Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates Research Articles

Early essential newborn care for cesarean section newborns in China: study protocol for a multi-centered randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEarly essential newborn care (EENC) is a package of evidence-based and cost-effective interventions delivered around birth mainly including delayed cord clamping, immediate and sustained skin-to-skin contact, and early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding. EENC is proven effective in promoting breastfeeding and improving women’s and newborns’ health. However, there is little evidence on implementation of EENC on newborns born by cesarean section in China. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of EENC intervention on rates of exclusive breastfeeding and early initiation of breastfeeding for cesarean section newborns in China.MethodsThis is a multi-centered, randomized controlled trial conducted in 4 tertiary hospitals in China. A total of 720 eligible women who will receive cesarean section are being randomized into four groups: control group (n=180), intervention group 1 (skin-to-skin contact for 30 min, n=180), intervention group 2 (skin-to-skin contact for 60 min, n=180), and intervention group 3 (skin-to-skin contact for 90 min, n=180). The control group will receive routine care, whereas the intervention groups will receive EENC with different duration of skin-to-skin contact. Demographic characteristics, clinical information, and breastfeeding outcomes will be collected. The primary outcome is rates of exclusive breastfeeding and early initiation of breastfeeding, and the secondary outcomes include maternal and neonatal morbidity and admissions.DiscussionThis study will provide evidence of the impact of EENC on improvement of breastfeeding outcomes and maternal and neonatal health for cesarean section newborns in China, and evidence-based recommendation to inform optimal duration of skin-to-skin contact for cesarean deliveries. The results of this study have potential to inform national-level guidelines and policy-making for optimizing EENC implementation for cesarean section newborns.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100048997. Retrospectively registered on 19 July 2021

A theory-based behavioural change communication intervention to decrease the provision of water to infants under 6 months of age in the Republic of Guinea.

In many countries, the provision of water in the early months of a baby's life jeopardises exclusive breast-feeding (EBF). Using a behavioural theory, this study assessed the impact of a behaviour change intervention on mothers' intention to act and, in turn, on the water provision in addition to breast milk to their infants under 6 months of age (IU6M) in two regions of Guinea. A quasi-experimental design. Data on individual and environmental factors of the theoretical framework, sociodemographic and outcomes were collected using validated questionnaires before and after the intervention. The outcomes examined were the intention to provide water to IU6M, the provision of water and EBF. Path analyses were performed to investigate pathways by which psychosocial and environmental factors influenced the water provision in addition to breast milk. Four health centres were assigned randomly to each study's arm (one control/CG and one intervention group/IG per region). The sample included 300 mothers of IU6M: 150 per group. In IG, the proportion of mothers providing water decreased from 61 % to 29 % before and after the intervention (P < 0·001), while no difference was observed in CG (P = 0·097). The EBF rate increased in IG (from 24·0 % to 53·8 %, P < 0·001) as opposed to CG (36·7 % to 45·9 %, P = 0·107). An association (P < 0·001) between the intention and the behaviour was observed in both groups. An intervention developed using a sound framework reduces the provision of water among IU6M and improves EBF.

Timing of first bath in term healthy newborns: A systematic review.

