﺎن أو ﻤوﺼوﻓﺎً. .٢ اﻟﻤﻘﺼور: وﻫو ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺼور ﻋﻠﻴﻪ. .٣ اﻟﻘﺼر: وﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻟﻤﻘﺼور ﻋﻠﻴﻪ واﻟﻤﻘﺼور ﺒﺈﺤدى طرق اﻟﻘﺼر