BackgroundThis systematic review of intervention trials and observational studies assessed the effect of delaying the first bath for at least 24 hours after birth, compared to conducting it within the first 24 hours, in term healthy newborns.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, CINAHL (updated till November 2021), and clinical trials databases and reference lists of retrieved articles. Key outcomes were neonatal mortality, systemic infections, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates. Two authors separately evaluated the risk of bias, extracted data, and synthesized effect estimates using relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR). The GRADE approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence.ResultsWe included 16 studies (two trials and 14 observational studies) involving 39 020 term or near-term healthy newborns. Delayed and early baths were defined variably in the studies, most commonly as >24 hours (six studies) and as ≤6 hours (12 studies), respectively. We performed a post-hoc analysis for studies that defined early bath as ≤6 hours. Low certainty evidence suggested that bathing the newborn 24 hours after birth might reduce the risk of infant mortality (OR = 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.28 to 0.77; one study, 789 participants) and neonatal hypothermia (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.28-0.88; one study, 660 newborns), compared to bathing within first 24 hours. The evidence on the effect on EBF at discharge was very uncertain. Delayed bath beyond 6 hours (at or after nine, 12, or 24 hours) after birth compared to that within 6 hours might reduce the risk of hypothermia (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.36-0.61; four studies, 2711 newborns) and hypoglycaemia (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.23-0.66; three studies, 2775 newborns) and improve the incidence of EBF at discharge (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.08-1.34; six studies, 6768 newborns); the evidence of the effect on neonatal mortality was very uncertain.ConclusionDelayed first bath for at least 24 hours may reduce infant mortality and hypothermia. Delayed bath for at least 6 hours may prevent hypothermia and hypoglycaemia and improve EBF rates at discharge. However, most of these conclusions are limited by low certainty evidence.RegistrationPROSPERO 2020 CRD42020177430.

Breastfeeding outcomes in late preterm infants: A multi-centre prospective cohort study.

To describe (1) infant feeding practices during initial hospitalisation and up to 6 months corrected age (CA) in infants born late preterm with mothers intending to breastfeed, (2) the impact of early feeding practices on hospital length of stay and (3) maternal and infant factors associated with duration of breastfeeding. We conducted a prospective cohort study of infants born at 34+0 to 36+6 weeks gestational age during 2018-2020. Families were followed up until the infant reached 6 months of age (corrected for prematurity). Feeding practices during the birth hospitalisation, length of initial hospital stay, and the prevalence of exclusive or any breastfeeding at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months CA were examined. Associations between maternal and infant characteristics and breastfeeding at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months CA were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. 270 infants were enrolled, of these, 30% were multiple births. Overall, 78% of infants received only breastmilk as their first feed, and 83% received formula during the hospitalisation. Seventy-four per cent of infants were exclusively breastfed at discharge, 41% at 6 weeks CA, 35% at 3 months CA, and 29% at 6 months CA. The corresponding combined exclusive and partial breastfeeding rates (any breastfeeding) were 72%, 64%, and 53% of babies at 6 weeks CA, 3 months CA, and 6 months CA, respectively. The mean duration of hospitalisation was 2.9 days longer (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31, 5.43 days) in infants who received any formula compared with those receiving only breastmilk (adjusted for GA, maternal age, multiple birth, site, and neonatal intensive care unit admission). In multivariable models, receipt of formula as the first milk feed was associated with a reduction in exclusive breastfeeding at 6 weeks CA (odds ratio = 0.22; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.53) and intention to breastfeed >6 months with an increase (odds ratio = 4.98; 95% CI 2.39 to 10.40). Intention to breastfeed >6 months remained an important predictor of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months CA. Our study demonstrates that long-term exclusive breastfeeding rates were low in a cohort of women intending to provide breastmilk to their late preterm infants, with approximately half providing any breastmilk at 6 months CA. Formula as the first milk feed and intention to breastfeed >6 months were significant predictors of breastfeeding duration. Improving breastfeeding outcomes may require strategies to support early lactation and a better understanding of the ongoing support needs of this population.

Concordance of the Deuterium Dose to Mother Method and 24-Hour Recall to Measure Exclusive Breastfeedingat 6 Weeks Postnatally in Rural/Urban Setting in Jamaica.

The 2030 health agenda for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals promote exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first 6months of life as a central step towards ensuring the survival of infants. As Jamaica attempts to achieve this goal, monitoring the rates of EBF is desirable. Currently, EBF rate is measured by questionnaires which are subject to recall and social desirability biases. We determined the rate of EBF using the Deuterium-oxide dose-to-mother (DTM) method and 24-h recall. The concordance of both methods and urban-rural differences of EBF were evaluated. Additionally, thegrowth of infants who were exclusively breastfed was compared to the infants who were mixed-fed. Sixty-one healthy mother-child pairs were followed from birth. EBF was measured at 6weeks. Growth was determined using standard anthropometric measurements. Differences in means were assessed by independent t-test or ANOVA. The agreement between the DTM and 24-h recall method was assessed with the kappa statistic. Differences in anthropometry and location were determined using a repeated measure model approach. Thirty (49%) women exclusively breastfed their infants with mean breast milk intake of 1024.3 ± 256.9g/day. There was moderate agreement between the methods (Agreement 69%, kappa 0.37, p = 0.002). Rural women (65%) were more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding. There was no significant difference between the growth of the exclusively breastfed infant and mixed-fed infants. EBF rate was successfully measured using the DTM method. Women from urban settings are less likely to practice EBF. Further research may be needed to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors affecting breastfeeding practices in urban Jamaica.

Management outcome and risk factor in children with severe acute malnutrition in &lt;6 months of age and role of supplementary suckling technique in re-establishing breastfeeding

Aim: The aim of the study was to study management outcomes and risk factors in children with Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) &lt;6 months and to assess the role of the Supplementary Suckling Technique (SST) in reestablishing breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational hospital-based study done in the Department of Pediatrics in a tertiary teaching institute from October 2019 to September 2020. 75 children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Children were managed according to the WHO protocol. SST was used to establish breastfeeding in cases of lactation failure. Results: A total of 75 infant’s up to 6 months of age were enrolled. Most infants presented at the age of 2–4 months (42.67%). The male-female ratio was 1.2:1. 50 (66.67%) mothers were illiterate and 65 (82.67%) belonged to the lower socioeconomic status. A history of preterm birth and low birth weight (LBW) was found in 54 (72%) and 62 (82.67%) infants, respectively. Exclusive breast feed was given to 13.33% while top feeding given to 86.6% of infants. With proper management target weight was achieved in 53 (70.66%) infants. Most infants stayed from 11 to 20 days (79.37%). Lactation was re-established in 60.46% of children who tried the supplement suckling technique. Conclusion: Lack of awareness regarding adequate infant feeding practices and illiteracy is an important factor for the high prevalence of malnutrition. SST is an effective way in reestablishing breastfeeding in lactational failure. Proper counseling and education of the mother by health-care professionals can help in improving exclusive breastfeeding rate.

Importance of breastfeeding and complementary feeding for management and prevention of childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries.

BackgroundEarly and exclusive breastfeeding have been shown to protect young infants from all-cause and diarrhoea-related mortality. Ideally breastfeeding should be initiated within the first hour of birth. Despite efforts to increase rates of early and exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), challenges with uptake remain. This analysis reviews trends in early and exclusive breastfeeding, and the impact of infant feeding interventions in reducing childhood diarrhoea.MethodsWe conducted a detailed review of articles written in English between 1990 and 2020 on the impact and efficacy of breastfeeding and complementary feeding on diarrhoea in children aged 0-2 years in LMICs. Using data from 86 countries and all WHO global regions collected from the mid-1980s through 2018 obtained from publicly available Demographic Health Surveys, we assessed trends in five-year intervals of timing of breastfeeding initiation, exclusive breastfeeding, median and mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and complementary feeding.ResultsThe literature search identified ten articles that described variable rates of early initiation of breastfeeding from 20% in Pakistan to 76% in Egypt. An analysis of 288 DHS studies found that the proportion of women who reported initiating breastfeeding within an hour of birth increased from 32% in the early 1990s to 55% between 2016 and 2020. Exclusive breastfeeding increased from 20% in the late 1980s to 48% between 2016 and 2020 and the mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding of 2-to-4-month-old infants doubled. Early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding was associated with reductions in diarrhoea prevalence in the South East Asian, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, and African regions. Eight studies evaluating the effectiveness of different maternal education interventions, health care worker training, and media campaigns demonstrated improvements in exclusive breastfeeding, and most resulted in reductions in the incidence or duration of diarrhoea.ConclusionsDuring the last two decades, early and exclusive breastfeeding have increased. Nevertheless, the uptake of this basic, low-cost intervention remains suboptimal across all global regions. Given the potential benefits the in reduction of diarrhoea and diarrhoea-associated mortality, interventions for improving the uptake of early and exclusive breastfeeding in different sociological contexts need to be designed, implemented, and evaluated.

Relationship Between Feeders and Exclusive Breastfeeding and Mixed Feeding During the First Month of Life.

The critical time to continue or stop breastfeeding is during the first month after hospital discharge. Mothers receive lactation and physical support by fathers and others bottle-feeding human or formula milk to their infants. To describe the effect of feeders (mothers, fathers, and others) and different milk feeding on infants' weekly exclusive breastfeeding rates, from birth to 1 month after discharge. This study was a secondary analysis of a descriptive longitudinal study of mothers' (full-term: n = 77; late preterm: n = 39) breastfeeding experience, frequency of feeding, and infant feeding behaviors. Mothers completed a weekly questionnaire of who (mothers, fathers, and others) fed their infants human or formula milk by direct breastfeeding or bottle-feeding. More than 60% of mothers reported fathers and others bottle-fed their infants. Exclusive breastfeeding rates were significantly higher when only mothers fed their infants at week 1 ( P < .001), week 3 ( P < .05), and week 4 ( P < .05). Exclusive breastfeeding rates were negatively affected across time by bottle-feeding any human or formula milk for all feeders. When fathers bottle-fed their infants at week 1, the relative rates of exclusive breastfeeding at week 4 decreased to 52% (OR = 0.103; 95% CI, 0.26-0.404; P < .0001). Individuals providing early bottle-feeding adversely affect breastfeeding outcomes. Providers need to address maternal and paternal knowledge gaps about early breastfeeding practice. Further research is needed to explore clinical standard of care for management of infant weight loss, early supplementation, and support of exclusive breastfeeding outcomes.

Comparation of knowledge, attitude and social support of exclusive breastfeeding between primiparae and multiparae after delivery within 6 months in Changsha, China: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundThe knowledge, attitude, and social support of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers are the important predictors of the starting time of lactation and the duration time of breastfeeding. Evaluating the knowledge, attitude, social support of exclusive breastfeeding of mothers is critical to recognize those at risk for suboptimal breastfeeding practices. There were a small amount of studies related to knowledge, attitude and social support of mothers, a blank for comparative study of the knowledge, attitude, social support of breastfeeding between primiparae and multiparae existed. Our aim was to compare the feeding situation between firstborns and second-born infants, and to compare the knowledge, attitude, and social support between primiparae and multiparae.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study, a total of 354 mothers of infants aged 0–6 months who underwent physical examination between February 2019 and July 2019 were randomly recruited to the study and finished an on-site questionnaire. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test were used to make a comparison among groups.ResultsThe average rate of exclusive breastfeeding among infants aged 0–6 months was 61.30%. There is no statistical difference between the firstborns and the second-born infants regarding whether cod liver oil was supplemented, whether it was breastfeeding after birth, the signal of breastfeeding for infants, and the duration of each lactation (P>0.05); The rate of exclusive breastfeeding of second-born infants was lower than that of firstborns (P=0.001); The starting time of breastfeeding of second-born infants was earlier than that of firstborns (P=0.041). Compared to primiparae, multiparae had a higher degree of understanding of feeding knowledge (P<0.001), a higher proficiency level of self-evaluation of feeding techniques (P<0.001); and a better self-evaluation of feeding habit (P<0.001); more multiparae had prenatal feeding counselling (P<0.001); primiparae and multiparae had no statistical difference in attitude and social support of breastfeeding (all P>0.05).ConclusionsBreastfeeding knowledge, skills, and habits of mothers all need to be improved. It’s urgent to make up for the deficiency of news media such as television and radio in the dissemination of breastfeeding knowledge. Primiparas with a high level of education are the key object of our publicity and education.

Sociodemographic and Personal Predictors of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Pregnant Mexican Women Using Public Health Services

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a cost-effective healthy behavior for the mother–child dyad. Globally, rates of EBF are low. Little research has been conducted on the joint role of modifiable and nonmodifiable variables in pregnant women’s decision-making. The aim was to develop and test a model that used personal and sociodemographic factors to predict whether pregnant women who use public healthcare services plan to breastfeed. In a nonprobabilistic sample of 728 pregnant Mexican women, self-efficacy, the planned behavior theory constructs, and the intention to breastfeed (BFI) were measured. A total 60% of the sample was randomly chosen to develop a predictive multivariate logistic regression model. The model was validated in the remaining 40%. Women in the highest tertiles of attitudes and self-efficacy had fourfold increased chances of having a high BFI (OR 4.2, 95% CI [2.4, 7.4]). Working was associated with a decreased intention to exclusively breastfeed (OR 0.61, 95% CI [0.37, 0.98]). The model predicted BFI with a sensitivity of 38.3% and specificity of 82.2%. While personal variables predict the BFI, working decreases women’s chances of breastfeeding. The results can be utilized to develop primary prevention strategies to help mothers who use public health services to breastfeed.

Survey of Korean pediatrician's perceptions of barriers to and improvements in breastfeeding.

Although the benefits of breastfeeding are broadly acknowledged with the efforts of the government and several medical societies, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding through 6 months is lower in Korea than in developed countries. This study aimed to investigate pediatricians' perceptions of breastfeeding barriers and the current breastfeeding counseling environment and propose government policies to encourage breastfeeding in Korea. Fourteen survey questions were developed during meetings of Korean Society of Breastfeeding Medicine experts. The Korean Pediatric Society emailed a structured questionnaire to domestic pediatricians registered as official members of the Korean Pediatric Society on May 4, 2021, and June 3, 2021. This study examined the survey responses received from 168 pediatricians. The 168 respondents included 62 professors, 53 paid doctors, and 53 private physicians. Breastfeeding was recommended by 146 Korean pediatricians (86.9%). However, only 99 responders (59%) currently provide breastfeeding counseling in hospitals. Most respondents stated providing less than 15 minutes of breastfeeding counseling time in the clinic. Moreover, 89.88% of the respondents responded that they would participate in breastfeeding counseling education if an appropriate breastfeeding counseling program was newly established. This study showed that, although Korean pediatricians had a positive attitude toward breastfeeding, limited counseling was provided for parents. Along with policy support to improve the medical environment through the establishment of an appropriate breastfeeding counseling program, high-quality counseling and an increased breastfeeding rate are expected.

Challenges of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Working Class Women in a Teaching Hospital South East, Nigeria

This research work seeks to investigate the challenges of exclusive breastfeeding among working class mothers in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi Anambra State Nigeria. The objective of the present study is to investigate the attitude of working mothers to exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital, Nnewi North L.G.A., Anambra State, Nigeria. The study unravel those socio-economic determinates of exclusive breastfeeding among working mother's in Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital, Nnewi in order to give recommendations that will help improve the rate of exclusive breastfeeding. Descriptive survey design was used in the study. Descriptive survey method was used to observe, describe and document aspects of the attitude of working class mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding. Data from the survey was statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 12.0). 120 mothers participated in this study; they were selected based on the inclusion criteria and their availability at the time of the survey. Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers were presented in a cross-tabulation.

Innovations in Breastfeeding Support.

Despite the numerous benefits that breastfeeding confers to those who breastfeed and their infants, the United States' exclusive breastfeeding rates and any breastfeeding rates at 12 months remain low and inequitable. This public health crisis has been prioritized in the US Healthy People 2030 goals. Current evidence-based practices to support lactation have afforded limited progress, thus, achieving national breastfeeding goals requires innovative ideas in thinking, technology, and care. This article highlights potential innovative strategies in the field of lactation to improve outcomes and work toward achieving health equity, while underscoring the critical role that perinatal caregivers play in lactation support.

The role of skin-to-skin contact in exclusive breastfeeding: a cohort study.

ABSTRACTOBJETIVETo understand the role of exposure to skin-to-skin contact and its minimum duration in determining exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge in infants weighing up to 1,800g at birth.METHODSA multicenter cohort study was carried out in five Brazilian neonatal units. Infants weighing ≤ 1,800g at birth were eligible. Skin-to-skin contact time was recorded by the health care team and parents on an individual chart. Maternal and infant data was obtained from maternal questionnaires and medical records. The Classification Tree, a machine learning method, was used for data analysis; the tree growth algorithm, using statistical tests, partitions the dataset into mutually exclusive subsets that best describe the response variable and calculates appropriate cut-off points for continuous variables, thus generating an efficient explanatory model for the outcome under study.RESULTSA total of 388 infants participated in the study, with a median of 31.6 (IQR = 29–31.8) weeks of gestation age and birth weight of 1,429g (IQR = 1,202–1,610). The exclusive breastfeeding rate at discharge was 61.6%. For infant’s weighting between 1,125g and 1,655g, exposed to skin-to-skin contact was strongly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Moreover, infants who made an average > 149.6 min/day of skin-to-skin contact had higher chances in this outcome (74% versus 46%). In this group, those who received a severity score (SNAPPE-II) equal to zero increased their chances of breastfeeding (83% versus 63%).CONCLUSIONSkin-to-skin contact proved to be of great relevance in maintaining exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge for preterm infants weighing 1,125g–1,655g at birth, especially in those with lower severity scores.

Neonates at high risk of hypoglycaemia: Is admission necessary?

To evaluate the practice of routine admission of infants at high risk of hypoglycaemia by determining the incidence of hypoglycaemia, factors that predict necessary admission and breastfeeding outcomes. A retrospective cohort study of neonates admitted to a tertiary neonatal unit for high risk of hypoglycaemia. Clinical data, including blood glucose concentrations, body fat percentage and time to initiation of feeding, were collected for 122 infant-maternal dyads for a 3-year period from April 2016 to May 2019. Descriptive statistical analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were undertaken. Hypoglycaemia developed in 39.3% of the neonates identified as high risk. Overall, 69 out of 122 admissions were potentially avoidable. Initial blood glucose was the most significant predictive factor for necessary admission with odds ratio of 3.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-10.17) for an initial glucose of 1.6-2.0 and 27.05 (95% CI 5.06-144.42) for initial glucose ≤1.5. Exclusive breastfeeding rates at discharge were lower in admitted infants (59%) compared to the overall hospital rate (75.6%). Neonates at high risk of hypoglycaemia should be monitored with their mothers as most infants needing admission are detected by initial blood glucose concentration. This would reduce infant-maternal separation and potentially improve breastfeeding rates.

Breastfeeding and Infant Nutrition Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Parents

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of parents about breastfeeding, complementary food, and infant nutrition who have healthy infants born at term and under 2 years of age.Materials and Methods:This is a cross-sectional study conducted among the parents of infants who came for well-child visits to pediatric clinics of 4 hospitals. Healthy infants under 2 years of age and who had been born at term were interviewed. The questionnaire included 35 questions to evaluate parents’ knowledge, attitude, and practices about breastfeeding and infant nutrition in addition to sociodemographic data. Data were obtained via questionnaire and were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20.0 package program.Results:The study group consisted of 679 infants and their parents. The median durations of exclusive breastfeeding and total breastfeeding time were found to be 4 months and 10 months. Although 75% of the participants stated that infants must be exclusively breastfed for 6 months, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months was 44%. The 393 (58%) participants used formula for infant nutrition and 47 (12%) of those started with complementary feeding. 90% of the participants stated that formula advertisements did not affect their decision on starting formula but the rate of thinking that other people may be affected by the advertisements was 80%.Conclusion:The knowledge of parents on human milk is not insufficient but they need to be supported especially to continue exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months and appropriate complementary food during the weaning period.

Understanding early complementary food practice in rural Indonesia: a qualitative study

Background Almost all cases of stunting occur in developing countries and could be prevented through exclusive breastfeeding. However, as a result of cultural beliefs, early complementary food practices are widely practiced in Indonesia. This study explored cultural beliefs related to early complementary food practices in rural areas of Indonesia. Methods This ethnographic study involved 16 key and six general participants. Data were collected via focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, observations, and field notes, and then thematically analysed. Results Four themes emerged: reasons for early complementary feeding, the idea of ‘the sooner the better’, types of complementary food and influencing people. Conclusions Using policymakers to provide culturally sensitive and evidence-based health information involving grandmothers and traditional birth attendants may help prevent early complementary feeding and improve exclusive breastfeeding rates.

Application of Traditional Chinese Medical Science Characteristic Nursing Mode Based on Evidence-Based Medicine to Puerperal Breast Tenderness and Pain.

Objective To explore the effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) characteristic nursing mode based on evidence-based medicine on parturients with breast tenderness and pain. Method 100 parturients with postpartum breast pain treated at Taizhou First People's Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were selected. Among them, 51 cases received routine nursing intervention (general group, GG) and 49 cases received TCM characteristic nursing based on evidence-based medicine (comprehensive group, CG). The pain number (NRS) score, lactation effect, breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSES-SF) score, anxiety and depression, and nursing satisfaction of the two groups were compared. In addition, the pregnant women were followed up after discharge to investigate the rate of exclusive breastfeeding. Result Three days after intervention, NRS score, SAS score, and SDS score in the CG were significantly lower than those in the GG. The level of serum prolactin and total breast lactation yield in the GG were better than those in the CG. BSES-SF score, nursing satisfaction, and exclusive breastfeeding rate in the CG were higher than those in the GG. Conclusion Evidence-based TCM care can significantly reduce postpartum breast tenderness, increase milk production, improve exclusive breastfeeding, and help relieve emotional distress.

Literature Review: The Relationship of Anxiety Towards The Production of Breast Milk in Postpartum Mothers

The postpartum period is a vulnerable period for postpartum mothers because there are several physiological and psychological changes after giving birth. Otherwise, the process of lactation and milk production is influenced by hormones. Postpartum mothers usually feel tired and experience psychological disorders such as anxiety about their condition and the condition of their baby. This study aims to determine the conditions that interfere with the production of breast milk in postpartum mothers. This study uses traditional literature review research methods, analyzes articles that match the inclusion criteria, and focuses on the relationship between anxiety and increased breastfeeding in postpartum mothers. Based on the results of this study, this literature review used 10 journals with inclusion criteria, eight journals showed a significant relationship between anxiety and breastfeeding in postpartum mothers. There was a decrease in oxytocin levels and duration of breastfeeding which had an impact on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding. In contrast, the other two journals did not find a significant relationship between anxiety and oxytocin levels with the breastfeeding method used. Because there are variables that are not examined.

Effectiveness of Adding Home Bleaching Time With 10% Carbamide Peroxide : Literature Review

The postpartum period is a vulnerable period for postpartum mothers because there are several physiological and psychological changes after giving birth. Otherwise, the process of lactation and milk production is influenced by hormones. Postpartum mothers usually feel tired and experience psychological disorders such as anxiety about their condition and the condition of their baby. This study aims to determine the conditions that interfere with the production of breast milk in postpartum mothers. This study uses traditional literature review research methods, analyzes articles that match the inclusion criteria, and focuses on the relationship between anxiety and increased breastfeeding in postpartum mothers. Based on the results of this study, this literature review used 10 journals with inclusion criteria, eight journals showed a significant relationship between anxiety and breastfeeding in postpartum mothers. There was a decrease in oxytocin levels and duration of breastfeeding which had an impact on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding. In contrast, the other two journals did not find a significant relationship between anxiety and oxytocin levels with the breastfeeding method used. Because there are variables that are not examined.